How to control someone else's arm with your brain | Greg Gage

Translator: Heli Paudel Reviewer: Deepak Basyal

The brain is an amazing and complex organ.

मस्तिष्क एउटा आश्चर्यजनक तथा जटिल अंग हो ।

And while many people are fascinated by the brain,

आजकल धेरै मानिसहरु मस्तिष्कको बिषयमा आकर्षित छन्,

they can't really tell you that much

तथापि उनीहरु मस्तिस्कको विशेषता,

about the properties about how the brain works

यसको काम गराईको बिषयमा त्यति बर्णन गर्न सक्दैनन्

because we don't teach neuroscience in schools.

किनकि हामी स्कुलमा मस्तिष्कविज्ञान सिकाउदैनौं ।

And one of the reasons why is that the equipment

त्यसको एउटा कारण हो - यस बिषयको

is so complex and so expensive

उपकरण नै यति जटिल र धेरै नै महँगो छ,

that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions.

प्रमुख यूनीवर्सिटी वा ठुला संस्थानमा मात्रै संचालन गर्न सकिन्छ ।

And so in order to be able to access the brain,

मस्तिस्कको बिषयमा प्रवेश पाउन,

you really need to dedicate your life

आफ्नो जीवन नै समर्पण गर्न आवश्यक छ ,

and spend six and a half years as a graduate student

ग्रयाजुएसन् पश्चात ६ १/२ बर्षको अध्ययनपछि बल्ल

just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.

मस्तिष्क बैज्ञानिक बनेर ती उपकरण चलाउन पाइन्छ ।

And that's a shame because one out of five of us,

यो लाजलाग्दो बिषय हो किन कि हामी मध्ये ५ मा १ जना

that's 20 percent of the entire world, will have a neurological disorder.

अर्थात् समग्र विश्वको २०% जनसंख्याको मस्तिष्कमा गडबड भैसक्छ।

And there are zero cures for these diseases.

यसको कुनै उपचार पनि छैन ।

And so it seems that what we should be doing

यो अवस्था देख्दा लाग्छ, हामीले पहिलेको समयमा

is reaching back earlier in the eduction process

फर्किएर केटा केटीहरुलाई न्युरोविज्ञान

and teaching students about neuroscience so that in the future,

सिकाउदै गरिनु आवश्यक देखिन्छ, ताकी भविष्यमा

they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist.

मस्तिष्क बैज्ञानिक बन्ने बिषयमा विचार गरुन्

When I was a graduate student, my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,

म स्नातक पढ्दै गर्दा, म र मेरो साथी टीम मार्जुलोले विचार गर्यौं -

decided that what if we took this complex equipment that we have

मस्तिष्क बिषय पढ्न प्रयोग हुने जटिल उपकरणलाइ

for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enough

सहज र सबैको पहुँचमा हुन सक्ने बनाउन सक्यौं भने,

that anyone that you know, an amateur or a high school student,

सिकारु वा स्कुल पढ्ने बिद्यार्थी, वास्तविक रुपमा

could learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience.

न्युरोसाईन्सको आविस्कारमा सहभागी हुन सक्छन्,

And so we did just that.

र हामीले त्यस्तै गर्यौं

A few years ago, we started a company called Backyard Brains

केहि बर्ष अगाडी ब्याकयार्ड ब्रेन कम्पनी स्थापना गर्यौं

and we make DIY neuroscience equipment and I brought some here tonight,

हामी DIY न्युरोसाईन्स उपकरण निर्माण गर्छौं,

and I want to do some demonstrations.

आज हामी त्यसैको एउटा प्रदर्शनी गर्दैछौं

You guys want to see some?

तपाईंहरुलाई हेर्न मन छ ?

So I need a volunteer.

कोहि एकजना मद्धत गर्न आउनुहोस त

So right before -- what is your name? (Applause)

तपाईंको शुभ नाम ? (ताली)

Sam Kelly: Sam.

साम केली:साम

Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going to record from your brain.

ग्रेग गज: म तपाईंको दिमागको रेकर्ड गर्दै छु

Have you had this before?

पहिला यस्तो गर्नुभएको छ ?

SK: No.

साम: छैन

GG: I need you to stick out your arm for science,

ग्रेग: विज्ञानको नाममा तपाईंको हात बढाउनुहोस

roll up your sleeve a bit,

बाहुला अलिकति माथि सार्नुस त,

So what I'm going to do, I'm putting electrodes on your arm,

अब म तपाईंको हातमा Electrodes राख्दैछु

and you're probably wondering,

के हो यो, जस्तो लाग्दै छ होला

I just said I'm going to record from your brain, what am I doing with your arm?

दिमाग रेकर्ड गर्ने भनेर हातमा के गरेको, जस्तो लाग्दैछ होला, होइन ?

Well, you have about 80 billion neurons inside your brain right now.

यतिखेर तपाईंको दिमागमा ८० बिलियन न्युरोन् छन्

They're sending electrical messages back and forth, and chemical messages.

तिनिहरुमार्फत इलेक्ट्रिक र केमिकल संदेश प्रबाह भइरहेको छ

But some of your neurons right here in your motor cortex

तपाईंले यसरी हात चलाउंदा यहाँ, मोटर कोर्टेक्स नजिकका

are going to send messages down when you move your arm like this.

न्युरोन्हरुले संदेश तलतर्फ प्रबाह गर्छन्

They're going to go down across your corpus callosum,

मस्तिस्कको बीचभाग हुँदै ती सन्देशहरु

down onto your spinal cord to your lower motor neuron

स्पाईनल कर्ड र तल्लो मोटर कोर्टेक्स हुँदै

out to your muscles here,

यहाँ मस्सलसम्म आइपुग्छन्

and that electrical discharge is going to be picked up

र यहाँ रहेका Electrodesहरुले

by these electrodes right here

ती सन्देशहरु पक्रने छन्

and we're going to be able to listen

र दिमागले गर्न गइरहेको क्रियाकलाप

to exactly what your brain is going to be doing.

हामी सुन्न सक्नेछौं

So I'm going to turn this on for a second.

म यो मेसिन अन गर्दैछु

Have you ever heard what your brain sounds like?

कहिले दिमागको आवाज सुन्नुभएको छ ?

SK: No.

साम: छैन

GG: Let's try it out. So go ahead and squeeze your hand.

ग्रेग: आज प्रयास गरौँ. हात खुम्च्याउनुहोस् त

(Rumbling)

(आवाज सुनिन्छ)

So what you're listening to,

अहिले तपाईंले सुनेको आवाज

so this is your motor units happening right here.

भर्खरै यो मोटरमा आएको आवाज हो

Let's take a look at it as well.

एकपटक फेरी हेरौं

So I'm going to stand over here,

म यहाँनेरी उभिएर

and I'm going to open up our app here.

र म हाम्रो App खोल्दै छु

So now I want you to squeeze.

फेरी एकपटक हात खुम्च्याउनुहोस् त

(Rumbling)

(आवाज सुनिन्छ)

So right here, these are the motor units that are happening

यहाँ, Spinal Cord हुदै मस्सलमा आइपुगेका

from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here,

इलेक्ट्रिक संदेशहरुले

and as she's doing it,

यहाँ, उनले हात चलाउंदा

you're seeing the electrical activity that's happening here.

यस उपकरणलाइ प्रभावित गर्दैछन्

You can even click here and try to see one of them.

यहानिर क्लिक गरेर एउटालाई बिशेसरुपमा हेर्न सकिन्छ

So keep doing it really hard.

अलि कडासंग हात खुम्च्याउनुस्

So now we've paused

यहाँ रोकेर हेर्दा,

on one motor action potential that's happening right now inside of your brain.

तपाईंको दिमागमा भैरहेको सम्भावित कार्यलाइ यस यन्त्रले देखाउंदैछ

Do you guys want to see some more?

अझै अरु हेर्न मन छ?

(Applause)

(ताली)

That's interesting, but let's get it better.

अझ गहिरो अध्यन गरौँ

I need one more volunteer.

अर्को एक स्वयंसेवक चाहियो

What is your name, sir?

तपाईको नाम के हो?

Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.

मिगेल गोनकल्वेस: मिगेल

GG: Miguel, all right.

ग्रेग: ठिक छ मिगेल

You're going to stand right here.

तपाईं यहाँनेरी उभिनुहोस

So when you're moving your arm like this,

जब तपाईं यसरी हात चलाउनुहुन्छ,

your brain is sending a signal down to your muscles right here.

तपाईंको दिमागले यहाँनेरी संदेश प्रबाह गर्छ

I want you to move your arm as well.

तपाईंपनि आफ्नो हात चलाउनुहोस त

So your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles.

अब तपाईंको दिमागले तलतिर संदेश पठाऊदै छ

And so it turns out that there is a nerve that's right here

ठिक्क यहाँनजिक एउटा नशा छ

that runs up here that innervates these three fingers,

त्यसले यी तिनवोटा औंलाहरू चलाउँछ,

and it's close enough to the skin that we might be able

र यो छालाको यति धेरै नजिक छ, हामी त्यो नसालाइ

to stimulate that so that what we can do

उत्तेजित गराएर, दिमागले हात तर्फ पठाइरहेको

is copy your brain signals going out to your hand

संदेशलाइ हामी नक्कल गरेर उसको हातमा पठाउन सक्छौं,

and inject it into your hand,

जसको कारण उसले हात चलाउदा,

so that your hand will move when your brain tells your hand to move.

उसको हात पनि आफैं चल्ने छ

So in a sense, she will take away your free will

अर्को अर्थले, हामी उसको स्वतन्त्रताको हरण गर्ने छौं,

and you will no longer have any control over this hand.

र आफ्नो हातमाथि उसको नियन्त्रण रहने छैन

You with me?

बुझ्दै हुनुहुन्छ ?

So I just need to hook you up.

अब तपाईंलाइ तारले जोडदै छु

(Laughter)

(हाँसो)

So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,

म तपाईंको नसाखोज्दै छु,

which is probably right around here.

सायद यहाँ हुनुपर्छ

You don't know what you're signing up for

एकछिनपछि के हुदैछ भनेर

when you come up.

चकित पर्नुहुनेछ

So now I'm going to move away and we're going to plug it in

अब म अलिकति टाढा बसेर मानव मानव

to our human-to-human interface over here.

बीचको तरंग जोड्दै छु

Okay, so Sam, I want you to squeeze your hand again.

साम, हात खुम्च्याउनुहोस् त

Do it again. Perfect.

एकपटक फेरी, एकदम ठिक छ .

So now I'm going to hook you up over here so that you get the --

अब म तपाईंलाइ तारले जोड्दै छु --

It's going to feel a little bit weird at first,

सुरुमा अलिकति अप्ठ्यारो लाग्नेछ

this is going to feel like a -- (Laughter)

यस्तो लाग्नेछ - (हाँसो)

You know, when you lose your free will, and someone else becomes your agent,

जब तपाई आफ्नो स्वतन्त्रता गुमाउनुहुन्छ र अरु कोहि तपाईंको माध्यम बन्छ

it does feel a bit strange.

अनौठो लाग्छ नै

Now I want you to relax your hand.

अब तपाईं आफ्नो हात स्वतन्त्र गर्नुहोस

Sam, you're with me?

साम, कस्तो लाग्दैछ?

So you're going to squeeze.

आफ्नो हात चलाउनुहोस

I'm not going to turn it on yet, so go ahead and give it a squeeze.

म अझै यो यन्त्र अन गर्दै छैन . त्यसैले हात खुम्च्याउन सक्नुहुन्छ

So now, are you ready, Miguel?

मिगेल, तपाई तयार हुनुहुन्छ?

MG: Ready as I'll ever be.

मिगेल: एकदम तयार छु

GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead and turn your hand.

ग्रेग: मैंले यन्त्र अन गरेको छु . अब हात खुम्च्याउनुहोस त

Do you feel that a little bit? MG: Nope.

केहि महसुस भयो? मिगेल: अहँ, केहि भएन

GG: Okay, do it again? MG: A little bit.

ग्रेग: फेरी गर्नुस त मिगेल: अलि अलि भयो

GG: A little bit? (Laughter)

ग्रेग: अलि अलि ? (हाँसो)

So relax.

एकछिन है त

So hit it again.

फेरी गर्नुस त

(Laughter)

(हाँसो)

Oh, perfect, perfect.

ठिक छ ठिक छ

So relax, do it again.

एकछिनमा फेरी गर्नुस है

All right, so right now,

यहाँ, यतिखेर, तपाईंको दिमागले

your brain is controlling your arm and it's also controlling his arm,

तपाईंको पाखुराको नियन्त्रण गर्दै छ, साथ साथमा उसको पनि

so go ahead and just do it one more time.

एकपटक फेरी गर्नुस त

All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)

ठिक छ, ठिक छ (हाँसो)

So now, what would happen if I took over my control of your hand?

मैंले तपाईंको हातको नियन्त्रण लिएँ भने, के हुन्छ

And so, just relax your hand.

हात खुकुलो गर्न सक्नुहुन्छ

What happens?

के भयो?

Ah, nothing.

केहि पनि भएन

Why not?

किन?

Because the brain has to do it.

किनकि, यो दिमागले गर्नुपर्छ

So you do it again.

फेरी गर्नुस त

All right, that's perfect.

एकदम ठिक, राम्रो

Thank you guys for being such a good sport.

सहभागिताको लागि धन्यवाद

This is what's happening all across the world --

अहिले संसारभर यहि हुँदैछ -

electrophysiology!

Electrophysiology!

We're going to bring on the neuro-revolution.

हामी मस्तिस्क क्रान्ति लेराउँदै छौं

Thank you.

धन्यवाद

(Applause)

(ताली)