What happens in your brain when you pay attention? | Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar

Prevoditelj: Senzos Osijek Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

Paying close attention to something:

Obratiti pažnju na nešto;

Not that easy, is it?

nije jednostavno, zar ne?

It's because our attention is pulled in so many different directions at a time,

To je zato što našu pažnju u isto vrijeme odvlače različite stvari,

and it's in fact pretty impressive if you can stay focused.

i zapravo je fascinantno što možete ostati fokusirani.

Many people think that attention is all about what we are focusing on,

Mnogu ljudi misle da je za pažnju bitno na što se fokusiramo,

but it's also about what information our brain is trying to filter out.

ali bitno je i koje informacije mozak pokušava filtrirati.

There are two ways you direct your attention.

Postoje dva načina da obratite pažnju.

First, there's overt attention.

Prvi je očita pažnja.

In overt attention, you move your eyes towards something

U očitoj pažnji, pokrećete oči prema nečemu

in order to pay attention to it.

kako bi obratili pažnju.

Then there's covert attention.

Postoji i prikrivena pažnja.

In covert attention, you pay attention to something,

U prikrivenoj pažnji, obraćate pažnju na nešto

but without moving your eyes.

ali bez pokretanja očiju.

Think of driving for a second.

Dobar primjer je vožnja.

Your overt attention, your direction of the eyes,

Očita pažnja, smjer pogleda,

are in front,

je naprijed,

but that's your covert attention

ali je vaša prikrivena pažnja ta

which is constantly scanning the surrounding area,

koja konstantno pregledava okolinu,

where you don't actually look at them.

dok ne gledate u nju.

I'm a computational neuroscientist,

Ja sam računalni neuroznanstvenik,

and I work on cognitive brain-machine interfaces,

i radim na kognitivnim mozak-mašina sučeljima,

or bringing together the brain and the computer.

to jest, približavam mozak i računalo.

I love brain patterns.

Volim obrasce mozga.

Brain patterns are important for us

Obrasci mozga su bitni za nas

because based on them we can build models for the computers,

jer na temelju njih možemo sagraditi modele za računala,

and based on these models

i na temelju tih modela

computers can recognize how well our brain functions.

računalo može prepoznati koliko dobro naš mozak radi.

And if it doesn't function well,

I ako ne radi dobro,

then these computers themselves can be used as assistive devices

sama računala mogu se koristiti za ocjenu stanja

for therapies.

u terapiji.

But that also means something,

Ali to znači da ako

because choosing the wrong patterns

odaberemo pogrešne obrasce,

will give us the wrong models

dobit ćemo pogrešne modele

and therefore the wrong therapies.

i time pogrešnu terapiju.

Right?

Zar ne?

In case of attention,

U slučaju pažnje,

the fact that we can

činjenica da možemo

shift our attention not only by our eyes

promjeniti našu patnju ne samo očima

but also by thinking --

već i samim mišljenjem --

that makes covert attention an interesting model for computers.

to čini prikrivenu pažnju zanimljivim modelom za računala.

So I wanted to know what are the brainwave patterns

Htio sam znati koji su obrasci moždanih valova

when you look overtly or when you look covertly.

kada se radi o očitoj ili prikrivenoj pažnji.

I set up an experiment for that.

Postavio sam za to eksperiment.

In this experiment there are two flickering squares,

U eksperimentu postoje dva trepteća kvadrata,

one of them flickering at a slower rate than the other one.

jedan treperi sporije od drugog.

Depending on which of these flickers you are paying attention to,

ovisno o tome na koji se obrati pažnja,

certain parts of your brain will start resonating in the same rate

određeni dijelovi mozga počinju rezonirati istom frekvencijom

as that flickering rate.

kojom kvadrat treperi.

So by analyzing your brain signals,

Analizirajući vaše signale u mozgu,

we can track where exactly you are watching

možemo pratiti gdje točno gledate

or you are paying attention to.

ili na što obraćate pažnju.

So to see what happens in your brain when you pay overt attention,

Da vidite što se dešava u vašem mozgu kada se služite očitom pažnjom,

I asked people to look directly in one of the squares

pitao sam ljude da gledaju u jedan od kvadrata

and pay attention to it.

i obrate pažnju na njega.

In this case, not surprisingly, we saw that these flickering squares

U tom slučaju, očekivano, vidjeli smo da su se ovi trepteći pravokutnici

appeared in their brain signals

pojavili u signalima mozga

which was coming from the back of their head,

koji dolaze iz stražnjeg dijela glave,

which is responsible for the processing of your visual information.

koji obrađuje vidne informacije.

But I was really interested

Ali mene je zanimalo

to see what happens in your brain when you pay covert attention.

što se desi kada obraćamo prikrivenu pažnju.

So this time I asked people to look in the middle of the screen

Ovaj put sam pitao ljude da gledaju u sredinu monitora

and without moving their eyes,

i bez pomjeranja očiju

to pay attention to either of these squares.

obrate pažnju na kvadrate.

When we did that,

Kad smo to napravili,

we saw that both of these flickering rates appeared in their brain signals,

vidjeli smo obje frekvencije titranja u signalima u mozgu,

but interestingly,

ali zanimljivo,

only one of them, which was paid attention to,

jedna od njih, na koju je osoba obraćala pažnju,

had stronger signals,

imala je jače signale,

so there was something in the brain

što znači da postoji nešto u mozgu

which was handling this information

što obrađuje ove informacije

so that thing in the brain was basically the activation of the frontal area.

i to je zapravo bila aktivacija čeone regije

The front part of your brain is responsible

Čeona regija mozga odgovorna je za

for higher cognitive functions as a human.

više kognitivne funkcije kod ljudi.

The frontal part, it seems that it works as a filter

Čeoni režanj izgleda funkcionira kao filter

trying to let information come in only from the right flicker

pokušavajući pustiti informacije samo iz onog kvadrata

that you are paying attention to

na koji obraćate pažnju,

and trying to inhibit the information coming from the ignored one.

i pokušavajući inhibirati informacije iz ignoriranog kvadrata.

The filtering ability of the brain is indeed a key for attention,

Mogućnost filtracije mozga je ključ pažnje

which is missing in some people,

koji nedostaje u nekih ljudi,

for example in people with ADHD.

na primjer ljudi s ADHD-om.

So a person with ADHD cannot inhibit these distractors,

Ljudi s ADHD-om ne mogu inhibirati distrakciju

and that's why they can't focus for a long time on a single task.

i zato se ne mogu fokusirati dugo na jedan zadatak.

But what if this person

Ali što ako ova osoba

could play a specific computer game

može igrati određenu računalnu igru

with his brain connected to the computer,

dok je mozak spojen na računalo,

and then train his own brain

i tako naučiti mozak

to inhibit these distractors?

da inhibira te distrakcije?

Well, ADHD is just one example.

ADHD je samo jedan primjer.

We can use these cognitive brain-machine interfaces

Možemo koristiti ova kognitivna mozak-mašina sučelja

for many other cognitive fields.

za razna kognitivna polja.

It was just a few years ago

Prije nekoliko godina

that my grandfather had a stroke, and he lost complete ability to speak.

je moj djed imao moždani udar, i izgubio mogućnost govora.

He could understand everybody, but there was no way to respond,

Mogao je razumjeti svakoga, ali nije mogao odgovoriti,

even not writing because he was illiterate.

čak ni napisati, bio je nepismen.

So he passed away in silence.

Umro je u tišini.

I remember thinking at that time:

Sjećam se da sam tada razmišljao;

What if we could have a computer

što ako imamo računalo

which could speak for him?

koje govori umjesto njega?

Now, after years that I am in this field,

Sad, nakon godina u ovom polju znanosti,

I can see that this might be possible.

vidim da je to možda i moguće.

Imagine if we can find brainwave patterns

Zamislite da možete pronaći moždane valove

when people think about images or even letters,

kada ljudi misle o slikama ili slovima,

like the letter A generates a different brainwave pattern

na primjer, slovo A stvara drugačije moždane valove

than the letter B, and so on.

nego slovo B, i tako dalje.

Could a computer one day communicate for people who can't speak?

Može li računalo jednog dana komunicirati za ljude koji ne mogu?

What if a computer

Što ako nam računalo

can help us understand the thoughts of a person in a coma?

može pomoći razumjeti misli osobe u komi?

We are not there yet,

Nismo još došli do toga,

but pay close attention.

ali obratite pažnju.

We will be there soon.

Bit ćemo tamo ubrzo.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)