How to control someone else's arm with your brain | Greg Gage

Prevoditelj: Maja Covic Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

The brain is an amazing and complex organ.

Mozak je čudesan i složen organ.

And while many people are fascinated by the brain,

Iako mozak fascinira mnoge ljude,

they can't really tell you that much

ne znaju mnogo

about the properties about how the brain works

o tome kako zapravo mozak funkcionira

because we don't teach neuroscience in schools.

jer nas ne podučavaju neuroznanosti u školi.

And one of the reasons why is that the equipment

Jedan od razloga zašto je oprema

is so complex and so expensive

toliko složena i skupa

that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions.

jest što se koristi samo na velikim sveučilištima i velikim institucijama.

And so in order to be able to access the brain,

Kako bismo mogli doći do mozga,

you really need to dedicate your life

moramo tome posvetiti svoj život

and spend six and a half years as a graduate student

i proći šest i pol godina diplomskog studija

just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.

da postanemo neuroznanstvenici i dobijemo pristup tim alatima.

And that's a shame because one out of five of us,

To je prava šteta s obzirom na to da će svaka peta osoba ovdje,

that's 20 percent of the entire world, will have a neurological disorder.

to je 20 posto cijelog svijeta, patiti od nekog neurološkog poremećaja.

And there are zero cures for these diseases.

Nema lijeka za te bolesti.

And so it seems that what we should be doing

Stoga bismo trebali

is reaching back earlier in the eduction process

u ranijem procesu obrazovanja

and teaching students about neuroscience so that in the future,

podučavati učenike o neuroznanosti kako bi se oni u budućnosti

they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist.

možda opredijelili za karijeru neuroznanstvenika.

When I was a graduate student, my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,

Na diplomskom studiju ja i moj laboratorijski partner Tim Marzullo,

decided that what if we took this complex equipment that we have

odlučili smo da tu složenu opremu

for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enough

za proučavanje mozga pojednostavimo i učinimo dovoljno povoljnom

that anyone that you know, an amateur or a high school student,

tako da svatko, laik ili srednjoškolac,

could learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience.

može učiti i zaista sudjelovati u otkriću neuroznanosti.

And so we did just that.

Upravo to smo i napravili.

A few years ago, we started a company called Backyard Brains

Prije nekoliko godina, pokrenuli smo tvrtku Backyard Brains.

and we make DIY neuroscience equipment and I brought some here tonight,

Radimo neuroznanstvenu opremu po principu "uradi sam". Nešto od toga sam i donio.

and I want to do some demonstrations.

Htio bih vam demonstrirati nešto.

You guys want to see some?

Želite li vidjeti nešto?

So I need a volunteer.

Trebam dobrovoljca.

So right before -- what is your name? (Applause)

Točno prije -- kako se zovete? (Pljesak)

Sam Kelly: Sam.

Sam Kelly: Sam.

Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going to record from your brain.

Greg Gage: U redu, Sam. Snimit ću vam mozak.

Have you had this before?

Jeste li ikada ovo radili?

SK: No.

SK: Ne.

GG: I need you to stick out your arm for science,

GG: Ispružite ruku za znanost,

roll up your sleeve a bit,

podignite malo rukav.

So what I'm going to do, I'm putting electrodes on your arm,

Postavljam vam elektrode na ruku.

and you're probably wondering,

Vjerojatno se pitate,

I just said I'm going to record from your brain, what am I doing with your arm?

što radim s vašom rukom, s obzirom da sam upravo rekao da ću snimati vaš mozak.

Well, you have about 80 billion neurons inside your brain right now.

Imate oko 80 milijardi neurona u mozgu.

They're sending electrical messages back and forth, and chemical messages.

Oni na sve strane šalju električne i kemijske poruke.

But some of your neurons right here in your motor cortex

No neki vaši neuroni ovdje u motoričkoj moždanoj kori

are going to send messages down when you move your arm like this.

odaslat će poruke dolje kada ovako pokrenete ruku.

They're going to go down across your corpus callosum,

One će sići preko žuljevitog tijela,

down onto your spinal cord to your lower motor neuron

i spustiti se leđnom moždinom, do vaših donjih motoričkih neurona

out to your muscles here,

u ovaj mišić.

and that electrical discharge is going to be picked up

Taj će živčani impuls zabilježiti

by these electrodes right here

ove elektrode

and we're going to be able to listen

i moći ćemo čuti

to exactly what your brain is going to be doing.

što točno vaš mozak radi.

So I'm going to turn this on for a second.

Uključit ću nakratko ovo.

Have you ever heard what your brain sounds like?

Jeste li ikada čuli zvuk svoga mozga?

SK: No.

SK: Ne.

GG: Let's try it out. So go ahead and squeeze your hand.

GG: Idemo to probati. Stisnite ruku.

(Rumbling)

(Tutnjanje)

So what you're listening to,

Ovo što slušate,

so this is your motor units happening right here.

ovo se upravo manifestiraju vaše motoričke jedinice.

Let's take a look at it as well.

Pogledajmo i kako to izgleda.

So I'm going to stand over here,

Stat ću ovdje,

and I'm going to open up our app here.

i otvorit ću našu aplikaciju.

So now I want you to squeeze.

Sada stisnite ruku.

(Rumbling)

(Tutnjanje)

So right here, these are the motor units that are happening

Točno ovdje, ovo su motoričke jedinice koje se manifestiraju

from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here,

od njene leđne moždine sve do ovog njenog mišića.

and as she's doing it,

Dok to ona radi,

you're seeing the electrical activity that's happening here.

vidite električne impulse koji ovdje putuju.

You can even click here and try to see one of them.

Možete čak i kliknuti ovdje i vidjeti jednoga od njih.

So keep doing it really hard.

Nastavite to raditi snažno.

So now we've paused

Sada smo se zaustavili

on one motor action potential that's happening right now inside of your brain.

na jednom potencijalu motoričke radnje koja se upravo sada odvija u vašem mozgu.

Do you guys want to see some more?

Želite li vidjeti još više?

(Applause)

(Pljesak)

That's interesting, but let's get it better.

Ovo je zanimljivo, no pokušajmo to učiniti zanimljivijim.

I need one more volunteer.

Trebam još jednog dobrovoljca.

What is your name, sir?

Kako se zovete?

Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.

Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.

GG: Miguel, all right.

GG: Miguel, uredu.

You're going to stand right here.

Stajat ćete ovdje.

So when you're moving your arm like this,

Kada pomičete rukom ovako,

your brain is sending a signal down to your muscles right here.

vaš mozak šalje signal ovim dolje mišićima.

I want you to move your arm as well.

Htio bih da i vi pomičete ruku.

So your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles.

Mozak će vam odaslati signal mišićima.

And so it turns out that there is a nerve that's right here

Ispostavilo se da točno ovdje postoji živac

that runs up here that innervates these three fingers,

koji seže sve do gore i oživčuje ova tri prsta,

and it's close enough to the skin that we might be able

a dovoljno je blizu koži da ga možemo stimulirati.

to stimulate that so that what we can do

Na taj način možemo

is copy your brain signals going out to your hand

kopirati vaše moždane signale koji putuju u vašu ruku

and inject it into your hand,

i unijeti ih u vašu ruku,

so that your hand will move when your brain tells your hand to move.

pa će se vaša ruka pomicati onda kada vaš mozak naloži vašoj ruci da se miče.

So in a sense, she will take away your free will

To znači da će ona oduzeti vašu slobodu odlučivanja

and you will no longer have any control over this hand.

i nećete više imati kontrolu nad ovom rukom.

You with me?

Jeste spremni?

So I just need to hook you up.

Moram vas samo priključiti.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,

Moram pronaći vaš ulnarni živac,

which is probably right around here.

koji je vjerojatno ovdje negdje.

You don't know what you're signing up for

Ne znate u što ste se upustili

when you come up.

kada dođete na pozornicu.

So now I'm going to move away and we're going to plug it in

Odmaknut ću se i uključiti vas

to our human-to-human interface over here.

na naše međuljudsko sučelje.

Okay, so Sam, I want you to squeeze your hand again.

Sam, stisnite ponovo svoju ruku.

Do it again. Perfect.

Ponovo. Odlično.

So now I'm going to hook you up over here so that you get the --

Sada ću vas spojiti ovdje.

It's going to feel a little bit weird at first,

Isprva ćete se osjećati malo čudno,

this is going to feel like a -- (Laughter)

ovo će se činiti kao -- (Smijeh)

You know, when you lose your free will, and someone else becomes your agent,

Kada izgubite slobodnu volju i netko drugi postane vaš izvršitelj,

it does feel a bit strange.

to je zaista neobičan osjećaj.

Now I want you to relax your hand.

Sada opustite ruku.

Sam, you're with me?

Sam, jeste li spremni?

So you're going to squeeze.

Stisnut ćete ruku.

I'm not going to turn it on yet, so go ahead and give it a squeeze.

Još neću uključiti program, pa samo stisnite.

So now, are you ready, Miguel?

Jeste li spremni, Miguel?

MG: Ready as I'll ever be.

MG: Spremniji od ovog ne mogu biti.

GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead and turn your hand.

GG: Uključio sam ga, slobodno okrenite ruku.

Do you feel that a little bit? MG: Nope.

Osjećate li to malo? MG: Ne.

GG: Okay, do it again? MG: A little bit.

GG: Uredu. Ponovite. MG: Malo.

GG: A little bit? (Laughter)

GG: Malo? (Smijeh)

So relax.

Opustite se.

So hit it again.

Stisnite ponovo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Oh, perfect, perfect.

Savršeno!

So relax, do it again.

Opustite, stisnite ponovo.

All right, so right now,

Uredu, sada upravo

your brain is controlling your arm and it's also controlling his arm,

Vaš mozak kontrolira vašu ruku, a ujedno kontrolira i njegovu ruku.

so go ahead and just do it one more time.

Slobodno ponovite.

All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)

Savršeno. (Smijeh)

So now, what would happen if I took over my control of your hand?

Što bi se dogodilo da ja preuzmem kontrolu nad vašom rukom?

And so, just relax your hand.

Opustite ruku.

What happens?

Što se događa?

Ah, nothing.

Ništa.

Why not?

Zašto?

Because the brain has to do it.

Zato što je mozak taj koji mora kontrolirati.

So you do it again.

Ponovite.

All right, that's perfect.

Odlično.

Thank you guys for being such a good sport.

Hvala vam oboje na hrabrosti.

This is what's happening all across the world --

Ovo se događa diljem svijeta

electrophysiology!

elektrofiziologija!

We're going to bring on the neuro-revolution.

Donijet ćemo neuro-revoluciju.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)