How to control someone else's arm with your brain | Greg Gage

Translator: Nurzurani (Lusia) Nurdin Reviewer: Amelia Josephine

The brain is an amazing and complex organ.

Otak merupakan sebuah organ rumit yang mengagumkan.

And while many people are fascinated by the brain,

Meski ia memesona banyak orang,

they can't really tell you that much

tak banyak yang dapat mereka katakan

about the properties about how the brain works

tentang cara kerjanya

because we don't teach neuroscience in schools.

karena ilmu saraf tidak diajarkan di sekolah.

And one of the reasons why is that the equipment

Salah satu sebabnya adalah karena peralatannya

is so complex and so expensive

terlalu kompleks dan mahal

that it's really only done at major universities and large institutions.

sehingga ilmu ini hanya dipelajari di universitas atau institusi besar.

And so in order to be able to access the brain,

Karena itu, untuk dapat meneliti otak manusia,

you really need to dedicate your life

Anda betul-betul harus berdedikasi

and spend six and a half years as a graduate student

dan melalui enam setengah tahun studi pasca sarjana

just to become a neuroscientist to get access to these tools.

demi menjadi seorang ahli saraf agar bisa memakai peralatan ini.

And that's a shame because one out of five of us,

Betapa sayangnya karena satu dari lima orang,

that's 20 percent of the entire world, will have a neurological disorder.

berarti 20 persen dari populasi dunia, akan memiliki masalah saraf.

And there are zero cures for these diseases.

Dan tidak ada penawar bagi penyakit saraf.

And so it seems that what we should be doing

Jadi yang seharusnya kita lakukan adalah

is reaching back earlier in the eduction process

mengajarkan neurologi lebih awal dalam tahap pendidikan

and teaching students about neuroscience so that in the future,

agar di masa mendatang

they may be thinking about possibly becoming a brain scientist.

para siswa bisa tertarik untuk menjadi seorang ahli otak.

Ketika sedang sekolah pasca sarjana, saya dan rekan lab saya, Tim Marzullo,

When I was a graduate student, my lab mate Tim Marzullo and myself,

decided that what if we took this complex equipment that we have

berpikir bagaimana jika peralatan kompleks yang kami miliki

for studying the brain and made it simple enough and affordable enough

untuk mempelajari otak disederhanakan dan harganya dibuat terjangkau

that anyone that you know, an amateur or a high school student,

sehingga semua orang, baik seorang amatir maupun pelajar SMU,

could learn and actually participate in the discovery of neuroscience.

bisa mempelajari dan berpartisipasi dalam bidang penelitian ilmu saraf.

And so we did just that.

Itu yang kami lakukan.

A few years ago, we started a company called Backyard Brains

Beberapa tahun lalu, kami mendirikan perusahaan Backyard Brains

and we make DIY neuroscience equipment and I brought some here tonight,

yang menyediakan peralatan neurologi rakit sendiri dan sebagian ada di sini,

and I want to do some demonstrations.

untuk saya demonstrasikan.

You guys want to see some?

Kalian mau melihat?

So I need a volunteer.

Saya perlu seorang relawan.

So right before -- what is your name? (Applause)

Sebelumnya - siapa namamu? (Tepuk tangan)

Sam Kelly: Sam.

Sam Kelly: Sam.

Greg Gage: All right, Sam, I'm going to record from your brain.

Greg Gage: Baiklah Sam, saya akan merekam otakmu.

Have you had this before?

Kamu pernah melakukan ini sebelumnya?

SK: No.

SK : Tidak.

GG: I need you to stick out your arm for science,

GG : Julurkan tanganmu demi ilmu pengetahuan,

roll up your sleeve a bit,

gulung lengan bajumu sedikit.

So what I'm going to do, I'm putting electrodes on your arm,

Saya akan memasang elektrode di lenganmu,

and you're probably wondering,

dan mungkin kau berpikir,

I just said I'm going to record from your brain, what am I doing with your arm?

kalau saya akan merekam otakmu, mengapa saya memasang di lengan?

Well, you have about 80 billion neurons inside your brain right now.

Kamu memiliki 80 milyar sel saraf di dalam otak.

They're sending electrical messages back and forth, and chemical messages.

Mereka bolak-balik mengirimkan pesan elektro dan kimia.

But some of your neurons right here in your motor cortex

Tapi sebagian neuron di korteks motorik

are going to send messages down when you move your arm like this.

akan mengirimkan pesan saat kamu menggerakkan lengan seperti ini.

They're going to go down across your corpus callosum,

Mereka akan turun melewati korpus kalosum,

down onto your spinal cord to your lower motor neuron

melalui saraf tulang belakang menuju neuron motorik bawah

out to your muscles here,

sampai ke otot-otot di sini,

and that electrical discharge is going to be picked up

dan sinyal elektro itu akan ditangkap

by these electrodes right here

oleh elektrode di sini

and we're going to be able to listen

dan kita akan bisa mendengar

to exactly what your brain is going to be doing.

secara pasti apa yang akan dilakukan oleh otakmu.

So I'm going to turn this on for a second.

Jadi saya akan menyalakan ini.

Have you ever heard what your brain sounds like?

Pernahkah kamu mendengar bunyi otakmu?

SK: Tidak.

SK: No.

GG: Ayo kita coba. Coba remas tanganmu.

GG: Let's try it out. So go ahead and squeeze your hand.

(Rumbling)

(Suara menggumam)

So what you're listening to,

Yang sedang kamu dengar,

so this is your motor units happening right here.

adalah unit motorikmu yang sedang bekerja.

Let's take a look at it as well.

Mari sekalian kita lihat.

So I'm going to stand over here,

Saya akan berdiri di sini,

and I'm going to open up our app here.

dan menjalankan sebuah aplikasi.

So now I want you to squeeze.

Sekarang coba remas.

(Rumbling)

(Suara gumaman)

So right here, these are the motor units that are happening

Di sini, ini adalah unit motorik yang sedang bekerja

from her spinal cord out to her muscle right here,

dari saraf tulang belakangnya sampai ke otot di sini,

dan ketika dia meremas,

and as she's doing it,

Anda menyaksikan aktivitas elektrik yang sedang terjadi di sini.

you're seeing the electrical activity that's happening here.

Anda bahkan dapat menekan ini dan melihat salah satunya.

You can even click here and try to see one of them.

So keep doing it really hard.

Lakukan lebih kuat lagi.

So now we've paused

Sekarang kita berhenti

on one motor action potential that's happening right now inside of your brain.

pada satu potensi aksi motorik yang sedang terjadi di dalam otakmu.

Do you guys want to see some more?

Kalian mau melihat yang lain?

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)

That's interesting, but let's get it better.

Menarik memang, tapi ayo kita buat lebih baik.

I need one more volunteer.

Saya perlu seorang relawan lagi.

What is your name, sir?

Siapa nama Anda, pak?

Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.

Miguel Goncalves: Miguel.

GG: Miguel, baiklah.

GG: Miguel, all right.

You're going to stand right here.

Silakan Anda berdiri di sini.

So when you're moving your arm like this,

Saat Anda menggerakkan lengan seperti ini,

your brain is sending a signal down to your muscles right here.

otak Anda mengirimkan sinyal ke otot di sini.

Saya ingin Anda menggerakkan lengan Anda juga.

I want you to move your arm as well.

So your brain is going to send a signal down to your muscles.

Jadi otak Anda akan mengirim sinyal ke otot-otot Anda.

And so it turns out that there is a nerve that's right here

Jadi ternyata ada sebuah saraf di sini

that runs up here that innervates these three fingers,

yang mengontrol ketiga jemari ini,

and it's close enough to the skin that we might be able

dan kita kemungkinan bisa merangsangnya karena posisinya

to stimulate that so that what we can do

begitu dekat dengan kulit, jadi kita bisa

is copy your brain signals going out to your hand

meniru sinyal yang dikirimkan otak Anda ke lengan Anda

and inject it into your hand,

dan menyuntikkannya ke dalam lengan Anda,

so that your hand will move when your brain tells your hand to move.

jadi lenganmu akan bergerak saat otakmu menyuruh lenganmu bergerak.

So in a sense, she will take away your free will

Jadi, dia akan mengambil kehendak bebas Anda

and you will no longer have any control over this hand.

dan Anda tidak lagi memiliki kontrol atas lengan ini.

You with me?

Anda mengerti?

So I just need to hook you up.

Saya hanya perlu menyambungkan Anda berdua.

(Laughter)

(Gelak tawa)

So I'm going to find your ulnar nerve,

Saya akan mencari saraf tulang hasta Anda,

which is probably right around here.

yang biasanya ada di sekitar sini.

You don't know what you're signing up for

Anda tidak tahu apa yang akan terjadi

when you come up.

saat naik panggung.

So now I'm going to move away and we're going to plug it in

Sekarang saya akan menyingkir dan menyambungkan ini

to our human-to-human interface over here.

ke mesin penghubung antar manusia di sini.

Okay, so Sam, I want you to squeeze your hand again.

Jadi, Sam, coba remas lagi lengan Anda.

Do it again. Perfect.

Sekali lagi. Bagus.

So now I'm going to hook you up over here so that you get the --

Sekarang Anda akan saya sambungkan ke sini supaya dapat --

It's going to feel a little bit weird at first,

Pertamanya akan terasa aneh,

this is going to feel like a -- (Laughter)

ini akan terasa seperti -- (Gelak tawa)

You know, when you lose your free will, and someone else becomes your agent,

Ketika Anda kehilangan keinginan bebas, dan orang lain menjadi perwakilan Anda,

it does feel a bit strange.

itu pasti akan terasa aneh.

Now I want you to relax your hand.

Sekarang coba lemaskan lengan Anda.

Sam, you're with me?

Sam, Anda mengerti?

So you're going to squeeze.

Coba remas.

I'm not going to turn it on yet, so go ahead and give it a squeeze.

Saya belum akan menyalakannya, jadi coba Anda remas.

So now, are you ready, Miguel?

Sekarang, Miguel, Anda siap?

MG: Ready as I'll ever be.

MG: Sesiap mungkin.

GG: I've turned it on, so go ahead and turn your hand.

GG: Sudah dinyalakan, ayo gerakkan lengan Anda.

Do you feel that a little bit? MG: Nope.

Anda merasakannya? MG: Tidak.

GG: Okay, do it again? MG: A little bit.

GG: Coba lagi? MG: Terasa sedikit.

GG: A little bit? (Laughter)

GG: Sedikit? (Gelak tawa)

So relax.

Lemaskan.

So hit it again.

Coba lagi.

(Laughter)

(Gelak tawa)

Oh, perfect, perfect.

Bagus, bagus.

So relax, do it again.

Lemaskan, lakukan lagi.

All right, so right now,

Baiklah, jadi sekarang,

your brain is controlling your arm and it's also controlling his arm,

otak Anda sedang mengendalikan lengan Anda dan lengannya,

so go ahead and just do it one more time.

coba lakukan sekali lagi.

All right, so it's perfect. (Laughter)

Baiklah, sempurna. (Gelak tawa)

So now, what would happen if I took over my control of your hand?

Apa yang akan terjadi jika saya mengambil alih kendali atas lengan Anda?

And so, just relax your hand.

Lemaskan lengan Anda.

What happens?

Apa yang terjadi?

Ah, nothing.

Tidak ada.

Why not?

Kenapa tidak?

Because the brain has to do it.

Karena otak yang harus melakukannya.

So you do it again.

Coba Anda lakukan lagi.

All right, that's perfect.

Baik, itu sempurna.

Thank you guys for being such a good sport.

Terima kasih telah bersedia berpartisipasi.

This is what's happening all across the world --

Inilah yang sedang dilakukan di seluruh dunia --

electrophysiology!

elektrofisiologi!

We're going to bring on the neuro-revolution.

Kita akan memulai revolusi saraf.

Thank you.

Terima kasih.

(Applause)

(Tepuk tangan)