How I Teach Kids to Love Science | Cesar Harada | TED Talks

Translator: Monika Mändmaa Reviewer: Aari Lemmik

When I was a kid, my parents would tell me,

Kui ma olin väike, ütlesid vanemad mulle:

"You can make a mess, but you have to clean up after yourself."

"Võid oma toa segi ajada, aga pärast pead enda järelt ära koristama."

So freedom came with responsibility.

Vabadus käis koos vastutusega.

But my imagination would take me to all these wonderful places,

Kuid mu fantaasia viis mind igasugu imelistesse kohtadesse,

where everything was possible.

kus kõik oli võimalik.

So I grew up in a bubble of innocence --

Niisiis kasvasin ma üles süütus mullis

or a bubble of ignorance, I should say,

või teadmatuse mullis, õigemini,

because adults would lie to us to protect us from the ugly truth.

sest täiskasvanud valetasid meile, et kaitsta meid inetu tõe eest.

And growing up, I found out that adults make a mess,

Kui sain suureks, avastasin, et täiskasvanud tekitavad ka segadust,

and they're not very good at cleaning up after themselves.

aga enda järelt koristamine pole nende tugevaim külg.

Fast forward, I am an adult now,

Ajas edasi hüpates olen saanud täiskasvanuks

and I teach citizen science and invention at the Hong Kong Harbour School.

ja õpetan vastutustundlikku teadust ja leiutamist Hong Kong Harbour Schoolis.

Rannas jalutades komistavad lapsed üsna kiiresti,

And it doesn't take too long

before my students walk on a beach and stumble upon piles of trash.

prügihunnikute otsa.

So as good citizens, we clean up the beaches --

Korralike kodanikena koristame prügi rannast ära -

and no, he is not drinking alcohol, and if he is, I did not give it to him.

ja ei, ta ei joo alkoholi või kui joob, siis mina seda talle ei andnud.

(Laughter)

And so it's sad to say,

Ja on kurb tõdeda,

but today more than 80 percent of the oceans have plastic in them.

et tänaseks on rohkem, kui 80% ookeanidest plastikuga reostatud.

See on õõvastav tõsiasi.

It's a horrifying fact.

And in past decades,

Me oleme aastakümneid

we've been taking those big ships out and those big nets,

käinud suurte laevade ja suurte võrkudega merel

and we collect those plastic bits that we look at under a microscope,

ja kogunud neid plastjäätmeid, mida uurime mikroskoobiga,

and we sort them,

määrame nende koostise

and then we put this data onto a map.

ja kanname saadud andmed kaardile.

But that takes forever, it's very expensive,

Aga see võtab tohutult aega ja on väga kallis

and so it's quite risky to take those big boats out.

ja suurte laevadega merel käimine on küllalt riskantne.

So with my students, ages six to 15,

Nii olen ma oma õpilastega, kes on vanuses 6 kuni 15

we've been dreaming of inventing a better way.

tahtnud leida mõnda paremat moodust.

So we've transformed our tiny Hong Kong classroom into a workshop.

Oleme oma pisikesest Hong Kongi klassiruumist teinud töökoja.

And so we started building this small workbench,

Esmalt alustasime väikeste tööpinkide ehitamisest,

with different heights, so even really short kids can participate.

tegime need eri kõrgustega, et ka väiksemad lapsed saaksid osaleda.

And let me tell you, kids with power tools are awesome and safe.

Ma ütlen - lapsed ja elektrilised tööriistad on võimsad ja ohutud.

(Laughter)

Tegelikult mitte.

Not really.

And so, back to plastic.

Tagasi plastmassi juurde.

We collect this plastic and we grind it to the size we find it in the ocean,

Me kogume plastmassi ja jahvatame selle nii peeneks nagu ookeanis,

which is very small because it breaks down.

See on väga peen puru, sest see laguneb.

And so this is how we work.

Ja me töötame nii:

I let the imaginations of my students run wild.

Ma lasen oma õpilaste kujutlusvõimel vabalt lennata.

And my job is to try to collect the best of each kid's idea

Ja minu ülesanne on koguda laste parimad ideed

and try to combine it into something that hopefully would work.

ja püüda kombineerida sellest midagi, mis loodetavasti töötab.

And so we have agreed that instead of collecting plastic bits,

Me leppisime kokku, et plastmassi kogumise asemel

we are going to collect only the data.

kogume me ainult andmeid.

So we're going to get an image of the plastic with a robot --

Nii me saame roboti abil pildi sellest plastmassist.

so robots, kids get very excited.

Robotid on laste jaoks väga põnevad.

And the next thing we do -- we do what we call "rapid prototyping."

Järgmiseks teeme seda, mida nimetame "kiireks prototüüpimiseks".

We are so rapid at prototyping

Suudame prototüüpe teha nii kiirelt,

that the lunch is still in the lunchbox when we're hacking it.

et lõunasöök on alles karbis, kui me seda juba häkime.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

And we hack table lamps and webcams, into plumbing fixtures

Me häkime laualampe ja veebikaameraid torujuppidesse

and we assemble that into a floating robot that will be slowly moving through water

ja ühendame need ujuk-robotiga, mis hakkab aeglaselt vees liikuma

and through the plastic that we have there --

läbi plastiku, mis seal on

and this is the image that we get in the robot.

ja see on kujutis, mille me robotiga saame.

So we see the plastic pieces floating slowly through the sensor,

Me näeme plasttükke aeglaselt hõljumas sensorist mööda

and the computer on board will process this image,

ja pardakompuuter töötleb seda kujutist

and measure the size of each particle,

ja mõõdab iga osakese suurust,

so we have a rough estimate of how much plastic there is in the water.

seega saame ligikaudselt hinnata, kui palju plastikut on vees.

So we documented this invention step by step

Me dokumenteerisime oma leiutise samm-sammult

on a website for inventors called Instructables,

leiutajate veebilehel "Instructables"

in the hope that somebody would make it even better.

lootuses, et keegi teeb seda veelgi paremaks.

What was really cool about this project was that the students saw a local problem,

Eriti äge selle projekti juures oli see,

et õpilased märkasid oma kodukandis probleemi

and boom -- they are trying to immediately address it.

ja plaksti! püüdsid seda koheselt ka lahendada.

[I can investigate my local problem]

But my students in Hong Kong are hyperconnected kids.

Minu õpilased Hong Kongis on üli-informeeritud lapsed.

And they watch the news, they watch the Internet,

Nad vaatavad uudiseid, jälgivad internetti

and they came across this image.

ja nad sattusid sellise pildi peale.

This was a child, probably under 10, cleaning up an oil spill bare-handed,

Seal oli laps, ilmselt alla 10-aastane, puhastas paljakäsi naftaleket Sundarbansis

in the Sundarbans, which is the world's largest mangrove forest in Bangladesh.

mis on maailma suurim mangroovimets Bangladeshis.

So they were very shocked,

Nad olid väga šokeeritud,

because this is the water they drink, this is the water they bathe in,

sest see on vesi, mida nad joovad, vesi, milles nad end pesevad,

this is the water they fish in -- this is the place where they live.

see on vesi, millest nad püüavad kalu, see on koht, kus nad elavad.

And also you can see the water is brown, the mud is brown and oil is brown,

Ja te näete, et vesi on pruun, muda on pruun ja nafta on pruun,

so when everything is mixed up,

seega, kui kõik on seal segunenud

it's really hard to see what's in the water.

on raske näha, mis seal vees on.

But, there's a technology that's rather simple,

Aga leidub üsna lihtne tehnoloogia,

that's called spectrometry,

mida nimetatakse spektromeetriaks,

that allows you see what's in the water.

ja mis võimaldab näha, mis vee sees on.

So we built a rough prototype of a spectrometer,

Niisiis tegime valmis lihtsa spektromeetri prototüübi.

and you can shine light through different substances

Sellega saab lasta valgust läbi erinevate ainete,

that produce different spectrums,

mis tekitavad erinevaid spektreid,

so that can help you identify what's in the water.

ja sellega saab teha kindlaks, mis seal vees sees leidub.

So we packed this prototype of a sensor,

Pakkisime oma sensori prototüübi ära

and we shipped it to Bangladesh.

ja saatsime Bangladeshi.

So what was cool about this project

Selle projekti juures oli äge see,

was that beyond addressing a local problem,

et lisaks kohaliku probleemi leidmisele

or looking at a local problem,

või kohaliku probleemiga tegelemisele,

my students used their empathy and their sense of being creative

kasutasid mu õpilased empaatiat ja loovust

to help, remotely, other kids.

et aidata lapsi, kes elasid palju kaugemal.

[I can investigate a remote problem]

So I was very compelled by doing the second experiments,

Ma tundsin edasisi eksperimente tehes justkui kohustust

and I wanted to take it even further --

asjaga veelgi põhjalikumalt tegeleda,

maybe addressing an even harder problem, and it's also closer to my heart.

ja leida lahendus veelgi keerulisemale probleemile, mis on mulle südamelähedane.

So I'm half Japanese and half French,

Ma olen pool-jaapanlane, pool-prantslane,

and maybe you remember in 2011 there was a massive earthquake in Japan.

ja kui te mäletate, siis aastal 2011 oli Jaapanis suur maavärin.

It was so violent that it triggered several giant waves --

See oli nii tugev, et tekitas rea hiidlaineid,

they are called tsunami --

mida nimetatakse tsunamiks -

and those tsunami destroyed many cities on the eastern coast of Japan.

ja need tsunamid hävitasid Jaapani idarannikul mitmeid linnu.

More than 14,000 people died in an instant.

Ühe hetkega hukkus üle 14 000 inimese.

Also, it damaged the nuclear power plant of Fukushima,

Lisaks sai kahjustusi Fukushima aatomielektrijaam,

the nuclear power plant just by the water.

mis asub kohe mere ääres.

And today, I read the reports

Praegu loen ma raportitest,

and an average of 300 tons

et Vaiksesse ookeani on tuumajaamast lekkinud

are leaking from the nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean.

keskmiselt 300 tonni.

And today the whole Pacific Ocean has traces of contamination of cesium-137.

Terves Vaikses ookeanis on märke tseesium-137 reostusest.

If you go outside on the West Coast, you can measure Fukushima everywhere.

Kui minna läänerannikule,

siis on Fukushima tagajärjed mõõdetavad kõikjal.

But if you look at the map, it can look like most of the radioactivity

Vaadates seda kaarti võib paista et enamik radioaktiivsusest

has been washed away from the Japanese coast,

on Jaapani rannikult minema uhutud

and most of it is now -- it looks like it's safe, it's blue.

ja suurem osa on nüüd - paistab nüüd ohutu, see on sinine.

Well, reality is a bit more complicated than this.

Tegelikkus on veidi keerulisem.

So I've been going to Fukushima every year since the accident,

Peale õnnetust olen ma Fukushimas käinud igal aastal

and I measure independently and with other scientists,

ja mõõtnud nii sõltumatult kui ka koos teiste teadlastega,

on land, in the river --

nii maismaal, kui ka jões -

and this time we wanted to take the kids.

ja seekord tahtsime lapsed kaasa võtta.

So of course we didn't take the kids, the parents wouldn't allow that to happen.

Loomulikult ei me lapsi kaasa ei võtnud, vanemad poleks seda lubanud.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

But every night we would report to "Mission Control" --

Kuid igal õhtul me raporteerisime juhtimiskeskusele -

different masks they're wearing.

nad kannavad erinevaid maske.

It could look like they didn't take the work seriously, but they really did

Võib tunduda, et nad ei võtnud seda tööd tõsiselt,

aga tegelikult nad võtsid,

because they're going to have to live with radioactivity their whole life.

sest neil tuleb selle radioaktiivsusega elada kogu ülejäänud elu.

And so what we did with them

Me tegime nendega seda,

is that we'd discuss the data we collected that day,

et arutasime nendega andmeid, mida päeva jooksul olime kogunud

and talk about where we should be going next --

ja arutasime, kuhu me peaksime edasi minema -

strategy, itinerary, etc...

strateegia, marsruut jne.

And to do this, we built a very rough topographical map

Ja selleks panime kokku

tuumajaama ümbruse lihtstustatud topograafilise kaardi

of the region around the nuclear power plant.

And so we built the elevation map,

Ehitasime pinnavormidega mudeli,

we sprinkled pigments to represent real-time data for radioactivity,

puistasime sellele värvainet,

et markeerida antud hetke radioaktiivsuse taset

and we sprayed water to simulate the rainfall.

ja me pihutasime peale vett, et imiteerida vihmasadu.

And with this we could see that the radioactive dust

Selle abil nägime, et radioaktiivne tolm

was washing from the top of the mountain into the river system,

uhuti mäe otsast alla jõestikku,

and leaking into the ocean.

ja sealt lekkis ta ookeani.

So it was a rough estimate.

See oli esialgne hinnang.

But with this in mind, we organized this expedition,

Aga sellele mudelile tuginedes korraldasime ekspeditsiooni,

which was the closest civilians have been to the nuclear power plant.

mis viis tsiviilisikud tuumajaamale lähemale kui kunagi varem.

We are sailing 1.5 kilometers away from the nuclear power plant,

Olime merel 1.5 km tuumajaamast eemal

and with the help of the local fisherman,

ja kohalike kalurite abiga

we are collecting sediment from the seabed

kogusime merepõhjast setteid spetsiaalse instrumendiga

with a custom sediment sampler we've invented and built.

mille olime ise leiutanud ja valmis teinud.

We pack the sediment into small bags,

Pakkisime setted väikestesse kottidesse,

we then dispatch them to hundreds of small bags

jagasime need omakorda sadadesse väiksematesse kotikestesse,

that we send to different universities,

ja saatsime erinevatele ülikoolidele.

and we produce the map of the seabed radioactivity,

Panime kokku merepõhja radioaktiivsuse kaardi,

especially in estuaries where the fish will reproduce,

eriti jõesuudmete osas, kus on kalade paljunemiskoht

and I will hope that we will have improved

ja ma loodan, et tänu sellele on paranenud

the safety of the local fishermen and of your favorite sushi.

nii kohalike kalurite kui ka teie lemmiksushi ohutus.

(Laughter)

(Naer)

You can see a progression here --

Näete siin arengut -

we've gone from a local problem to a remote problem to a global problem.

läksime kohaliku probleemi juurest edasi ja jõudsime globaalse probleemini.

And it's been super exciting to work at these different scales,

On olnud ülipõnev töötada erinevates mastaapides projektidega,

with also very simple, open-source technologies.

tehes seda väga lihtsate, vabavaraliste tehnoloogiatega.

But at the same time, it's been increasingly frustrating

Kuid samal ajal on see olnud järjest masendavam

because we have only started to measure the damage that we have done.

sest oleme tekitatud kahju tuvastamisega alles päris alguses.

We haven't even started to try to solve the problems.

Me pole probleemide lahendamisega veel alustanudki.

And so I wonder if we should just take a leap

Ja nii ma mõtlen, et kas ei tuleks võtta asja ette hoopis suuremalt

and try to invent better ways to do all these things.

ja püüda välja mõelda paremaid meetodeid, kuidas seda kõike teha.

And so the classroom started to feel a little bit small,

Nii jäigi klassiruum natuke väikseks

so we found an industrial site in Hong Kong,

ja leidsime ühe tööstushoone Hong Kongis

and we turned it into the largest mega-space

ning muutsime selle suurimaks töökojaks,

focused on social and environmental impact.

mis on keskendunud sotsiaalsele ja keskkonnamõjule.

It's in central Hong Kong,

See asub Hong Kongi kesklinnas,

and it's a place we can work with wood, metal, chemistry,

ja seal saame töötada puidu, metalli ja kemikaalidega,

a bit of biology, a bit of optics,

natuke bioloogiat, natuke optikat,

basically you can build pretty much everything there.

põhimõtteliselt on seal võimalik ehitada kõike, mis pähe tuleb.

See on koht, kus täiskasvanud ja lapsed saavad koos mängida.

And its a place where adults and kids can play together.

It's a place where kids' dreams can come true,

Koht, kus laste unistused saavad tõeks,

with the help of adults,

täiskasvanute abiga,

and where adults can be kids again.

ja kus täiskasvanud saavad olla jälle lapsed.

Student: Acceleration! Acceleration!

Uurime igasuguseid küsimusi:

Cesar Harada: We're asking questions such as,

kas saab leiutada liikluse tulevikku taaskasutatava energiaga,

can we invent the future of mobility with renewable energy?

näiteks.

For example.

Või, kas me suudame aidata vananevat rahvastikku liikumise osas

Or, can we help the mobility of the aging population

by transforming very standard wheelchairs into cool, electric vehicles?

muutes tüüpilised ratastoolid ägedateks elektrisõidukiteks?

So plastic, oil and radioactivity are horrible, horrible legacies,

Plastmass, nafta ja radioaktiivsus on hirmsad pärandid,

but the very worst legacy that we can leave our children is lies.

aga kõige hirmsam pärand, mida saame lastele jätta, on valed.

We can no longer afford to shield the kids from the ugly truth

Meil pole enam võimalik varjata laste eest inetut tõde,

because we need their imagination to invent the solutions.

sest meil on vaja nende kujutlusvõimet, et leiutada lahendusi.

So citizen scientists, makers, dreamers --

Vastutustundlikud leiutajad, loojad, unistajad -

we must prepare the next generation

me peame ette valmistama järgmise põlvkonna,

that cares about the environment and people,

kes hoolib keskkonnast ja inimestest,

and that can actually do something about it.

ja kes suudab selle heaks ka midagi ära teha.

Thank you.

Tänan.

(Applause)

(Aplaus)