How I Teach Kids to Love Science | Cesar Harada | TED Talks

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

When I was a kid, my parents would tell me,

Kada sam bio dete, roditelji su mi govorili:

"You can make a mess, but you have to clean up after yourself."

"Možeš da praviš nered, ali moraš da počistiš za sobom."

So freedom came with responsibility.

Dakle, uz slobodu je išla odgovornost.

But my imagination would take me to all these wonderful places,

Ali mašta me je vodila na sva ta divna mesta,

where everything was possible.

gde je sve bilo moguće.

So I grew up in a bubble of innocence --

Pa sam odrastao pod zlatnim zvonom nevinosti -

or a bubble of ignorance, I should say,

ili, rekao bih, pod zlatnim zvonom neznanja

because adults would lie to us to protect us from the ugly truth.

jer su nas odrasli lagali kako bi nas zaštitili od neprijatne istine.

And growing up, I found out that adults make a mess,

A odrastajući sam otkrio da odrasli prave nered

and they're not very good at cleaning up after themselves.

i da nisu naročito dobri u čišćenju za sobom.

Fast forward, I am an adult now,

Premotaćemo, i ja sam sad odrastao

and I teach citizen science and invention at the Hong Kong Harbour School.

i predajem građansku nauku i izume u školi "Harbor" u Hong Kongu.

And it doesn't take too long

I ne prođe mnogo vremena

before my students walk on a beach and stumble upon piles of trash.

pre nego što moji đaci, šetajući po plaži, nalete na hrpe smeća.

So as good citizens, we clean up the beaches --

Pa, kao uzorni građani, čistimo plaže -

and no, he is not drinking alcohol, and if he is, I did not give it to him.

i ne, on ne pije alkohol, a ako pije, ja mu to nisam dao.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And so it's sad to say,

I tužno je to reći,

but today more than 80 percent of the oceans have plastic in them.

ali danas više od 80 procenata okeana sadrži plastiku.

It's a horrifying fact.

To je jeziva činjenica.

And in past decades,

A proteklih decenija,

we've been taking those big ships out and those big nets,

isplovljavali smo velikim brodovima i tim velikim mrežama

and we collect those plastic bits that we look at under a microscope,

smo sakupljali te plastične deliće koje smo posmatrali pod mikroskopom

and we sort them,

i sortirali,

and then we put this data onto a map.

a onda smo podatke upisivali na kartu.

But that takes forever, it's very expensive,

Ali to traje večnost, veoma je skupo

and so it's quite risky to take those big boats out.

i prilično je rizično isplovljavati tim velikim brodovima.

So with my students, ages six to 15,

Pa sam sa svojim đacima, uzrasta od šest do 15 godina,

we've been dreaming of inventing a better way.

sanjao o nalaženju boljeg načina.

So we've transformed our tiny Hong Kong classroom into a workshop.

Zato smo pretvorili našu malenu učionicu u Hong Kongu u radionicu.

And so we started building this small workbench,

I počeli smo da pravimo ovu malu radnu tezgu,

with different heights, so even really short kids can participate.

sa raznim nivoima, da čak i veoma niska deca mogu da učestvuju.

And let me tell you, kids with power tools are awesome and safe.

I dozvolite da vam kažem, deca sa električnim alatima su strava i bezbedna.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Not really.

Baš i nisu.

And so, back to plastic.

Vratimo se plastici.

We collect this plastic and we grind it to the size we find it in the ocean,

Sakupljamo plastiku i meljemo je do razmera koje nalazimo u okeanu,

which is very small because it breaks down.

a to je veoma sitno zbog razlaganja.

And so this is how we work.

Dakle, evo kako radimo.

I let the imaginations of my students run wild.

Puštam da mašta mojih đaka podivlja.

And my job is to try to collect the best of each kid's idea

A moj je posao da pokušam da sakupim najbolje iz svake dečje ideje

and try to combine it into something that hopefully would work.

i da pokušam to da uklopim u nešto što će, nadam se, da funkcioniše.

And so we have agreed that instead of collecting plastic bits,

Pa smo se složili da ćemo umesto sakupljanja plastičnih komadića,

we are going to collect only the data.

samo sakupljati podatke.

So we're going to get an image of the plastic with a robot --

Robot će nam napraviti slike plastike -

so robots, kids get very excited.

zbog robota su deca veoma uzbuđena.

And the next thing we do -- we do what we call "rapid prototyping."

A sledeće što radimo - nazivamo to "brzim prototipom".

We are so rapid at prototyping

Toliko brzo pravimo prototipe

that the lunch is still in the lunchbox when we're hacking it.

da je ručak još uvek u kutiji dok ga sastavljamo.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

And we hack table lamps and webcams, into plumbing fixtures

A mi prekucavamo stone lampe, vebkamere u vodovodno instalacijska učvršćenja

and we assemble that into a floating robot that will be slowly moving through water

i to sklapamo u plutajućeg robota koji će se sporo kretati po vodi

and through the plastic that we have there --

i po plastici koja se tamo nalazi -

and this is the image that we get in the robot.

a ovo je slika koju je napravio robot.

So we see the plastic pieces floating slowly through the sensor,

Vidimo plastične delove kako sporo plutaju kroz senzor,

and the computer on board will process this image,

a kompjuter na brodu će da obradi ovu sliku

and measure the size of each particle,

i da izmeri veličinu svake čestice,

so we have a rough estimate of how much plastic there is in the water.

pa ćemo imati grubu procenu o količini plastike u vodi.

So we documented this invention step by step

Pa smo svaki korak izrade ovog izuma dokumentovali

on a website for inventors called Instructables,

na vebsajtu za pronalazače, koji se zove Instructables,

in the hope that somebody would make it even better.

u nadi da će ga neko čak i unaprediti.

What was really cool about this project was that the students saw a local problem,

Sjajna stvar kod ovog projekta je to što su đaci prepoznali lokalni problem

and boom -- they are trying to immediately address it.

i, hop! - odmah su pokušali da ga reše.

[I can investigate my local problem]

[Mogu da istražim lokalni problem]

But my students in Hong Kong are hyperconnected kids.

Ali moji đaci u Hong Kongu su izuzetno umrežena deca.

And they watch the news, they watch the Internet,

Posmatraju vesti, prate internet sadržaje

and they came across this image.

i naleteli su na ovaj prizor.

This was a child, probably under 10, cleaning up an oil spill bare-handed,

Ovo dete, verovatno mlađe od 10 god, čisti naftnu mrlju, golih ruku,

in the Sundarbans, which is the world's largest mangrove forest in Bangladesh.

u Sundarbansu, u Bangladešu u kome se nalazi najveća šuma mangrovine na svetu.

So they were very shocked,

Pa su bili izuzetno potreseni,

because this is the water they drink, this is the water they bathe in,

jer je ovo voda koju piju, voda u kojoj se kupaju,

this is the water they fish in -- this is the place where they live.

ovo je voda u kojoj pecaju - ovo je mesto na kome žive.

And also you can see the water is brown, the mud is brown and oil is brown,

Takođe, možete da vidite da je voda smeđa, mulj je smeđ i nafta je smeđa,

so when everything is mixed up,

kada je sve izmešano,

it's really hard to see what's in the water.

veoma je teško videti šta je u vodi.

But, there's a technology that's rather simple,

Ali, postoji veoma jednostavna tehnologija,

that's called spectrometry,

koja se zove spektometrija

that allows you see what's in the water.

i omogućuje vam da vidite šta je u vodi.

So we built a rough prototype of a spectrometer,

Pa smo napravili grubi prototip spektometra,

and you can shine light through different substances

možete da obasjavate različite supstance

that produce different spectrums,

i tako proizvodite različite spektre,

so that can help you identify what's in the water.

i to vam može pomoći da otkrijete šta je u vodi.

So we packed this prototype of a sensor,

Pa smo spakovali ovaj prototip senzora

and we shipped it to Bangladesh.

i poslali smo ga u Bangladeš.

So what was cool about this project

Kod ovog projekta je sjajno

was that beyond addressing a local problem,

to što su mimo bavljenja lokalnim problemom

or looking at a local problem,

ili posmatranja lokalnog problema,

my students used their empathy and their sense of being creative

moji đaci, vođeni svojom empatijom i osećajem kreativnosti,

to help, remotely, other kids.

pomogli drugoj udaljenoj deci.

[I can investigate a remote problem]

[Mogu da istražujem udaljeni problem]

So I was very compelled by doing the second experiments,

Pa sam bio primoran da izvodim nove eksperimente

and I wanted to take it even further --

i želeo sam da odem još dalje -

maybe addressing an even harder problem, and it's also closer to my heart.

da se bavimo čak i težim problemom, koji je pritom meni blizak.

So I'm half Japanese and half French,

Ja sam polu-Japanac i polu-Francuz

and maybe you remember in 2011 there was a massive earthquake in Japan.

i možda se sećate da se 2011. desio razoran zemljotres u Japanu.

It was so violent that it triggered several giant waves --

Toliko je bio žestok da je pokrenuo nekoliko ogromnih talasa -

they are called tsunami --

koji se nazivaju cunamijima -

and those tsunami destroyed many cities on the eastern coast of Japan.

a ti cunamiji su uništili mnoge gradove na istočnoj obali Japana.

More than 14,000 people died in an instant.

Preko 14 000 ljudi je stradalo u momentu.

Also, it damaged the nuclear power plant of Fukushima,

Takođe je oštetilo nuklearnu elektranu u Fukušimi,

the nuclear power plant just by the water.

nuklearnu elektranu tik pored vode.

And today, I read the reports

I danas čitam izveštaje

and an average of 300 tons

da prosečno 300 tona

are leaking from the nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean.

curi iz nuklearne elektrane u Tihi okean.

And today the whole Pacific Ocean has traces of contamination of cesium-137.

A danas u čitavom Tihom okeanu imamo tragove zagađenosti cezijumom-137.

If you go outside on the West Coast, you can measure Fukushima everywhere.

Ako izađete na Zapadnu obalu, možete svuda da izmerite Fukušimu.

But if you look at the map, it can look like most of the radioactivity

No, ako posmatrate kartu, može se činiti da je radioaktivnost uglavnom

has been washed away from the Japanese coast,

sprana sa japanske obale

and most of it is now -- it looks like it's safe, it's blue.

i uglavnom i jeste - izgleda bezbedno, plavo.

Well, reality is a bit more complicated than this.

Pa, stvarnost je malčice složenija od toga.

So I've been going to Fukushima every year since the accident,

Ja posećujem Fukušimu svake godine od nesreće

and I measure independently and with other scientists,

i merim nezavisno i sa drugim naučnicima,

on land, in the river --

na kopnu, u rekama -

and this time we wanted to take the kids.

a ovaj put smo želeli da povedemo decu.

So of course we didn't take the kids, the parents wouldn't allow that to happen.

Naravno da nismo poveli decu, roditelji to ne bi dozvolili.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But every night we would report to "Mission Control" --

Ali svako veče smo slali izveštaj "Kontrolnoj misiji" -

different masks they're wearing.

nose različite maske.

It could look like they didn't take the work seriously, but they really did

Može vam se činiti da nisu ozbiljno shvatili posao, ali zaista jesu

because they're going to have to live with radioactivity their whole life.

jer će morati da žive s radioaktivnošću čitav svoj život.

And so what we did with them

A sa njima

is that we'd discuss the data we collected that day,

smo raspravljali podatke koje smo tog dana sakupili

and talk about where we should be going next --

i razgovarali smo o sledećim koracima -

strategy, itinerary, etc...

strategijama, maršrutama itd...

And to do this, we built a very rough topographical map

A kako bismo to uradili, napravili smo grubu topografsku kartu

of the region around the nuclear power plant.

područja oko nuklearne elektrane.

And so we built the elevation map,

Pa smo napravili kartu nadmorske visine,

we sprinkled pigments to represent real-time data for radioactivity,

naprskali je pigmentima koji predstavljaju realne podatke o radioaktivnosti

and we sprayed water to simulate the rainfall.

i poprskali smo je vodom da bi simulirali kišu.

And with this we could see that the radioactive dust

Tako smo mogli da vidimo kako se radioaktivna prašina

was washing from the top of the mountain into the river system,

spira s vrha planine u rečni sistem

and leaking into the ocean.

i curi u okean.

So it was a rough estimate.

Dakle, to je bila gruba procena.

But with this in mind, we organized this expedition,

Ali imajući ovo na umu, organizovali smo ekspediciju,

which was the closest civilians have been to the nuclear power plant.

koja se primakla nuklearnoj elektrani najbliže što je ijedan civil ikad bio.

We are sailing 1.5 kilometers away from the nuclear power plant,

Plovimo 1,5 km daleko od nuklearne elektrane

and with the help of the local fisherman,

i uz pomoć lokalnih ribolovaca,

we are collecting sediment from the seabed

sakupljamo talog sa morskog dna

with a custom sediment sampler we've invented and built.

prilagođenim priborom za uzorke koji smo izumili i sagradili.

We pack the sediment into small bags,

Popakovali smo talog u male kese,

we then dispatch them to hundreds of small bags

potom smo ih otpremili u stotine kesica

that we send to different universities,

koje smo poslali različitim fakultetima

and we produce the map of the seabed radioactivity,

i tako smo napravili mapu radioaktivnosti morskog dna,

especially in estuaries where the fish will reproduce,

naročito u estuarima gde se ribe razmnožavaju

and I will hope that we will have improved

i nadam se da smo unapredili

the safety of the local fishermen and of your favorite sushi.

bezbednost lokalnih ribolovaca i vašeg omiljenog sušija.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

You can see a progression here --

Ovde vidite napredak -

we've gone from a local problem to a remote problem to a global problem.

krenuli smo od lokalnog problema, preko udaljenog problema do globalnog.

And it's been super exciting to work at these different scales,

I bilo je veoma uzbudljivo raditi na ovim različitim razmerama,

with also very simple, open-source technologies.

takođe, uz pomoć jednostavne tehnologije dostupne svima.

But at the same time, it's been increasingly frustrating

Ali istovremeno nas je sve više uznemiravalo

because we have only started to measure the damage that we have done.

to što smo tek počeli da merimo štetu koju smo uzrokovali.

We haven't even started to try to solve the problems.

Nismo još ni počeli da pokušavamo da rešimo probleme.

And so I wonder if we should just take a leap

Pa se pitam da li bismo prosto trebali da se hitnemo

and try to invent better ways to do all these things.

i pokušamo da pronađemo bolje načine da radimo sve ovo.

And so the classroom started to feel a little bit small,

Stoga nam je učionica postajala sve tešnja,

so we found an industrial site in Hong Kong,

pa smo pronašli industrijsko gradilište u Hong Kongu

and we turned it into the largest mega-space

i pretvorili smo ga u najveći mega prostor

focused on social and environmental impact.

usredsređen na društveni i ekološki uticaj.

It's in central Hong Kong,

U centru je Hong Konga

and it's a place we can work with wood, metal, chemistry,

i to je mesto na kom možemo da radimo s drvetom, metalom, hemijom,

a bit of biology, a bit of optics,

nešto biologije, nešto optike,

basically you can build pretty much everything there.

u suštini, ovde možete da napravite skoro sve.

And its a place where adults and kids can play together.

I to je mesto na kom se odrasli i deca mogu zajedno da igraju.

It's a place where kids' dreams can come true,

To je mesto na kom se dečji snovi ostvaruju,

with the help of adults,

uz pomoć odraslih

and where adults can be kids again.

i gde odrasli mogu opet da budu deca.

Student: Acceleration! Acceleration!

Đak: Ubrzanje! Ubrzanje!

Cesar Harada: We're asking questions such as,

Cezar Harada: Postavljamo pitanja, poput:

can we invent the future of mobility with renewable energy?

možemo li da izumimo prevoz budućnosti na obnovljivu energiju?

For example.

Na primer.

Or, can we help the mobility of the aging population

Ili: možemo li da pospešimo kretanje starijih ljudi,

by transforming very standard wheelchairs into cool, electric vehicles?

pretvarajući standardna kolica u strava, električna vozila?

So plastic, oil and radioactivity are horrible, horrible legacies,

Dakle, plastika, nafta i radioaktivnost su grozna, grozna zaveštanja,

but the very worst legacy that we can leave our children is lies.

ali najgore zaveštanje koje možemo da ostavimo našoj deci su laži.

We can no longer afford to shield the kids from the ugly truth

Ne možemo više priuštiti sebi da štitimo decu od neprijatne istine

because we need their imagination to invent the solutions.

jer nam je potrebna njihova mašta da izumimo rešenja.

So citizen scientists, makers, dreamers --

Zato, građani naučnici, tvorci, sanjari,

we must prepare the next generation

moramo pripremiti nove generacije

that cares about the environment and people,

koje brinu za okolinu i za ljude

and that can actually do something about it.

i koje zapravo mogu da nešto urade povodom toga.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)