What happens in your brain when you pay attention? | Mehdi Ordikhani-Seyedlar

403,879 views ใƒป 2017-07-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ilan Caner ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
Paying close attention to something:
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ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•:
00:15
Not that easy, is it?
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ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืคืฉื•ื˜, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
00:17
It's because our attention is pulled in so many different directions at a time,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืœื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืจื’ืข ื ืชื•ืŸ,
00:22
and it's in fact pretty impressive if you can stay focused.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจืฉื™ื ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืžืžื•ืงื“ื™ื.
00:28
Many people think that attention is all about what we are focusing on,
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ืื ืฉื™ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื ื‘ื•,
00:32
but it's also about what information our brain is trying to filter out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืžื•ื—ื™ื ื• ืžื ืกื” ืœืกื ืŸ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”.
00:38
There are two ways you direct your attention.
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ื™ืฉ ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ืืชื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ื™ื ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื.
00:41
First, there's overt attention.
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื™ืฉ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื”.
00:43
In overt attention, you move your eyes towards something
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ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ื’ืœื•ื™ื”, ืืชื ืžื–ื™ื–ื™ื ืืช ืขื™ื ื›ื ืœืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื”ื•ื
00:47
in order to pay attention to it.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
00:50
Then there's covert attention.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืกืžื•ื™ื”.
00:52
In covert attention, you pay attention to something,
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ื‘ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืกืžื•ื™ื”, ืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื•,
00:56
but without moving your eyes.
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ืืš ืœืœื ื”ื–ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื›ื.
00:58
Think of driving for a second.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืœืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื ื”ื™ื’ื”.
01:02
Your overt attention, your direction of the eyes,
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ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ื’ืœื•ื™ื”, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
01:05
are in front,
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ื”ื•ื ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
01:07
but that's your covert attention
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื
01:09
which is constantly scanning the surrounding area,
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ืฉืกื•ืจืงืช ืœืœื ื”ืจืฃ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”,
01:13
where you don't actually look at them.
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ื›ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืืชื ืœื ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ืœืฉื.
01:17
I'm a computational neuroscientist,
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ืื ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžื•ื—,
01:19
and I work on cognitive brain-machine interfaces,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืžื•ื—-ืžื›ื•ื ื”,
01:22
or bringing together the brain and the computer.
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ืื• ืœืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ื•ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘.
01:26
I love brain patterns.
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
01:28
Brain patterns are important for us
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ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื•
01:30
because based on them we can build models for the computers,
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื,
01:33
and based on these models
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืืœื•
01:35
computers can recognize how well our brain functions.
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ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“.
01:39
And if it doesn't function well,
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ื•ืื ื”ื•ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื˜ื•ื‘,
01:41
then these computers themselves can be used as assistive devices
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ืื– ืื•ืชื ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืžืฉ ื›ืžื›ืฉื™ืจื™ื ืชื•ืžื›ื™ื
01:46
for therapies.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื™ืคื•ื™.
01:48
But that also means something,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื’ื ืื•ืžืจ ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืื—ืจ,
01:51
because choosing the wrong patterns
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืืช ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช
01:53
will give us the wrong models
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ื ืงื‘ืœ ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื
01:55
and therefore the wrong therapies.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืช ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืฉื’ื•ื™ื•ืช.
01:57
Right?
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:59
In case of attention,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘,
02:01
the fact that we can
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื
02:03
shift our attention not only by our eyes
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ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ืœื ืจืง ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜
02:07
but also by thinking --
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ืืœื ื’ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” --
02:09
that makes covert attention an interesting model for computers.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘ ื”ืกืžื•ื™ื” ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
02:14
So I wanted to know what are the brainwave patterns
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ืื– ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
02:17
when you look overtly or when you look covertly.
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ื›ืฉืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื” ืื• ืกืžื•ื™ื”.
02:22
I set up an experiment for that.
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ื”ื›ื ืชื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
02:24
In this experiment there are two flickering squares,
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ืฉื ื™ ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื,
02:27
one of them flickering at a slower rate than the other one.
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื ืžื•ืš ืžื”ืฉื ื™.
02:32
Depending on which of these flickers you are paying attention to,
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ื‘ืชืœื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ืืชื ืžืชืžืงื“ื™ื,
02:36
certain parts of your brain will start resonating in the same rate
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ื—ืœืงื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื›ื ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื”ื“ื”ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืงืฆื‘
02:41
as that flickering rate.
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ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื™ื‘ื”ื•ื‘.
02:43
So by analyzing your brain signals,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืชื•ืช ืžื”ืžื•ื—,
02:46
we can track where exactly you are watching
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืขืœ ืžื” ืืชื ืžืชื‘ื•ื ื ื™ื
02:50
or you are paying attention to.
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ืื• ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
02:54
So to see what happens in your brain when you pay overt attention,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื’ืœื•ื™ื”,
02:59
I asked people to look directly in one of the squares
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืื—ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื
03:02
and pay attention to it.
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ื•ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•.
03:04
In this case, not surprisingly, we saw that these flickering squares
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื–ื”, ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข, ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืื•ืชื ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื”ื‘ื™ื
03:09
appeared in their brain signals
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื—
03:11
which was coming from the back of their head,
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืžื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
03:15
which is responsible for the processing of your visual information.
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ืฉืื—ืจืื™ ืœืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™.
03:20
But I was really interested
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื‘ืืžืช ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื•ืชื™
03:22
to see what happens in your brain when you pay covert attention.
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ื”ื™ื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ื— ื›ืฉืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืกืžื•ื™ื”.
03:26
So this time I asked people to look in the middle of the screen
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ืื– ื”ืคืขื ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ืชื‘ื•ื ืŸ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ืžืกืš
03:30
and without moving their eyes,
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ื•ื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ืกื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื,
03:32
to pay attention to either of these squares.
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ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘ ืœืื—ื“ ื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืขื™ื.
03:36
When we did that,
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ื›ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”,
03:38
we saw that both of these flickering rates appeared in their brain signals,
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ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืฉื ื™ ืงืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื”ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื• ื‘ื’ืœื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื”ื,
03:42
but interestingly,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ,
03:44
only one of them, which was paid attention to,
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ืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืฉืืœื™ื• ืฉืžื• ืœื‘,
03:48
had stronger signals,
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ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขืœ ืื•ืช ื—ื–ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:49
so there was something in the brain
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื—
03:51
which was handling this information
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ืฉื˜ื™ืคืœ ื‘ืžื™ื“ืข
03:54
so that thing in the brain was basically the activation of the frontal area.
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืคืขืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—.
04:02
The front part of your brain is responsible
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ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ืื—ืจืื™
04:05
for higher cognitive functions as a human.
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ืœืคื•ื ืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืงื•ื’ื ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
04:08
The frontal part, it seems that it works as a filter
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ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื—ืœืง ื”ืงื“ืžื™ ืžืฉืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ืœื˜ืจ
04:14
trying to let information come in only from the right flicker
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ื”ืžื ืกื” ืœืชืช ืจืง ืœืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ื”ื™ืžื ื™
04:18
that you are paying attention to
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ืฉืืชื ืฉืžื™ื ืœื‘ ืืœื™ื•
04:21
and trying to inhibit the information coming from the ignored one.
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืžื”ืจื™ื‘ื•ืข ืฉืืชื ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžืžื ื•.
04:27
The filtering ability of the brain is indeed a key for attention,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื— ื”ื™ื ืžืคืชื— ืœืชืฉื•ืžืช ื”ืœื‘,
04:32
which is missing in some people,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืกืจื” ืืฆืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื,
04:35
for example in people with ADHD.
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ืœืžืฉืœ ื›ืืœื• ืขื ADHD.
04:38
So a person with ADHD cannot inhibit these distractors,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืื“ื ืขื ADHD ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืกืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืœืœื•,
04:43
and that's why they can't focus for a long time on a single task.
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ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืชืžืงื“ ืœืื•ืจืš ื–ืžืŸ ื‘ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืื—ืช.
04:49
But what if this person
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื
04:50
could play a specific computer game
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉื—ืง ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื
04:54
with his brain connected to the computer,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื• ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจ ืœืžื—ืฉื‘,
04:58
and then train his own brain
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ื•ืื– ืœืืžืŸ ืืช ืžื•ื—ื•
05:01
to inhibit these distractors?
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ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืื•ืชื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืžืคืจื™ืขื™ื?
05:05
Well, ADHD is just one example.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ADHD ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืื—ืช.
05:09
We can use these cognitive brain-machine interfaces
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžืžืฉืงื™ ืžื•ื—-ืžื›ื•ื ื”
05:12
for many other cognitive fields.
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ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
05:15
It was just a few years ago
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ืจืง ืœืคื ื™ ืžืกืคืจ ืฉื ื™ื
05:17
that my grandfather had a stroke, and he lost complete ability to speak.
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ืœืกื‘ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื‘ืฅ, ื•ื”ื•ื ืื™ื‘ื“ ืืช ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
05:24
He could understand everybody, but there was no way to respond,
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื•ืœื, ืืš ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘,
05:27
even not writing because he was illiterate.
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘, ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื ื™ื“ืข ืงืจื•ื ื•ื›ืชื•ื‘.
05:31
So he passed away in silence.
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ืื– ื”ื•ื ื ืคื˜ืจ ื‘ื“ืžืžื”.
05:36
I remember thinking at that time:
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ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืฉื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื–ืžืŸ:
05:38
What if we could have a computer
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื• ืžื—ืฉื‘
05:42
which could speak for him?
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื•?
05:45
Now, after years that I am in this field,
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ื›ืขืช, ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื,
05:47
I can see that this might be possible.
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ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืœื™ ืืคืฉืจื™.
05:52
Imagine if we can find brainwave patterns
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื ืชื‘ื ื™ื•ืช ื’ืœื™ ืžื•ื—
05:54
when people think about images or even letters,
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ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช,
05:59
like the letter A generates a different brainwave pattern
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ืœืžืฉืœ ืฉื”ืื•ืช A ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ื’ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
06:02
than the letter B, and so on.
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ืžื”ืื•ืช B ื•ื›ื•ืณ
06:04
Could a computer one day communicate for people who can't speak?
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ื”ืื ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืชืงืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ?
06:09
What if a computer
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ืžื” ืื ืžื—ืฉื‘
06:11
can help us understand the thoughts of a person in a coma?
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ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืžื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื›ืจื”?
06:17
We are not there yet,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืฉื,
06:19
but pay close attention.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืžื• ืœื‘.
06:22
We will be there soon.
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ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
06:23
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
06:25
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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