What happens in your brain when you pay attention? | Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar

Prevodilac: Ivana Krivokuća Lektor: Tijana Mihajlović

Paying close attention to something:

Usmeravanje pažnje na nešto

Not that easy, is it?

nije tako lako, zar ne?

It's because our attention is pulled in so many different directions at a time,

To je zato što se naša pažnja odvlači u toliko različitih pravaca istovremeno

and it's in fact pretty impressive if you can stay focused.

i zapravo je prilično impresivno ako možete ostati fokusirani.

Many people think that attention is all about what we are focusing on,

Mnogi ljudi misle da se pažnja svodi na ono na šta se fokusiramo,

but it's also about what information our brain is trying to filter out.

ali takođe se odnosi i na to koje informacije

naš mozak pokušava da odstrani filtriranjem.

There are two ways you direct your attention.

Postoje dva načina na koje usmeravate pažnju.

First, there's overt attention.

Kao prvo, postoji primetna pažnja.

In overt attention, you move your eyes towards something

Kod primetne pažnje,

pomerate oči ka nečemu da biste usmerili pažnju na to.

in order to pay attention to it.

Then there's covert attention.

Zatim, postoji neprimetna pažnja.

In covert attention, you pay attention to something,

Kod neprimetne pažnje usmeravate pažnju na nešto,

but without moving your eyes.

ali bez pomeranja očiju.

Think of driving for a second.

Pomislite na trenutak na vožnju.

Your overt attention, your direction of the eyes,

Vaša primetna pažnja, usmerenost vaših očiju je ispred,

are in front,

but that's your covert attention

ali vaša neprimetna pažnja

which is constantly scanning the surrounding area,

neprekidno pregleda okolinu,

where you don't actually look at them.

gde zapravo ne gledate.

I'm a computational neuroscientist,

Ja sam kompjuterski neuronaučnik

and I work on cognitive brain-machine interfaces,

i radim na kognitivnim interfejsima mozga i mašine,

or bringing together the brain and the computer.

ili na povezivanju mozga i kompjutera.

I love brain patterns.

Obožavam moždane obrasce.

Brain patterns are important for us

Moždani obrasci su važni za nas

because based on them we can build models for the computers,

jer na osnovu njih možemo graditi modele za kompjutere,

and based on these models

a na osnovu tih modela

computers can recognize how well our brain functions.

kompjuteri mogu prepoznati koliko dobro funkcioniše naš mozak.

And if it doesn't function well,

A ako ne funkcioniše dobro,

then these computers themselves can be used as assistive devices

onda se sami ti kompjuteri mogu koristiti kao pomagala

for therapies.

u terapiji.

But that also means something,

Ali to takođe podrazumeva nešto,

because choosing the wrong patterns

jer će nam odabir pogrešnih obrazaca

will give us the wrong models

dati pogrešne modele

and therefore the wrong therapies.

i, prema tome, pogrešne terapije.

Right?

Zar ne?

In case of attention,

U slučaju pažnje,

the fact that we can

činjenica da možemo

shift our attention not only by our eyes

preusmeriti svoju pažnju ne samo očima

but also by thinking --

već i razmišljanjem -

that makes covert attention an interesting model for computers.

to čini neprimetnu pažnju zanimljivim modelom za kompjutere.

So I wanted to know what are the brainwave patterns

Hteo sam da znam kakvi su obrasci moždanih talasa

when you look overtly or when you look covertly.

kada pogledate sa primetne i neprimetne strane.

I set up an experiment for that.

Osmislio sam eksperiment za to.

In this experiment there are two flickering squares,

U ovom eksperimentu postoje dva kvadrata koji trepere,

one of them flickering at a slower rate than the other one.

pri čemu jedan od njih treperi sporije nego drugi.

Depending on which of these flickers you are paying attention to,

U zavisnosti od toga na koje treperenje obraćate pažnju,

certain parts of your brain will start resonating in the same rate

određeni delovi vašeg mozga počinju da usklađuju brzinu

as that flickering rate.

sa brzinom tog treperenja.

So by analyzing your brain signals,

Tako, analiziranjem vaših moždanih signala

we can track where exactly you are watching

možemo pratiti gde tačno gledate

or you are paying attention to.

ili usmeravate pažnju.

So to see what happens in your brain when you pay overt attention,

Da bih video šta se dešava u vašem mozgu kada usmeravate pažnju primetno,

I asked people to look directly in one of the squares

zatražio sam od ljudi da direktno gledaju u jedan od kvadrata

and pay attention to it.

i usmere pažnju na njega.

In this case, not surprisingly, we saw that these flickering squares

U ovom slučaju, što nije iznenađenje, videli smo da su se ti treperavi kvadrati

appeared in their brain signals

pojavili u njihovim moždanim signalima

which was coming from the back of their head,

koji su dolazili iz zadnjeg dela glave,

which is responsible for the processing of your visual information.

koji je odgovoran za obradu vizuelnih informacija.

But I was really interested

Međutim, zaista me je zanimalo

to see what happens in your brain when you pay covert attention.

da vidim šta se dešava u mozgu kada obraćate pažnju neprimetno.

So this time I asked people to look in the middle of the screen

Ovoga puta sam tražio od ljudi da gledaju sredinu ekrana

and without moving their eyes,

i da, bez pomeranja očiju,

to pay attention to either of these squares.

usmere pažnju na bilo koji od ovih kvadrata.

When we did that,

Kada smo to uradili,

we saw that both of these flickering rates appeared in their brain signals,

videli smo da su se obe brzine treperenja pojavile u moždanim signalima,

but interestingly,

ali interesantno je

only one of them, which was paid attention to,

da je samo jedan od njih, onaj na koji je usmerena pažnja,

imao jače signale,

had stronger signals,

so there was something in the brain

tako da je bilo nešto u mozgu

which was handling this information

što je baratalo ovom informacijom,

so that thing in the brain was basically the activation of the frontal area.

a to nešto u mozgu u suštini aktivacija frontalne oblasti.

The front part of your brain is responsible

Prednji deo vašeg mozga je odgovoran

for higher cognitive functions as a human.

za više kognitivne funkcije kao ljudskog bića.

The frontal part, it seems that it works as a filter

Čini se da prednji deo funkcioniše kao filter

trying to let information come in only from the right flicker

koji pokušava da propusti informacije samo iz desnog treperenja

that you are paying attention to

na koji obraćate pažnju

and trying to inhibit the information coming from the ignored one.

i da blokira informacije koje pristižu iz ignorisanog treperenja.

The filtering ability of the brain is indeed a key for attention,

Sposobnost mozga da filtrira je u stvari ključna za pažnju,

which is missing in some people,

a ona nedostaje kod nekih ljudi,

for example in people with ADHD.

na primer, kod ljudi sa poremećajem pažnje, ADHD-om.

So a person with ADHD cannot inhibit these distractors,

Tako osoba sa poremećajem ADHD ne može da blokira te ometače pažnje

and that's why they can't focus for a long time on a single task.

i zato se ne može fokusirati duže vreme na jedan zadatak.

But what if this person

Ali šta bi bilo kada bi takva osoba

could play a specific computer game

mogla da igra posebnu kompjutersku igru

with his brain connected to the computer,

pri čemu joj je mozak povezan sa kompjuterom,

and then train his own brain

a zatim uvežba svoj mozak

to inhibit these distractors?

da blokira te smetnje za pažnju?

Well, ADHD is just one example.

Pa, ADHD je samo jedan od primera.

We can use these cognitive brain-machine interfaces

Možemo koristiti ove kognitivne interfejse mozga i mašine

for many other cognitive fields.

za mnoga druga kognitivna polja.

It was just a few years ago

Pre svega nekoliko godina,

that my grandfather had a stroke, and he lost complete ability to speak.

moj deda je pretrpeo šlog i sasvim je izgubio sposobnost govora.

He could understand everybody, but there was no way to respond,

Mogao je svakog da razume, ali nije bilo načina da odgovori,

even not writing because he was illiterate.

čak ni da napiše jer je bio nepismen.

So he passed away in silence.

Stoga je preminuo u tišini.

I remember thinking at that time:

Sećam se da sam pomislio u to vreme

What if we could have a computer

šta bi bilo kada bismo imali kompjuter

which could speak for him?

koji bi mogao da govori umesto njega.

Now, after years that I am in this field,

Danas, nakon mnogo godina rada u ovom polju,

I can see that this might be possible.

vidim da je to moguće.

Zamislite ako bismo mogli da pronađemo obrasce moždanih talasa

Imagine if we can find brainwave patterns

when people think about images or even letters,

kada ljudi razmišljaju o slikama ili čak o slovima,

like the letter A generates a different brainwave pattern

kao što slovo A proizvodi drugačiji obrazac moždanih talasa

than the letter B, and so on.

od slova B i tako dalje.

Could a computer one day communicate for people who can't speak?

Da li bi kompjuter jednog dana mogao da komunicira umesto ljudi

koji ne mogu da govore?

What if a computer

Šta bi bilo kada bi kompjuter

can help us understand the thoughts of a person in a coma?

mogao da nam pomogne da razumemo misli osobe u komi?

We are not there yet,

Nismo još dotle stigli,

but pay close attention.

ali dobro obratite pažnju.

We will be there soon.

Stići ćemo uskoro.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)