What happens in your brain when you pay attention? | Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar

399,457 views

2017-07-12 ・ TED


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What happens in your brain when you pay attention? | Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar

399,457 views ・ 2017-07-12

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković
00:12
Paying close attention to something:
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Obratiti pažnju na nešto;
00:15
Not that easy, is it?
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nije jednostavno, zar ne?
00:17
It's because our attention is pulled in so many different directions at a time,
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To je zato što našu pažnju u isto vrijeme odvlače različite stvari,
00:22
and it's in fact pretty impressive if you can stay focused.
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i zapravo je fascinantno što možete ostati fokusirani.
00:28
Many people think that attention is all about what we are focusing on,
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Mnogu ljudi misle da je za pažnju bitno na što se fokusiramo,
00:32
but it's also about what information our brain is trying to filter out.
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ali bitno je i koje informacije mozak pokušava filtrirati.
00:38
There are two ways you direct your attention.
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Postoje dva načina da obratite pažnju.
00:41
First, there's overt attention.
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Prvi je očita pažnja.
00:43
In overt attention, you move your eyes towards something
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U očitoj pažnji, pokrećete oči prema nečemu
00:47
in order to pay attention to it.
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kako bi obratili pažnju.
00:50
Then there's covert attention.
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Postoji i prikrivena pažnja.
00:52
In covert attention, you pay attention to something,
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U prikrivenoj pažnji, obraćate pažnju na nešto
00:56
but without moving your eyes.
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ali bez pokretanja očiju.
00:58
Think of driving for a second.
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Dobar primjer je vožnja.
01:02
Your overt attention, your direction of the eyes,
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Očita pažnja, smjer pogleda,
01:05
are in front,
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je naprijed,
01:07
but that's your covert attention
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ali je vaša prikrivena pažnja ta
01:09
which is constantly scanning the surrounding area,
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koja konstantno pregledava okolinu,
01:13
where you don't actually look at them.
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dok ne gledate u nju.
01:17
I'm a computational neuroscientist,
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Ja sam računalni neuroznanstvenik,
01:19
and I work on cognitive brain-machine interfaces,
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i radim na kognitivnim mozak-mašina sučeljima,
01:22
or bringing together the brain and the computer.
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to jest, približavam mozak i računalo.
01:26
I love brain patterns.
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Volim obrasce mozga.
01:28
Brain patterns are important for us
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Obrasci mozga su bitni za nas
01:30
because based on them we can build models for the computers,
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jer na temelju njih možemo sagraditi modele za računala,
01:33
and based on these models
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i na temelju tih modela
01:35
computers can recognize how well our brain functions.
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računalo može prepoznati koliko dobro naš mozak radi.
01:39
And if it doesn't function well,
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I ako ne radi dobro,
01:41
then these computers themselves can be used as assistive devices
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sama računala mogu se koristiti za ocjenu stanja
01:46
for therapies.
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u terapiji.
01:48
But that also means something,
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Ali to znači da ako
01:51
because choosing the wrong patterns
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odaberemo pogrešne obrasce,
01:53
will give us the wrong models
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dobit ćemo pogrešne modele
01:55
and therefore the wrong therapies.
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i time pogrešnu terapiju.
01:57
Right?
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Zar ne?
01:59
In case of attention,
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U slučaju pažnje,
02:01
the fact that we can
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činjenica da možemo
02:03
shift our attention not only by our eyes
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promjeniti našu patnju ne samo očima
02:07
but also by thinking --
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već i samim mišljenjem --
02:09
that makes covert attention an interesting model for computers.
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to čini prikrivenu pažnju zanimljivim modelom za računala.
02:14
So I wanted to know what are the brainwave patterns
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Htio sam znati koji su obrasci moždanih valova
02:17
when you look overtly or when you look covertly.
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kada se radi o očitoj ili prikrivenoj pažnji.
02:22
I set up an experiment for that.
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Postavio sam za to eksperiment.
02:24
In this experiment there are two flickering squares,
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U eksperimentu postoje dva trepteća kvadrata,
02:27
one of them flickering at a slower rate than the other one.
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jedan treperi sporije od drugog.
02:32
Depending on which of these flickers you are paying attention to,
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ovisno o tome na koji se obrati pažnja,
02:36
certain parts of your brain will start resonating in the same rate
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određeni dijelovi mozga počinju rezonirati istom frekvencijom
02:41
as that flickering rate.
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kojom kvadrat treperi.
02:43
So by analyzing your brain signals,
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Analizirajući vaše signale u mozgu,
02:46
we can track where exactly you are watching
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možemo pratiti gdje točno gledate
02:50
or you are paying attention to.
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ili na što obraćate pažnju.
02:54
So to see what happens in your brain when you pay overt attention,
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Da vidite što se dešava u vašem mozgu kada se služite očitom pažnjom,
02:59
I asked people to look directly in one of the squares
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pitao sam ljude da gledaju u jedan od kvadrata
03:02
and pay attention to it.
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i obrate pažnju na njega.
03:04
In this case, not surprisingly, we saw that these flickering squares
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U tom slučaju, očekivano, vidjeli smo da su se ovi trepteći pravokutnici
03:09
appeared in their brain signals
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pojavili u signalima mozga
03:11
which was coming from the back of their head,
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koji dolaze iz stražnjeg dijela glave,
03:15
which is responsible for the processing of your visual information.
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koji obrađuje vidne informacije.
03:20
But I was really interested
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Ali mene je zanimalo
03:22
to see what happens in your brain when you pay covert attention.
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što se desi kada obraćamo prikrivenu pažnju.
03:26
So this time I asked people to look in the middle of the screen
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Ovaj put sam pitao ljude da gledaju u sredinu monitora
03:30
and without moving their eyes,
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i bez pomjeranja očiju
03:32
to pay attention to either of these squares.
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obrate pažnju na kvadrate.
03:36
When we did that,
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Kad smo to napravili,
03:38
we saw that both of these flickering rates appeared in their brain signals,
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vidjeli smo obje frekvencije titranja u signalima u mozgu,
03:42
but interestingly,
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ali zanimljivo,
03:44
only one of them, which was paid attention to,
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jedna od njih, na koju je osoba obraćala pažnju,
03:48
had stronger signals,
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imala je jače signale,
03:49
so there was something in the brain
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što znači da postoji nešto u mozgu
03:51
which was handling this information
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što obrađuje ove informacije
03:54
so that thing in the brain was basically the activation of the frontal area.
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i to je zapravo bila aktivacija čeone regije
04:02
The front part of your brain is responsible
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Čeona regija mozga odgovorna je za
04:05
for higher cognitive functions as a human.
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više kognitivne funkcije kod ljudi.
04:08
The frontal part, it seems that it works as a filter
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Čeoni režanj izgleda funkcionira kao filter
04:14
trying to let information come in only from the right flicker
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pokušavajući pustiti informacije samo iz onog kvadrata
04:18
that you are paying attention to
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na koji obraćate pažnju,
04:21
and trying to inhibit the information coming from the ignored one.
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i pokušavajući inhibirati informacije iz ignoriranog kvadrata.
04:27
The filtering ability of the brain is indeed a key for attention,
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Mogućnost filtracije mozga je ključ pažnje
04:32
which is missing in some people,
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koji nedostaje u nekih ljudi,
04:35
for example in people with ADHD.
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na primjer ljudi s ADHD-om.
04:38
So a person with ADHD cannot inhibit these distractors,
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Ljudi s ADHD-om ne mogu inhibirati distrakciju
04:43
and that's why they can't focus for a long time on a single task.
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i zato se ne mogu fokusirati dugo na jedan zadatak.
04:49
But what if this person
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Ali što ako ova osoba
04:50
could play a specific computer game
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može igrati određenu računalnu igru
04:54
with his brain connected to the computer,
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dok je mozak spojen na računalo,
04:58
and then train his own brain
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i tako naučiti mozak
05:01
to inhibit these distractors?
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da inhibira te distrakcije?
05:05
Well, ADHD is just one example.
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ADHD je samo jedan primjer.
05:09
We can use these cognitive brain-machine interfaces
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Možemo koristiti ova kognitivna mozak-mašina sučelja
05:12
for many other cognitive fields.
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za razna kognitivna polja.
05:15
It was just a few years ago
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Prije nekoliko godina
05:17
that my grandfather had a stroke, and he lost complete ability to speak.
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je moj djed imao moždani udar, i izgubio mogućnost govora.
05:24
He could understand everybody, but there was no way to respond,
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Mogao je razumjeti svakoga, ali nije mogao odgovoriti,
05:27
even not writing because he was illiterate.
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čak ni napisati, bio je nepismen.
05:31
So he passed away in silence.
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Umro je u tišini.
05:36
I remember thinking at that time:
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Sjećam se da sam tada razmišljao;
05:38
What if we could have a computer
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što ako imamo računalo
05:42
which could speak for him?
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koje govori umjesto njega?
05:45
Now, after years that I am in this field,
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Sad, nakon godina u ovom polju znanosti,
05:47
I can see that this might be possible.
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vidim da je to možda i moguće.
05:52
Imagine if we can find brainwave patterns
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Zamislite da možete pronaći moždane valove
05:54
when people think about images or even letters,
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kada ljudi misle o slikama ili slovima,
05:59
like the letter A generates a different brainwave pattern
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na primjer, slovo A stvara drugačije moždane valove
06:02
than the letter B, and so on.
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nego slovo B, i tako dalje.
06:04
Could a computer one day communicate for people who can't speak?
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Može li računalo jednog dana komunicirati za ljude koji ne mogu?
06:09
What if a computer
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Što ako nam računalo
06:11
can help us understand the thoughts of a person in a coma?
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može pomoći razumjeti misli osobe u komi?
06:17
We are not there yet,
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Nismo još došli do toga,
06:19
but pay close attention.
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ali obratite pažnju.
06:22
We will be there soon.
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Bit ćemo tamo ubrzo.
06:23
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
06:25
(Applause)
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(Pljesak)
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