How I Teach Kids to Love Science | Cesar Harada | TED Talks

Prevoditelj: Lidija Šimunović Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

When I was a kid, my parents would tell me,

Kada sam bio dijete, roditelji su mi govorili:

"You can make a mess, but you have to clean up after yourself."

"Možeš raditi nered, ali moraš počistiti za sobom."

So freedom came with responsibility.

Tako da je sloboda dolazila s odgovornošću.

But my imagination would take me to all these wonderful places,

Ali mašta me odvodila na razna divna mjesta

where everything was possible.

gdje je sve bilo moguće.

So I grew up in a bubble of innocence --

Odrastao sam u nevinosti,

or a bubble of ignorance, I should say,

ili, bolje rečeno, neznanju

because adults would lie to us to protect us from the ugly truth.

jer su nam odrasli lagali kako bi nas zaštitili od ružne istine.

And growing up, I found out that adults make a mess,

Odrastajući, shvatio sam da odrasli rade nered,

and they're not very good at cleaning up after themselves.

ali da im baš i ne ide spremanje za sobom.

Fast forward, I am an adult now,

Da ubrzamo, sada sam odrastao

and I teach citizen science and invention at the Hong Kong Harbour School.

i podučavam građansku znanost i izume u školi Hong Kong Harbour.

And it doesn't take too long

I često moji

before my students walk on a beach and stumble upon piles of trash.

učenici šetaju plažom i nailaze na hrpe smeća.

So as good citizens, we clean up the beaches --

Budući da smo dobri građani, očistimo plaže -

and no, he is not drinking alcohol, and if he is, I did not give it to him.

i ne, ne pije alkohol, a ako pije, nije ga dobio od mene.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And so it's sad to say,

Tužno je to reći,

but today more than 80 percent of the oceans have plastic in them.

ali plastika se danas nalazi u više od 80% oceana.

It's a horrifying fact.

To je zastrašujuće.

And in past decades,

Posljednjih smo desetljeća

we've been taking those big ships out and those big nets,

isplovljavali velikim brodovima i bacali velike mreže,

and we collect those plastic bits that we look at under a microscope,

skupljali plastične dijelove i proučavali ih pod mikroskopom,

and we sort them,

razvrstavali smo ih,

and then we put this data onto a map.

a onda sve podatke stavili na kartu.

But that takes forever, it's very expensive,

Ali to jako dugo traje, jako je skupo

and so it's quite risky to take those big boats out.

tako da je riskantno isplovljavati s tim ogromnim brodovima.

So with my students, ages six to 15,

Sa svojim učenicima

we've been dreaming of inventing a better way.

sanjali smo o lakšem načinu.

So we've transformed our tiny Hong Kong classroom into a workshop.

Pretvorili smo malenu učionicu u radionicu.

And so we started building this small workbench,

Počeli smo graditi ovu malu radnu jedinicu

with different heights, so even really short kids can participate.

s različitim visinama tako da i niska djeca mogu sudjelovati.

And let me tell you, kids with power tools are awesome and safe.

Djeca s električnim alatom su izvrsna i sigurna.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Not really.

Ne baš.

And so, back to plastic.

Vratimo se plastici.

We collect this plastic and we grind it to the size we find it in the ocean,

Skupljamo plastiku i meljemo ju do veličine kakvu nalazimo u oceanu,

which is very small because it breaks down.

a to je zaista sitno jer se lomi.

And so this is how we work.

I tako mi radimo.

I let the imaginations of my students run wild.

Učenici imaju potpunu slobodu.

And my job is to try to collect the best of each kid's idea

Moj je posao skupiti najbolje dječje ideje

and try to combine it into something that hopefully would work.

i iskombinirati ih u nešto što će, nadam se, biti uspješno.

And so we have agreed that instead of collecting plastic bits,

Dogovorili smo se da ćemo umjesto skupljanja plastike

we are going to collect only the data.

prikupljati samo podatke.

So we're going to get an image of the plastic with a robot --

Dobit ćemo dojam o plastici uz pomoć robota --

so robots, kids get very excited.

robota, zbog kojeg su djeca jako uzbuđena.

And the next thing we do -- we do what we call "rapid prototyping."

A onda ćemo napraviti nešto što zovemo brza izrada prototipova.

We are so rapid at prototyping

Tako brzo ih izrađujemo

that the lunch is still in the lunchbox when we're hacking it.

da je ručak još u torbama kad ih osposobljavamo.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

And we hack table lamps and webcams, into plumbing fixtures

Stavljamo stolne lampe i web kamere u vodovodne dijelove

and we assemble that into a floating robot that will be slowly moving through water

i montiramo ih na plutajućeg robota koji će polako prolaziti vodom

and through the plastic that we have there --

i kroz plastiku koja se tamo nalazi --

and this is the image that we get in the robot.

a ovo je slika koju dobijemo iz robota.

So we see the plastic pieces floating slowly through the sensor,

Vidimo dijelove plastike kako polako plutaju kroz senzor,

and the computer on board will process this image,

a računalo na brodu će obraditi tu sliku,

and measure the size of each particle,

izmjeriti svaku česticu

so we have a rough estimate of how much plastic there is in the water.

tako da imamo grubu procjenu količine plastike u vodi.

So we documented this invention step by step

Dokumentirali smo ovaj izum korak po korak

on a website for inventors called Instructables,

na stranici za izumitelje koja se zove Instructables,

in the hope that somebody would make it even better.

u nadi da će ga netko dodatno poboljšati.

What was really cool about this project was that the students saw a local problem,

Ono što ovaj projekt čini super je to što su učenici uvidjeli lokalni problem

and boom -- they are trying to immediately address it.

i odmah ga pokušavaju riješiti.

[I can investigate my local problem]

[Mogu istraživati lokalni problem]

But my students in Hong Kong are hyperconnected kids.

Moji učenici u Hong Kongu su jako dobro povezana djeca.

And they watch the news, they watch the Internet,

Gledaju vijesti, prate događanja na internetu

and they came across this image.

i odmah su naišli na ovu sliku.

This was a child, probably under 10, cleaning up an oil spill bare-handed,

Ovo dijete, vjerojatno ni 10 godina staro, golim rukama čisti naftnu mrlju

in the Sundarbans, which is the world's largest mangrove forest in Bangladesh.

u Sundarbansu gdje je najveća mangrova šuma na svijetu u Bangladešu.

So they were very shocked,

Bili su jako šokirani

because this is the water they drink, this is the water they bathe in,

jer je to voda koju oni piju, u kojoj se kupaju,

this is the water they fish in -- this is the place where they live.

iz koje love ribu -- to je mjesto gdje žive.

And also you can see the water is brown, the mud is brown and oil is brown,

Voda je smeđa, blato je smeđe i nafta je smeđa,

so when everything is mixed up,

tako da, kad se sve pomiješa,

it's really hard to see what's in the water.

teško je vidjeti što je u vodi.

But, there's a technology that's rather simple,

Ali postoji tehnologija

that's called spectrometry,

koja se zove spektrometrija

that allows you see what's in the water.

zbog koje se može vidjeti što je u vodi.

So we built a rough prototype of a spectrometer,

Izradili smo grubi prototip spektrometra

and you can shine light through different substances

kojim možemo pregledavati razne supstance

that produce different spectrums,

koje proizvode razne spektre

so that can help you identify what's in the water.

i to pomaže identificirati što je u vodi.

So we packed this prototype of a sensor,

Spakirali smo prototip senzora

and we shipped it to Bangladesh.

i poslali u Bangladeš.

So what was cool about this project

Ono što je super vezano za projekt

was that beyond addressing a local problem,

je to što se ne radi samo o lokalnom problemu ni

or looking at a local problem,

gledanju lokalnog problema,

my students used their empathy and their sense of being creative

već učenici svojom empatijom i kreativnošću, izdaleka,

to help, remotely, other kids.

pomažu drugoj djeci.

[I can investigate a remote problem]

[Mogu istraživati udaljeni problem]

So I was very compelled by doing the second experiments,

Bio sam prisiljen radeći druge pokuse

and I wanted to take it even further --

i htio sam to još unaprijediti --

maybe addressing an even harder problem, and it's also closer to my heart.

možda usmjeravajući se na veći problem do kojeg mi je i osobno više stalo.

So I'm half Japanese and half French,

Napola sam Japanac, a napola Francuz

and maybe you remember in 2011 there was a massive earthquake in Japan.

i možda se sjećate jakog potresa u Japanu 2011. godine.

It was so violent that it triggered several giant waves --

Bio je tako snažan da je pokrenuo nekoliko velikih valova --

they are called tsunami --

koji se zovu tsunamiji --

and those tsunami destroyed many cities on the eastern coast of Japan.

i ti su tsunamiji uništili mnoge gradove na istočnoj obali Japana.

More than 14,000 people died in an instant.

Poginulo je više od 14000 ljudi.

Also, it damaged the nuclear power plant of Fukushima,

Oštetili su nuklearnu elektranu u Fukushimi,

the nuclear power plant just by the water.

elektranu odmah pored vode.

And today, I read the reports

Danas čitam izvješća da

and an average of 300 tons

u prosjeku 300 tona

are leaking from the nuclear power plant into the Pacific Ocean.

curi iz nuklearne elektrane u Tihi ocean.

And today the whole Pacific Ocean has traces of contamination of cesium-137.

Danas je čitav Tihi ocean kontaminiran cezijem 137.

If you go outside on the West Coast, you can measure Fukushima everywhere.

Ako izađete na Zapadu obalu posvuda možete izmjeriti Fukushimu.

But if you look at the map, it can look like most of the radioactivity

Ali ako pogledate kartu, može izgledati da je većina radioaktivnosti

has been washed away from the Japanese coast,

isprana s japanske obale,

and most of it is now -- it looks like it's safe, it's blue.

i sada većina i jest -- izgleda sigurno, plava je.

Well, reality is a bit more complicated than this.

Stvarnost je malo zamršenija od toga.

So I've been going to Fukushima every year since the accident,

Od nesreće sam svake godine išao u Fukushimu i

and I measure independently and with other scientists,

izvodio nezavisna mjerenja s ostalim znanstvenicima

on land, in the river --

na kopnu, u rijeci --

and this time we wanted to take the kids.

i ovoga puta htjeli smo povesti i djecu.

So of course we didn't take the kids, the parents wouldn't allow that to happen.

Naravno da ih nismo poveli jer roditelji to nisu dopustili.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

But every night we would report to "Mission Control" --

Svake večeri slali smo izvješća u centar za Kontrolu misije --

different masks they're wearing.

ONI SU POSEBNA PRIČA.

It could look like they didn't take the work seriously, but they really did

Može se činiti kao da posao nisu shvatili ozbiljno, ali zaista jesu

because they're going to have to live with radioactivity their whole life.

jer moraju čitav svoj život živjeti s radioaktivnošću.

And so what we did with them

S njima smo

is that we'd discuss the data we collected that day,

raspravljali o podacima koje smo prikupili taj dan i

and talk about where we should be going next --

razgovarali o tome što trebamo iduće učiniti,

strategy, itinerary, etc...

o strategijama, planu itd...

And to do this, we built a very rough topographical map

Kako bismo to sve ostvarili, izradili smo grubu topografsku kartu regije

of the region around the nuclear power plant.

oko nuklearne elektrane.

And so we built the elevation map,

Napravili smo elevacijsku kartu.

we sprinkled pigments to represent real-time data for radioactivity,

posuli je bojama za prikaz podataka u stvarnom vremenu za radioaktivnost

and we sprayed water to simulate the rainfall.

i poprskali ju vodom kako bismo simulirali oborine.

And with this we could see that the radioactive dust

Tako smo mogli vidjeti da se radioaktivna prašina

was washing from the top of the mountain into the river system,

sapirala s vrha planine u riječni sustav

and leaking into the ocean.

i curila u ocean.

So it was a rough estimate.

Bila je to gruba procjena.

But with this in mind, we organized this expedition,

S tim smo na umu organizirali ovu ekpediciju

which was the closest civilians have been to the nuclear power plant.

koja je civilima omogućila najveće približavanje nuklearnoj elektrani ikad.

We are sailing 1.5 kilometers away from the nuclear power plant,

Plovimo 1,5 km od nuklearne elektrane

and with the help of the local fisherman,

i uz pomoć lokalnih ribara

we are collecting sediment from the seabed

skupljamo talog s morskog dna uz

with a custom sediment sampler we've invented and built.

pomoć posebnog pribora za uzimanje uzoraka koji smo izumili i izradili.

We pack the sediment into small bags,

Pakiramo talog u vrećice

we then dispatch them to hundreds of small bags

i onda ih raspoređujemo u stotine malih vrećica

that we send to different universities,

koje šaljemo raznim sveučilištima

and we produce the map of the seabed radioactivity,

i izrađujemo kartu radioaktivnosti morskog dna,

especially in estuaries where the fish will reproduce,

posebno u estuarijima gdje će se riba razmnožavati

and I will hope that we will have improved

i nadam se da ćemo povećati

the safety of the local fishermen and of your favorite sushi.

sigurnost lokalnih ribara i vašeg omiljenog sušija.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

You can see a progression here --

Možete vidjeti napredak --

we've gone from a local problem to a remote problem to a global problem.

od lokalnog smo problema došli do udaljenog pa do globalnog.

And it's been super exciting to work at these different scales,

Jako je uzbudljivo raditi u raznim mjerama s vrlo

with also very simple, open-source technologies.

jednostavnim, besplatnim tehnologijama.

But at the same time, it's been increasingly frustrating

Ali, istovremeno je bilo sve više frustrirajuće

because we have only started to measure the damage that we have done.

jer smo tek počeli mjeriti štetu koju smo napravili.

We haven't even started to try to solve the problems.

Nismo ni počeli pokušavati riješiti probleme.

And so I wonder if we should just take a leap

Pitao sam se trebamo li se jednostavno baciti u to

and try to invent better ways to do all these things.

i probati smisliti nove načine na koje možemo raditi.

And so the classroom started to feel a little bit small,

Učionica nam je postala premala

so we found an industrial site in Hong Kong,

tako da smo pronašli industrijski predio u Hong Kongu i

and we turned it into the largest mega-space

prevorili ga u najveći mega-prostor

focused on social and environmental impact.

usmjeren na društveni i ekološki učinak.

It's in central Hong Kong,

U srednjem je Hong Kongu

and it's a place we can work with wood, metal, chemistry,

i to je mjesto gdje možemo raditi s drvetom, metalom, kemijom,

a bit of biology, a bit of optics,

malo biologije, malo optike,

basically you can build pretty much everything there.

zapravo, možete izgraditi bilo što tamo.

And its a place where adults and kids can play together.

To je mjesto gdje se odrasli i djeca mogu zajedno igrati.

It's a place where kids' dreams can come true,

Mjesto je to gdje se ostvaruju dječji snovi

with the help of adults,

uz pomoć odraslih

and where adults can be kids again.

i gdje odrasli mogu opet biti djeca.

Student: Acceleration! Acceleration!

Učenik: Akceleracija! Akceleracija!

Cesar Harada: We're asking questions such as,

Cesar Harada: Postavljamo si pitanja kao

can we invent the future of mobility with renewable energy?

je li moguće izumiti budućnost mobilnosti

For example.

s obnovljivom energijom.

Or, can we help the mobility of the aging population

Ili, možemo li poboljšati mobilnost starijeg stanovništva

by transforming very standard wheelchairs into cool, electric vehicles?

pretvarajući standardna kolica u kul, električna vozila?

So plastic, oil and radioactivity are horrible, horrible legacies,

Plastika, nafta i radioaktivnost su grozno, grozno nasljeđe,

but the very worst legacy that we can leave our children is lies.

ali najgore nasljeđe koje možemo ostaviti svojoj djeci su laži.

We can no longer afford to shield the kids from the ugly truth

Ne možemo više štititi djecu od ružne istine

because we need their imagination to invent the solutions.

jer nam je potrebna njihova mašta za pronalaženje rješenja.

So citizen scientists, makers, dreamers --

Građani znanstvenici, tvorci, sanjari --

we must prepare the next generation

moramo pripremiti iduću generaciju

that cares about the environment and people,

koja će se brinuti za okoliš i ljude

and that can actually do something about it.

i koja će nešto učiniti vezano za to.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)