How to control someone else's arm with your brain | Greg Gage

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Miloš Milosavljević

The brain is an amazing and complex organ.

Mozak je neverovatan i složen organ.

And while many people are fascinated by the brain,

I dok mnoge fascinira mozak,

they can't really tell you that much

ne mogu vam zaista mnogo reći

about the properties about how the brain works

o svojstvima funkcionisanja mozga

because we don't teach neuroscience in schools.

jer ne predajemo neuronauke u školama.

And one of the reasons why is that the equipment

Jedan od razloga zbog čega je oprema

is so complex and so expensive

tako složena i skupa jeste taj da se ona koristi

that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions.

samo na većim univerzitetima i u velikim ustanovama.

And so in order to be able to access the brain,

Stoga, da biste mogli da pristupite mozgu,

you really need to dedicate your life

morate stvarno da posvetite život

and spend six and a half years as a graduate student

i provedete šest i po godina kao postdiplomac

just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.

samo da biste postali neuronaučnik i dobili pristup ovim instrumentima.

And that's a shame because one out of five of us,

To je šteta, jer će jedan od petoro nas,

that's 20 percent of the entire world, will have a neurological disorder.

a to je 20 posto čitavog sveta, imati neurološki poremećaj.

And there are zero cures for these diseases.

A ne postoje lekovi za ove bolesti.

And so it seems that what we should be doing

Tako da se čini da ono što treba raditi

is reaching back earlier in the eduction process

jeste ranije dosezati kroz obrazovni proces

and teaching students about neuroscience so that in the future,

i učiti učenike o neuronaukama tako da u budućnosti

they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist.

mogu razmišljati o tome da možda postanu stručnjaci za mozak.

When I was a graduate student, my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,

Kada sam bio postdiplomac, moj kolega iz laboratorije Tim Marculo i ja

decided that what if we took this complex equipment that we have

smo razmišljali: šta ako uzmemo ovu složenu opremu koju imamo

for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enough

za izučavanje mozga i učinimo je dovoljno jednostavnom i pristupačnom

that anyone that you know, an amateur or a high school student,

tako da bilo ko, amater ili srednjoškolac,

could learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience.

može da uči i učestvuje u otkrivanju neuronauka.

And so we did just that.

I upravo smo to uradili.

A few years ago, we started a company called Backyard Brains

Pre nekoliko godina, osnovali smo firmu pod nazivom "Mozgovi iz dvorišta"

and we make DIY neuroscience equipment and I brought some here tonight,

i napravili smo neuronaučnu opremu iz kućne radinosti

i doneo sam nešto od toga večeras da vam demonstriram.

and I want to do some demonstrations.

You guys want to see some?

Želite da vidite?

So I need a volunteer.

Treba mi dobrovoljac.

So right before -- what is your name? (Applause)

Kako se zovete? (Aplauz)

Sam Kelly: Sam.

Sem Keli: Sem.

Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going to record from your brain.

Greg Gejdž: U redu, Sem, obaviću neka očitavanja vašeg mozga.

Have you had this before?

Da li ste nekada radili ovo?

SK: No.

SK: Ne.

GG: I need you to stick out your arm for science,

GG: Hoću da ispružite ruku u ime nauke,

roll up your sleeve a bit,

zavrnite rukav malo.

So what I'm going to do, I'm putting electrodes on your arm,

Staviću elektrode na vašu ruku,

and you're probably wondering,

i verovatno se pitate,

I just said I'm going to record from your brain, what am I doing with your arm?

upravo sam rekao da ću da očitavam sa mozga, šta radim sa rukom?

Well, you have about 80 billion neurons inside your brain right now.

Pa, imate oko 80 milijardi neurona unutar svog mozga u ovom trenutku.

They're sending electrical messages back and forth, and chemical messages.

Oni šalju elektro i hemijske poruke napred i nazad.

But some of your neurons right here in your motor cortex

Ali neki od vaših neurona ovde u motoričkom korteksu

are going to send messages down when you move your arm like this.

će poslati poruke nadole kada ovako pomerite ruku.

They're going to go down across your corpus callosum,

Krenuće preko vašeg korpus kalosuma, preko kičmene moždine

down onto your spinal cord to your lower motor neuron

do nižih motoričkih neurona

out to your muscles here,

prema vašim mišićima ovde,

and that electrical discharge is going to be picked up

a to električno pražnjenje će primiti

by these electrodes right here

ove elektrode ovde

and we're going to be able to listen

i moći ćemo da čujemo

to exactly what your brain is going to be doing.

upravo ono što će vaš mozak raditi.

So I'm going to turn this on for a second.

Uključiću ovo na sekundu.

Have you ever heard what your brain sounds like?

Da li ste ikada čuli kako vaš mozak zvuči?

SK: Ne.

SK: No.

GG: Hajde da probamo. Stegnite svoju ruku.

GG: Let's try it out. So go ahead and squeeze your hand.

(Rumbling)

(Krčanje)

So what you're listening to,

Ono što čujete,

so this is your motor units happening right here.

to se pokreću vaše motoričke jedinice ovde.

Let's take a look at it as well.

Hajde da pogledamo i ovo.

So I'm going to stand over here,

Stajaću ovde

and I'm going to open up our app here.

i otvoriću našu aplikaciju.

So now I want you to squeeze.

Sad hoću da stegnete.

(Rumbling)

(Krčanje)

So right here, these are the motor units that are happening

Ovo ovde su motoričke jedinice,

koje idu od njene kičmene moždine ka njenim mišićima ovde,

from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here,

i dok to radi,

and as she's doing it,

you're seeing the electrical activity that's happening here.

vidite električnu aktivnost koja se odvija.

Možete čak i da kliknete ovde da vidite neku od njih.

You can even click here and try to see one of them.

Nastavite da to radite snažno.

So keep doing it really hard.

Sada smo pauzirali

So now we've paused

na jednom motoričkom akcionom potencijalu koji se upravo dešava unutar vašeg mozga.

on one motor action potential that's happening right now inside of your brain.

Do you guys want to see some more?

Želite da vidite još nešto?

(Applause)

(Aplauz)

That's interesting, but let's get it better.

Zanimljivo je, ali neka bude još bolje.

I need one more volunteer.

Treba mi još jedan dobrovoljac.

What is your name, sir?

Kako se zovete, gospodine?

Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.

Migel Gonzales: Migel.

GG: Miguel, all right.

GG: Migel, u redu.

You're going to stand right here.

Vi ćete stajati ovde.

So when you're moving your arm like this,

Kada pomerate ruku ovako,

your brain is sending a signal down to your muscles right here.

vaš mozak šalje signal ka mišićima ovde.

I want you to move your arm as well.

Hoću da i vi pomerate ruku.

So your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles.

Vaš mozak će poslati signal ka vašim mišićima.

And so it turns out that there is a nerve that's right here

Ovde postoji nerv

that runs up here that innervates these three fingers,

koji se nadovezuje ovde koji inerviše ova tri prsta

and it's close enough to the skin that we might be able

i dovoljno je blizu kože

to stimulate that so that what we can do

da bismo mogli da ga stimulišemo

is copy your brain signals going out to your hand

tako da kopiramo moždane signale koji idu ka vašoj ruci

and inject it into your hand,

i ubacimo ih u vašu ruku,

so that your hand will move when your brain tells your hand to move.

tako da će se vaša ruka pomerati kada mozak kaže vašoj ruci da se pomera.

So in a sense, she will take away your free will

Tako da će vam ona, na neki način, oduzeti slobodnu volju

and you will no longer have any control over this hand.

i više nećete imati kontrolu nad ovom rukom.

You with me?

Da li me pratite?

So I just need to hook you up.

Samo treba da vas spojim.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,

Pronaći ću vaš ulnarni nerv,

which is probably right around here.

koji je verovatno ovde negde.

You don't know what you're signing up for

Ne znate šta će vas snaći

when you come up.

kad izađete.

So now I'm going to move away and we're going to plug it in

Sada ćemo ga priključiti ovde

to our human-to-human interface over here.

na naš interfejs čovek-čovek.

Okay, so Sam, I want you to squeeze your hand again.

Okej Sem, hoću da ponovo stisnete svoju ruku.

Do it again. Perfect.

Uradite to ponovo. Savršeno.

So now I'm going to hook you up over here so that you get the --

Sada ću da vas prikačim ovde tako da dobijete -

It's going to feel a little bit weird at first,

Biće malo čudan osećaj u početku,

this is going to feel like a -- (Laughter)

osetićete kao - (Smeh)

You know, when you lose your free will, and someone else becomes your agent,

Znate, kada izgubite slobodnu volju, i neko drugi postane vaš pokretač,

it does feel a bit strange.

to bude pomalo čudno.

Now I want you to relax your hand.

Sada hoću da opustite ruku.

Sam, you're with me?

Sem, je l' me pratite?

So you're going to squeeze.

Dakle, stisnućete šaku.

I'm not going to turn it on yet, so go ahead and give it a squeeze.

Neću još da uključujem, zato hajde stisnite ruku.

So now, are you ready, Miguel?

Jeste li spremni, Migel?

MG: Ready as I'll ever be.

MG: Spreman kao nikad pre.

GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead and turn your hand.

GG: Uključio sam, pa hajde okrenite svoju ruku.

Do you feel that a little bit? MG: Nope.

Da li osećate pomalo? MG: Ne.

GG: Okay, do it again? MG: A little bit.

GG: Okej, uradite to ponovo? MG: Pomalo.

GG: A little bit? (Laughter)

GG: Pomalo? (Smeh)

So relax.

Opustite se.

So hit it again.

Hajde ponovo.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Oh, perfect, perfect.

Savršeno, savršeno.

So relax, do it again.

Opustite se, hajde ponovo.

All right, so right now,

U redu. Sada,

your brain is controlling your arm and it's also controlling his arm,

vaš mozak kontroliše vašu ruku, a takođe kontroliše i njegovu,

so go ahead and just do it one more time.

pa hajde uradite to još jednom.

All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)

U redu, savršeno. (Smeh)

So now, what would happen if I took over my control of your hand?

Šta bi se dogodilo kada bih ja preuzeo kontrolu nad vašom rukom?

And so, just relax your hand.

Samo opustite ruku.

What happens?

Šta se dešava?

Ah, nothing.

Ništa.

Why not?

Zašto ne?

Because the brain has to do it.

Zato što mozak to mora da uradi.

So you do it again.

Uradite to ponovo.

All right, that's perfect.

U redu, savršeno.

Thank you guys for being such a good sport.

Hvala vam na dobroj saradnji.

This is what's happening all across the world --

Ovo je ono što se dešava širom sveta -

electrophysiology!

elektrofiziologija!

We're going to bring on the neuro-revolution.

Donećemo neurorevoluciju.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)