How I Teach Kids to Love Science | Cesar Harada | TED Talks

譯者: Juliana So 審譯者: jonathan oleg

When I was a kid, my parents would tell me,

當我還是一個小孩的時候，我的父母會跟我說

"You can make a mess, but you have to clean up after yourself."

「你可以把地方搞亂，但你要負責清理。」

So freedom came with responsibility.

所以－－自由的代價是責任

But my imagination would take me to all these wonderful places,

但是我卻可以通過我的想像力

到達那些美好的、一切皆有可能的地方

where everything was possible.

So I grew up in a bubble of innocence --

所以我很天真地慢慢長大

or a bubble of ignorance, I should say,

或許應該說，很無知地慢慢長大了

because adults would lie to us to protect us from the ugly truth.

因為大人們總是會撒謊， 不告訴我們醜陋的事實

And growing up, I found out that adults make a mess,

當我長大的時候， 我發現大人也會把事情搞亂

and they're not very good at cleaning up after themselves.

而且他們並不是很擅長清理這些亂局

Fast forward, I am an adult now,

我現在已經是個大人了

and I teach citizen science and invention at the Hong Kong Harbour School.

我在香港港灣小學教公民科學和發明課

And it doesn't take too long

過了沒多久

before my students walk on a beach and stumble upon piles of trash.

我的學生就在沙灘上發現了大堆的垃圾

So as good citizens, we clean up the beaches --

所以作為好公民， 我們清理了沙灘上的垃圾

and no, he is not drinking alcohol, and if he is, I did not give it to him.

嗯他不是在喝酒，就算是， 酒也不是我給的

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And so it's sad to say,

很悲哀的是

but today more than 80 percent of the oceans have plastic in them.

今天超過80%的海洋空間裡有塑膠垃圾

It's a horrifying fact.

這是一個很可怕的事實

And in past decades,

在過去幾十年裡

we've been taking those big ships out and those big nets,

我們開著大船，用巨大的魚網

and we collect those plastic bits that we look at under a microscope,

撈起海裡的塑膠並把它們放到顯微鏡下觀察

and we sort them,

我們把塑膠分類

and then we put this data onto a map.

然後把收集到的資料放在地圖上

But that takes forever, it's very expensive,

但這需要很多的時間，成本也很高

and so it's quite risky to take those big boats out.

並且用這些大船是很有風險的

So with my students, ages six to 15,

我和我的學生， 他們年紀從6歲到15歲不等

we've been dreaming of inventing a better way.

我們一直夢想發明一個更好的方法來處理

So we've transformed our tiny Hong Kong classroom into a workshop.

所以我們把這個小小的香港教室變成工作室

And so we started building this small workbench,

我們建造了一個小型的工作台

with different heights, so even really short kids can participate.

高度可以調整，矮小的學生也能參與

And let me tell you, kids with power tools are awesome and safe.

你也許不知道， 小孩使用重型工具其實很棒也很安全

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

Not really.

剛剛是說笑的

And so, back to plastic.

所以，回到塑膠這個主題

We collect this plastic and we grind it to the size we find it in the ocean,

我們收集了一些塑膠， 把它研磨到海洋垃圾的大小

which is very small because it breaks down.

也就是說非常小，塑膠在海裡會被分解

And so this is how we work.

然後這是我們工作的方式

I let the imaginations of my students run wild.

我讓學生們自由想像

And my job is to try to collect the best of each kid's idea

我的工作是從他們的想法中挑出最好的部分

and try to combine it into something that hopefully would work.

嘗試把這些部分合併成一個有效的方案

And so we have agreed that instead of collecting plastic bits,

所以我們決定了不收集海洋垃圾

we are going to collect only the data.

改而收集相關數據

So we're going to get an image of the plastic with a robot --

我們會用機器人來取得塑膠垃圾的影像

so robots, kids get very excited.

說到機器人，當然了，小孩都非常興奮

And the next thing we do -- we do what we call "rapid prototyping."

我們接下來做了快速原型（rapid prototyping）

We are so rapid at prototyping

我們做快速原型的速度超快

that the lunch is still in the lunchbox when we're hacking it.

因此當我們做完時，午餐還在盒子裏面。

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

And we hack table lamps and webcams, into plumbing fixtures

我們把檯燈和網路攝影機安裝到抽水系統上

and we assemble that into a floating robot that will be slowly moving through water

然後把它合裝成一個可以在水上緩慢移動的機器人

and through the plastic that we have there --

從我們收集到的塑膠垃圾影像

and this is the image that we get in the robot.

這是其中一個機器人收集到的影像

So we see the plastic pieces floating slowly through the sensor,

我們可以看到塑膠碎片慢慢流過感應器

and the computer on board will process this image,

電腦會分析這些影像

and measure the size of each particle,

計算出每顆塑膠的大小

so we have a rough estimate of how much plastic there is in the water.

所以我們可以粗略估算水裡有多少塑膠

So we documented this invention step by step

我們把這個發明過程紀錄下來

on a website for inventors called Instructables,

發佈在一個叫做Instructables的發明家社群裡

in the hope that somebody would make it even better.

希望有人可以讓它變得更好

What was really cool about this project was that the students saw a local problem,

這個項目的有趣之處在於 學生看到了一個本地問題

and boom -- they are trying to immediately address it.

然後他們馬上就開始嘗試解決它

[I can investigate my local problem]

（我可以研究在身邊發現的問題）

But my students in Hong Kong are hyperconnected kids.

但我在香港的學生很會利用網路

And they watch the news, they watch the Internet,

他們會看新聞，他們會上網

and they came across this image.

然後他們剛好看到這張照片

This was a child, probably under 10, cleaning up an oil spill bare-handed,

一個不到10歲的小孩正赤手空拳處理油污

in the Sundarbans, which is the world's largest mangrove forest in Bangladesh.

在孟加拉孫德爾本斯地區， 全球最大的紅樹林之一

So they were very shocked,

我的學生們非常震驚

because this is the water they drink, this is the water they bathe in,

因為這是當地居民食用、洗澡用的水

this is the water they fish in -- this is the place where they live.

他們也在這水裡捕魚， 這就是他們的家

And also you can see the water is brown, the mud is brown and oil is brown,

你可以看到水是棕色的， 泥土和油污同一種顏色

so when everything is mixed up,

所以當它們被混在一起時

it's really hard to see what's in the water.

很難看到水裡有甚麼

But, there's a technology that's rather simple,

不過有一種蠻簡單的科技

that's called spectrometry,

叫做光譜測量（spectrometry）

that allows you see what's in the water.

可以讓你看到水裡有甚麼東西

So we built a rough prototype of a spectrometer,

所以我們做了一個光譜測量的快速原型

and you can shine light through different substances

你可以把光照到不同的物質上

that produce different spectrums,

然後產出不同的光譜

so that can help you identify what's in the water.

這可以幫助你分辨出水裡含有甚麼物質

So we packed this prototype of a sensor,

我們把這個感應器原型包裝好

and we shipped it to Bangladesh.

寄到了孟加拉

So what was cool about this project

這個項目有趣的地方在於

was that beyond addressing a local problem,

它不只是解決一個本地問題

or looking at a local problem,

或是研究一個本地問題

my students used their empathy and their sense of being creative

我的學生們用同理心和創意

to help, remotely, other kids.

幫助遠方的其他孩子

[I can investigate a remote problem]

（我可以研究一個遠方的問題）

So I was very compelled by doing the second experiments,

做完這些實驗後我得到很多動力

and I wanted to take it even further --

想要把這些計劃更推進一步

maybe addressing an even harder problem, and it's also closer to my heart.

可能是解決更複雜的問題， 也是我更想做的事情

So I'm half Japanese and half French,

我是日法混血兒

and maybe you remember in 2011 there was a massive earthquake in Japan.

你可能會記得2011年日本那場巨大的地震

It was so violent that it triggered several giant waves --

地震嚴重到引發了好幾波的巨浪

they are called tsunami --

也就是海嘯

and those tsunami destroyed many cities on the eastern coast of Japan.

這些海嘯摧毀了日本東邊許多海岸城市

More than 14,000 people died in an instant.

超過14,000人在一瞬間喪生

Also, it damaged the nuclear power plant of Fukushima,

海嘯也破壞了福島的核電廠

the nuclear power plant just by the water.

那個正好座落於海邊的核電廠

And today, I read the reports

今天我看著報告

and an average of 300 tons

約300噸的核污水

are leaking from the nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean.

正從核電廠流到太平洋

And today the whole Pacific Ocean has traces of contamination of cesium-137.

所以今天整個太平洋都含有微量的銫-137元素

If you go outside on the West Coast, you can measure Fukushima everywhere.

如果你到美國西岸， 到處都可以測量到福島的痕跡

But if you look at the map, it can look like most of the radioactivity

但當你看著地圖， 似乎大部分的核元素

has been washed away from the Japanese coast,

都被海水帶離了日本的海岸

and most of it is now -- it looks like it's safe, it's blue.

大部分的核元素現在－－ 這裡看起來是安全的藍色

Well, reality is a bit more complicated than this.

嗯，其實現實情況比較複雜

So I've been going to Fukushima every year since the accident,

核災後我每年都會到福島一次

and I measure independently and with other scientists,

我和其他科學家一起進行獨立調查

on land, in the river --

在土地上，在河流裡

and this time we wanted to take the kids.

這次我們想帶上這些孩子

So of course we didn't take the kids, the parents wouldn't allow that to happen.

當然我們沒有真的把他們帶到現場， 父母不會尤許的

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

But every night we would report to "Mission Control" --

但每晚我們會報告給「任務總部」

different masks they're wearing.

他們正在戴不同的面具

It could look like they didn't take the work seriously, but they really did

這看起來他們並沒有很認真工作， 但其實不是

because they're going to have to live with radioactivity their whole life.

因為他們接下來的人生需要面對這些輻射

And so what we did with them

所以我們做的是

is that we'd discuss the data we collected that day,

討論當天收集到的數據

and talk about where we should be going next --

思考我們接下來要做甚麼

strategy, itinerary, etc...

策略、路線圖等等⋯⋯

And to do this, we built a very rough topographical map

為了做這些，我們弄了一個很簡單的地形圖

of the region around the nuclear power plant.

顯示出核電廠附近的地區

And so we built the elevation map,

我們弄了這個立視圖（elevation map）

we sprinkled pigments to represent real-time data for radioactivity,

灑上顏料顯示輻射分佈的實時數據

and we sprayed water to simulate the rainfall.

我們灑上水來模擬下雨

And with this we could see that the radioactive dust

這樣我們可以看到輻射粉塵

was washing from the top of the mountain into the river system,

從山上被沖洗到河川裡

and leaking into the ocean.

然後流到大海

So it was a rough estimate.

這是一個粗略的估算

But with this in mind, we organized this expedition,

做完這個以後，我們組織了一次探索行動

which was the closest civilians have been to the nuclear power plant.

這是公民最靠近核電廠的一次

We are sailing 1.5 kilometers away from the nuclear power plant,

我們在距離核電廠1.5公里的海面上

and with the help of the local fisherman,

依靠當地漁民的幫助

we are collecting sediment from the seabed

收集了海床上的沉澱物

with a custom sediment sampler we've invented and built.

用的是我們發明、自製的工具

We pack the sediment into small bags,

我們把沉澱物放進小塑膠袋裡

we then dispatch them to hundreds of small bags

然後包裝成數以百計的袋子

that we send to different universities,

寄送到不同的大學

and we produce the map of the seabed radioactivity,

我們做了一個海床輻射地圖

especially in estuaries where the fish will reproduce,

特別針對了魚類繁殖的河口

and I will hope that we will have improved

我希望我們的工作

the safety of the local fishermen and of your favorite sushi.

能讓當地漁民和你最愛的壽司變得安全一點

(Laughter)

（笑聲）

You can see a progression here --

你可以看到一個發展歷程

we've gone from a local problem to a remote problem to a global problem.

我們從本地問題開始， 到遠方的問題再到全球問題

And it's been super exciting to work at these different scales,

這些規模不一的項目非常讓人興奮

with also very simple, open-source technologies.

使用的科技也都是開源而簡單的

But at the same time, it's been increasingly frustrating

但是同時這也很讓人挫折

because we have only started to measure the damage that we have done.

因為我們只開始了測量我們過去造成的傷害

We haven't even started to try to solve the problems.

我們甚至還沒有開始解決問題

And so I wonder if we should just take a leap

所以我想，也許我們可以更進一步

and try to invent better ways to do all these things.

發明一些更好的方案

And so the classroom started to feel a little bit small,

所以教室現在看起來有點太小了

so we found an industrial site in Hong Kong,

我們找到了一個香港的工業大廈

and we turned it into the largest mega-space

我們把它變成了最大的多用途空間

focused on social and environmental impact.

希望可以在社會創新和環境上出一份力

It's in central Hong Kong,

這在香港的市區

and it's a place we can work with wood, metal, chemistry,

一個我們可以做木工、金工、 化學實驗的地方

a bit of biology, a bit of optics,

也許還有一點生物學、一點光學

basically you can build pretty much everything there.

基本上你可以在這裡動手做任何東西

And its a place where adults and kids can play together.

這是一個大人和小孩可以一起玩耍的地方

It's a place where kids' dreams can come true,

一個小孩的夢想可以成真的地方

with the help of adults,

大人可以幫助小孩實現夢想

and where adults can be kids again.

大人也可以在這裡重新體驗當孩子的感覺

Student: Acceleration! Acceleration!

學生：快點！快點！

Cesar Harada: We're asking questions such as,

我們正在問像這樣的問題：

can we invent the future of mobility with renewable energy?

我們可以用再生能源創造未來的移動方式嗎？

For example.

這是其中一個例子

Or, can we help the mobility of the aging population

又或者，我們可以幫助老年人

by transforming very standard wheelchairs into cool, electric vehicles?

用更酷的電動車取代標準輪椅？

So plastic, oil and radioactivity are horrible, horrible legacies,

塑膠、石油和輻射都是非常可怕的遺產

but the very worst legacy that we can leave our children is lies.

但最差勁的遺產是對孩子的謊言

We can no longer afford to shield the kids from the ugly truth

我們不能再對小孩隱瞞醜陋的真相

because we need their imagination to invent the solutions.

因為我們需要他們的想像力去發明解決方案

So citizen scientists, makers, dreamers --

所以，公民科學家們、制造者們、夢想家們

we must prepare the next generation

我們一定要培育好下個世代

that cares about the environment and people,

讓他們關心環境和人類

and that can actually do something about it.

他們才能真正做出改變

Thank you.

謝謝

(Applause)

（掌聲）