Neil MacGregor: 2600 years of history in one object

211,526 views ・ 2012-02-20

TED


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Goran Repac Lektor: Mateja Nenadovic
00:15
The things we make
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Stvari koje pravimo
00:17
have one supreme quality --
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savršenije su od nas;
00:20
they live longer than us.
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žive duže od nas.
00:22
We perish, they survive;
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Mi nestajemo, one opstaju;
00:24
we have one life, they have many lives,
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mi imamo jedan život, one više njih,
00:27
and in each life they can mean different things.
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i u svakoj inkarnaciji mogu imati drugačiji značaj.
00:30
Which means that, while we all have one biography,
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Dakle, dok mi imamo jednu biografiju,
00:33
they have many.
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one ih imaju više.
00:35
I want this morning to talk
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Želeo bih ovog jutra da vam
00:37
about the story, the biography -- or rather the biographies --
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ispričam priču, biografiju, odnosno biografije,
00:40
of one particular object,
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jednog posebnog objekta,
00:43
one remarkable thing.
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jedne izvanredne stvari.
00:45
It doesn't, I agree,
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Složićemo se,
00:47
look very much.
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ne liči baš na nešto.
00:49
It's about the size of a rugby ball.
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Veličine je lopte za ragbi.
00:52
It's made of clay,
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Napravljen je od gline,
00:54
and it's been fashioned
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Izvajan je
00:56
into a cylinder shape,
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kao valjak,
00:59
covered with close writing
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ispisan je gustim tekstom
01:01
and then baked dry in the sun.
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i onda ispečen na suncu.
01:04
And as you can see,
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I kao što možete videti,
01:06
it's been knocked about a bit,
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prilično se ofucao,
01:08
which is not surprising
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što baš i ne iznenađuje
01:10
because it was made two and a half thousand years ago
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obzirom da je napravljen pre 2500 godina
01:13
and was dug up
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i iskopan
01:15
in 1879.
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1879. godine
01:17
But today,
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Ali danas je,
01:19
this thing is, I believe,
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ova stvar, verujem,
01:21
a major player
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važan činilac
01:23
in the politics of the Middle East.
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u politici Bliskog istoka.
01:25
And it's an object
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I taj predmet je
01:27
with fascinating stories
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pun očaravajućih priča
01:29
and stories that are by no means over yet.
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kojima se još ne nazire kraj.
01:33
The story begins
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Priča počinje
01:35
in the Iran-Iraq war
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Iransko- iračkim ratom,
01:39
and that series of events
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sledom događaja
01:41
that culminated
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koji kulminiraju
01:43
in the invasion of Iraq
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napadom na Irak
01:45
by foreign forces,
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od strane stranih vojski
01:47
the removal of a despotic ruler
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uklanjanjem despota
01:49
and instant regime change.
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i promenom režima preko noći.
01:52
And I want to begin
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Želeo bih da počnem
01:54
with one episode from that sequence of events
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jednom epizodom iz tog sleda
01:56
that most of you would be very familiar with,
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koja vam je većini poznata,
01:59
Belshazzar's feast --
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Baltazarovom gozbom;
02:01
because we're talking about the Iran-Iraq war
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jer pričamo o
02:03
of 539 BC.
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Iransko-iračkom ratu iz 539. pre Hrista
02:06
And the parallels
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A paralele
02:08
between the events
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između događaja
02:10
of 539 BC and 2003 and in between
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iz 539. pre Hrista i 2003.
02:13
are startling.
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su zapanjujuće.
02:15
What you're looking at is Rembrandt's painting,
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Vidite Rembrantovo platno,
02:17
now in the National Gallery in London,
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iz Nacionalne galerije u Londonu,
02:19
illustrating the text from the prophet Daniel
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koje prikazuje priču
02:21
in the Hebrew scriptures.
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iz Knjige proroka Danila iz Starog zaveta.
02:24
And you all know roughly the story.
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U grubim crtama, znate priču.
02:26
Belshazzar, the son of Nebuchadnezzar,
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Baltazar, sin Nabukodonosora,
02:29
Nebuchadnezzar who'd conquered Israel, sacked Jerusalem
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onog što je pokorio Judeju,
02:32
and captured the people
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opljačkao Jerusalim, porobio narod
02:34
and taken the Jews back to Babylon.
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i odveo Jevreje u vavilonsko ropstvo.
02:36
Not only the Jews, he'd taken the temple vessels.
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I ne samo ljude, već i posude iz hrama.
02:39
He'd ransacked, desecrated the temple.
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Opljačkao je i oskrnavio hram.
02:42
And the great gold vessels of the temple in Jerusalem
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I velike zlatne posude iz jerusalimskog hrama
02:45
had been taken to Babylon.
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su odnesene u Vavilon.
02:48
Belshazzar, his son,
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Baltazar, njegov sin,
02:50
decides to have a feast.
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reši da napravi gozbu.
02:52
And in order to make it even more exciting,
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I da bi je učinio uzbudljivijom,
02:54
he added a bit of sacrilege to the rest of the fun,
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dodao je malo blasfemije
02:57
and he brings out the temple vessels.
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iznoseći gostima hramske posude.
03:00
He's already at war with the Iranians,
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Već traje rat sa Iranom,
03:03
with the king of Persia.
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sa persijskim carem.
03:05
And that night, Daniel tells us,
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I te noći, priča nam Danilo,
03:08
at the height of the festivities
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na vrhuncu zabave
03:10
a hand appeared and wrote on the wall,
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pojavljuje se ruka koja na zidu ispisuje:
03:13
"You are weighed in the balance and found wanting,
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˝ Izmeren si na merila, i našao si se lak,
03:16
and your kingdom is handed over
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razdeljeno je carstvo tvoje,
03:18
to the Medes and the Persians."
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i dano Midijanima i Persijanima.˝
03:20
And that very night
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Iste noći
03:22
Cyrus, king of the Persians, entered Babylon
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Kir, persijski car, ulazi u Vavilon
03:26
and the whole regime of Belshazzar fell.
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i Baltazarov režim se ruši.
03:31
It is, of course, a great moment
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To je, naravno,
03:33
in the history
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važan trenutak u istoriji
03:35
of the Jewish people.
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Jevrejskog naroda.
03:37
It's a great story. It's story we all know.
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Sjajna priča. Priča koju svi znamo.
03:39
"The writing on the wall"
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˝Tako nam je zapisano˝
03:41
is part of our everyday language.
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je svakodnevna fraza.
03:44
What happened next
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Šta biva dalje
03:46
was remarkable,
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je značajno,
03:48
and it's where our cylinder
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i tu naš valjak
03:50
enters the story.
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ulazi u priču.
03:52
Cyrus, king of the Persians,
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Kir, persijski car,
03:54
has entered Babylon without a fight --
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osvojio je Vavilon bez borbe,
03:56
the great empire of Babylon,
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veliko vavilonsko carstvo,
03:58
which ran from central southern Iraq
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koje se protezalo od južnog Iraka
04:00
to the Mediterranean,
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do Mediterana,
04:02
falls to Cyrus.
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pada pred Kirom.
04:04
And Cyrus makes a declaration.
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I Kir izdaje proglas.
04:08
And that is what this cylinder is,
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To je u stvari valjak,
04:11
the declaration made by the ruler guided by God
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proglas vladara, vođenog božijom rukom
04:14
who had toppled the Iraqi despot
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koji je srušio iračkog despota
04:18
and was going to bring freedom to the people.
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i doneo slobodu narodu.
04:20
In ringing Babylonian --
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Na pompeznom vavilonskom,
04:22
it was written in Babylonian --
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napisan je na vavilonskom,
04:24
he says, "I am Cyrus, king of all the universe,
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kaže: ˝Ja sam Kir, gospodar vaseljene,
04:27
the great king, the powerful king,
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veliki i moćan kralj,
04:29
king of Babylon, king of the four quarters of the world."
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kralj Vavilona, vladar četiri strane sveta.˝
04:33
They're not shy of hyperbole as you can see.
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Preterivanje im nije bilo strano, kao što vidite.
04:36
This is probably
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Ovo je verovatno
04:38
the first real press release
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prva prava izjava za štampu
04:40
by a victorious army
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pobedničke vojske
04:42
that we've got.
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koju posedujemo.
04:44
And it's written, as we'll see in due course,
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I napisali su je, kao što ćemo videti,
04:46
by very skilled P.R. consultants.
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vrlo talentovani stručnjaci za marketing.
04:49
So the hyperbole is not actually surprising.
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Tako da preterivanje i ne treba da iznenadi.
04:52
And what is the great king, the powerful king,
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I šta će to veliki, moćni kralj,
04:54
the king of the four quarters of the world going to do?
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vladar četiri strane sveta da uradi?
04:57
He goes on to say that, having conquered Babylon,
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Objavljuje da će, pokorivši Vavilon,
05:00
he will at once let all the peoples
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smesta, svi narodi koje su vavilonci,
05:03
that the Babylonians -- Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar --
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Nabukodonosor i Baltazar,
05:05
have captured and enslaved
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pokorili i porobili
05:07
go free.
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postati slobodni.
05:09
He'll let them return to their countries.
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Dozvoliće im povratak u domovinu.
05:11
And more important,
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I još važnije,
05:13
he will let them all recover
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dozvoliće im da preuzmu
05:15
the gods, the statues,
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bogove, statue,
05:17
the temple vessels
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hramske posude
05:19
that had been confiscated.
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koje su im bile oduzete.
05:21
All the peoples that the Babylonians had repressed and removed
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Svi narodi koje su vavilonci tlačili
05:24
will go home,
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i preseljavali, se vraćaju kući,
05:26
and they'll take with them their gods.
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i nose sa sobom svoje bogove.
05:29
And they'll be able to restore their altars
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Moći će da obnove svoje oltare
05:32
and to worship their gods
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da se mole svojim bogovima
05:34
in their own way, in their own place.
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na svoj način, u svojim hramovima.
05:37
This is the decree,
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Ovo je onaj dekret,
05:39
this object is the evidence
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ovo je taj dokaz
05:42
for the fact that the Jews,
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za to da su Jevreji,
05:44
after the exile in Babylon,
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nakon vavilonskog ropstva,
05:46
the years they'd spent sitting by the waters of Babylon,
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godina provedenih pored vavilonskih reka
05:49
weeping when they remembered Jerusalem,
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lijući suze za Jerusalimom,
05:52
those Jews were allowed to go home.
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ti Jevreji su pušteni da se vrate kući.
05:55
They were allowed to return to Jerusalem
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Dozvoljeno im je da se vrate u Jerusalim
05:57
and to rebuild the temple.
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i obnove hram.
05:59
It's a central document
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To je ključni dokument
06:01
in Jewish history.
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jevrejske istorije.
06:03
And the Book of Chronicles, the Book of Ezra in the Hebrew scriptures
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I Knjige dnevnika i Jezdra u Starom zavetu
06:07
reported in ringing terms.
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su nas izvestile o njemu.
06:09
This is the Jewish version
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Ovo je jevrejska verzija
06:11
of the same story.
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iste priče.
06:13
"Thus said Cyrus, king of Persia,
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˝Ovako veli Kir, car persijski:
06:15
'All the kingdoms of the earth have the Lord God of heaven given thee,
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Sva carstva zemaljska dao mi je Gospod Bog nebeski,
06:18
and he has charged me
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On mi je zapovedio
06:20
to build him a house in Jerusalem.
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da Mu sazidam dom u Jerusalimu u Judeji.
06:22
Who is there among you of his people?
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Ko je između vas od svega naroda Njegovog?
06:24
The Lord God be with him,
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Bog nebeski neka bude s njim,
06:26
and let him go up.'"
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pa nek ide (gore) u Jerusalim u Judeji.˝
06:29
"Go up" -- aaleh.
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˝...nek ide gore...˝ -- aaleh
06:31
The central element, still,
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Još uvek središnja tema
06:34
of the notion of return,
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predstave o povratku,
06:36
a central part
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centralni deo
06:38
of the life of Judaism.
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života Judaizma.
06:40
As you all know, that return from exile,
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Kao što znate, povratak iz izgnanstva,
06:42
the second temple,
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drugi hram,
06:44
reshaped Judaism.
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preoblikuje veru.
06:46
And that change,
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Tu promenu,
06:48
that great historic moment,
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taj važan istorijski trenutak,
06:50
was made possible by Cyrus, the king of Persia,
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je učinio Kir, persijski car,
06:54
reported for us in Hebrew in scripture
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što nas izveštavaju svete knjige na hebrejskom
06:57
and in Babylonian in clay.
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i ispis na vavilonskom u glini.
07:00
Two great texts,
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Dva značajna teksta,
07:02
what about the politics?
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a šta sa politikom?
07:04
What was going on
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Šta se događalo je da je
07:06
was the fundamental shift in Middle Eastern history.
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to bio korenit pomak u istoriji Bliskog istoka.
07:09
The empire of Iran, the Medes and the Persians,
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Imperije na teritoriji Irana,
07:12
united under Cyrus,
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Medija i Persija, ujedinjene pod Kirom,
07:14
became the first great world empire.
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postaju prva velika svetska imperija.
07:18
Cyrus begins in the 530s BC.
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Kir započinje, 530-ih pre Hrista
07:21
And by the time of his son Darius,
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da bi za vladavine njegovog sina Darija,
07:25
the whole of the eastern Mediterranean
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ceo istočni Mediteran
07:28
is under Persian control.
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bio pod persijskom vlašću.
07:30
This empire is, in fact,
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Imperija je, de fakto,
07:32
the Middle East as we now know it,
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Bliski istok kakvim ga danas znamo,
07:34
and it's what shapes the Middle East as we now know it.
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i ona mu daje današnji oblik.
07:37
It was the largest empire the world had known until then.
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To je bila najveća imperija
07:39
Much more important,
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koju je svet do tada video, i važnije,
07:41
it was the first
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to je prva
07:43
multicultural, multifaith state
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multikulturalna i multiverska država
07:45
on a huge scale.
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velikih razmera.
07:47
And it had to be run in a quite new way.
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I moralo se upravljati na novi način.
07:49
It had to be run in different languages.
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Moralo se upravljati na više jezika.
07:51
The fact that this decree is in Babylonian says one thing.
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To što je ovaj dekret na vavilonskom nam dosta govori.
07:54
And it had to recognize their different habits,
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Morale su se priznati drugačije navike,
07:56
different peoples, different religions, different faiths.
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drugačiji narodi, religije, drugačija verovanja.
07:59
All of those are respected by Cyrus.
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Sve njih Kir poštuje.
08:02
Cyrus sets up a model
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Kir postavlja model
08:04
of how you run
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kako upravljati
08:06
a great multinational, multifaith, multicultural society.
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velikim multinacionalnim, verskim i kulturalnim društvom.
08:11
And the result of that
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Rezutat toga beše imperija
08:13
was an empire that included the areas you see on the screen,
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koja je obuhvatala regije koje vidite na ekranu,
08:16
and which survived for 200 years of stability
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koja se održala 200 stabilnih godina
08:19
until it was shattered by Alexander.
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dok ju nije razbio Aleksandar Makedonski.
08:22
It left a dream of the Middle East as a unit,
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Ostavila je san o Bliskom istoku,
08:24
and a unit where people of different faiths
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kao celini gde ljudi
08:26
could live together.
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različitih vera mogu živeti zajedno.
08:28
The Greek invasions ended that.
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Grčka invazija je to okončala.
08:30
And of course, Alexander couldn't sustain a government
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Naravno, Aleksandar nije mogao da održi vlast
08:33
and it fragmented.
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i imperija se raspala.
08:35
But what Cyrus represented
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Ali ono što je Kir predstavljao
08:37
remained absolutely central.
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ostaje jako bitno.
08:39
The Greek historian Xenophon
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Grčki istoričar Ksenofont
08:42
wrote his book "Cyropaedia"
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je napisao knjigu ˝Kirovo vaspitanje˝
08:44
promoting Cyrus as the great ruler.
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gde prikazuje Kira kao velikog vladara.
08:46
And throughout European culture afterward,
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I kasnije kroz istoriju evropske kulture,
08:49
Cyrus remained the model.
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Kir ostaje primer.
08:52
This is a 16th century image
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Ovo je slika iz 16-og veka
08:54
to show you how widespread
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samo da vam pokažem
08:56
his veneration actually was.
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koliko je bio poštovan.
08:59
And Xenophon's book on Cyrus
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Ksenofontova knjiga
09:01
on how you ran a diverse society
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o tome kako upravljati raznolim društvom
09:04
was one of the great textbooks
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bila je odličan udžbenik
09:06
that inspired the Founding Fathers
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osnivačima nacije
09:08
of the American Revolution.
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u američkoj revoluciji.
09:10
Jefferson was a great admirer --
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Džeferson je bio veliki poštovalac,
09:12
the ideals of Cyrus
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Kirovi ideali
09:14
obviously speaking to those 18th century ideals
223
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utiču na ideale 18-og veka
09:16
of how you create religious tolerance
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o uspostavljanju
09:18
in a new state.
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verske tolerancije u novoj državi.
09:23
Meanwhile, back in Babylon,
226
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Za to vreme, u Vavilonu,
09:25
things had not been going well.
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stvari ne idu baš dobro.
09:27
After Alexander, the other empires,
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Nakon Aleksandra, i sledećih imperija,
09:30
Babylon declines, falls into ruins,
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Vavilon slabi, urušava se,
09:33
and all the traces of the great Babylonian empire are lost --
230
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i svi tragovi velikog vavilonskog carstva se gube,
09:37
until 1879
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do 1879.
09:39
when the cylinder is discovered
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kada valjak otkriva
09:42
by a British Museum exhibition digging in Babylon.
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ekspedicija Britanskog muzeja kopajući u Vavilonu.
09:45
And it enters now another story.
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Tad počinje svoju sledeću priču.
09:48
It enters that great debate
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Upada u sred rasprave
09:50
in the middle of the 19th century:
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iz sredine 19-og veka:
09:52
Are the scriptures reliable? Can we trust them?
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Da li je Biblija pouzdana? Može li joj se verovati?
09:55
We only knew
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Bilo nam je poznato samo
09:57
about the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus
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ono o povratku iz ropstva,
09:59
from the Hebrew scriptures.
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što piše u Starom zavetu.
10:01
No other evidence.
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Nije bilo drugih dokaza.
10:03
Suddenly, this appeared.
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Odjednom, ovo.
10:05
And great excitement
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Nastaje veliko uzbuđenje
10:07
to a world where those who believed in the scriptures
244
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među ljudima
10:09
had had their faith in creation shaken
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kojima je vera uzdrmana
10:11
by evolution, by geology,
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teorijom evolucije, geologijom;
10:13
here was evidence
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pojavljuje se dokaz
10:15
that the scriptures were historically true.
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da je Biblija istorijski tačna.
10:17
It's a great 19th century moment.
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Značajan trenutak 19-og veka.
10:20
But -- and this, of course, is where it becomes complicated --
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Ali, sad postaje komplikovano,
10:25
the facts were true,
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činjenice su tačne,
10:27
hurrah for archeology,
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ura! za arheologiju,
10:30
but the interpretation was rather more complicated.
253
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tumačenje se ispostavlja složenije.
10:33
Because the cylinder account and the Hebrew Bible account
254
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Jer se priča sa valjka i priča iz Biblje
10:36
differ in one key respect.
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razlikuju u jednoj bitnoj stvari.
10:38
The Babylonian cylinder
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Vavilonski cilindar
10:40
is written by the priests
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ispisan rukom sveštenika
10:42
of the great god of Bablyon, Marduk.
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velikog boga Vavilona, Marduka.
10:44
And, not surprisingly,
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I, ništa čudno,
10:46
they tell you that all this was done by Marduk.
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kažu nam da je sve Mardukovo delo.
10:48
"Marduk, we hold, called Cyrus by his name."
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˝Marduk, pozva Kira po imenu˝
10:51
Marduk takes Cyrus by the hand,
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Marduk uzima Kira pod ruku,
10:54
calls him to shepherd his people
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poziva ga da bude pastir svom narodu
10:56
and gives him the rule of Babylon.
264
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i daje mu vlast nad Vavilonom.
10:59
Marduk tells Cyrus
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Marduk govori Kiru
11:01
that he will do these great, generous things
266
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da će činiti velika, plemenita dela
11:03
of setting the people free.
267
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oslobađajući narode.
11:05
And this is why we should all be grateful to
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I zbog toga svi moramo biti
11:07
and worship Marduk.
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zahvalni i obožavati Marduka.
11:09
The Hebrew writers
270
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Jevrejski pisci
11:11
in the Old Testament,
271
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Starog zaveta,
11:13
you will not be surprised to learn,
272
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opet ništa čudno,
11:16
take a rather different view of this.
273
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gledaju na stvari malo drugačije.
11:18
For them, of course, it can't possibly by Marduk
274
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Za njih, naravno,
11:20
that made all this happen.
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to nikako ne biva Mardukovo delo.
11:22
It can only be Jehovah.
276
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To može biti samo Jehova.
11:24
And so in Isaiah,
277
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I tako u Isaiji,
11:26
we have the wonderful texts
278
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imamo divne pasaže
11:28
giving all the credit of this,
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gde se sve zasluge pripisuju,
11:30
not to Marduk
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ne Marduku
11:31
but to the Lord God of Israel --
281
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već Gospodu bogu Izrailja,
11:34
the Lord God of Israel
282
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bogu Izrailja koji
11:36
who also called Cyrus by name,
283
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takođe proziva Kira,
11:38
also takes Cyrus by the hand
284
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takođe hvata Kira pod ruku
11:41
and talks of him shepherding his people.
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i govori mu o vođstvu.
11:43
It's a remarkable example
286
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Ovo je odličan primer
11:45
of two different priestly appropriations of the same event,
287
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kako dva sveštenstva prisvajaju isti događaj,
11:49
two different religious takeovers
288
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dva različita verska
11:51
of a political fact.
289
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preuzimanja političkih zasluga.
11:53
God, we know,
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Bog je, znamo,
11:55
is usually on the side of the big battalions.
291
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obično na strani jačeg.
11:57
The question is, which god was it?
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Pitanje je, koji je bog to bio?
12:00
And the debate unsettles
293
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Ta rasprava onespokojava
12:02
everybody in the 19th century
294
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svakoga u 19-om veku
12:04
to realize that the Hebrew scriptures
295
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ko shvata da je Biblija
12:06
are part of a much wider world of religion.
296
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samo deo mnogo šireg sveta duhovnosti.
12:09
And it's quite clear
297
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I prilično je jasno
12:11
the cylinder is older than the text of Isaiah,
298
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da je valjak stariji od teksta Isaije,
12:14
and yet, Jehovah is speaking
299
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a opet, Jehova govori
12:16
in words very similar
300
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rečima jako sličnim
12:18
to those used by Marduk.
301
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onima koje je koristio Marduk.
12:20
And there's a slight sense that Isaiah knows this,
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Postoji naznaka da je ovo poznato Isaiji,
12:23
because he says,
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jer kaže,
12:25
this is God speaking, of course,
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ovo bog govori, naravno:
12:28
"I have called thee by thy name
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˝...prozvah te imenom tvojim i prezimenom,
12:30
though thou hast not known me."
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premda me ne znaš.˝
12:32
I think it's recognized
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Mislim da priznaje
12:34
that Cyrus doesn't realize
308
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da Kir ne shvata
12:36
that he's acting under orders from Jehovah.
309
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da mu naređuje Jehova.
12:39
And equally, he'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from Marduk.
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Iznenadio bi se i da mu naređuje Marduk.
12:42
Because interestingly, of course,
311
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Jer, interesantno,
12:44
Cyrus is a good Iranian
312
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Kir je bio Iranac
12:46
with a totally different set of gods
313
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sa potpuno drugačijim panteonom bogova
12:48
who are not mentioned in any of these texts.
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koji se nigde ne pominju.
12:50
(Laughter)
315
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(Smeh)
12:52
That's 1879.
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To je 1879.
12:54
40 years on
317
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40 godina kasnije
12:56
and we're in 1917,
318
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nalazimo se u 1917.
12:59
and the cylinder enters a different world.
319
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i naš cilindar izranja u drugačiji svet.
13:01
This time, the real politics
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Real-politika
13:03
of the contemporary world --
321
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tadašnjeg sveta,
13:05
the year of the Balfour Declaration,
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godina Balfurove deklaracije,
13:08
the year when the new imperial power in the Middle East, Britain,
323
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godina kada nova imperijalna sila na Bliskom istoku,
13:11
decides that it will declare
324
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Britanija, odlučuje da proglasi
13:13
a Jewish national home,
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domovinu za Jevreje,
13:15
it will allow
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i dozvoli im
13:17
the Jews to return.
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povratak.
13:19
And the response to this
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Jevrejsko stanovništvo
13:21
by the Jewish population in Eastern Europe is rhapsodic.
329
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širom istočne Evrope je ushićeno.
13:24
And across Eastern Europe,
330
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Širom istočne Evrope,
13:26
Jews display pictures of Cyrus
331
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Jevreji ističu slike Kira
13:28
and of George V
332
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i Džordža Petog
13:30
side by side --
333
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jednog uz drugog;
13:32
the two great rulers
334
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dva velika vladara
13:34
who have allowed the return to Jerusalem.
335
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koja su im dozvolila povratak u Jerusalim.
13:37
And the Cyrus cylinder comes back into public view
336
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Kirov valjak se vraća u žižu javnosti
13:40
and the text of this
337
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i njegov tekst
13:42
as a demonstration of why what is going to happen
338
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predstavlja dokaz da ono
13:45
after the war is over in 1918
339
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što se sprema posle okončanja rata 1918.
13:48
is part of a divine plan.
340
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predstavlja deo božijeg plana.
13:51
You all know what happened.
341
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Znate šta se desilo.
13:53
The state of Israel is setup,
342
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Postavlja se temelj Izraela,
13:56
and 50 years later, in the late 60s,
343
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i 50 godina kasnije, kasnih 60-ih,
13:59
it's clear that Britain's role as the imperial power is over.
344
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jasno je da je britanska imperijalna moć gotova.
14:02
And another story of the cylinder begins.
345
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I nova priča počinje.
14:05
The region, the U.K. and the U.S. decide,
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Britanija i SAD odlučuju da se
14:07
has to be kept safe from communism,
347
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region mora osigurati od komunizma,
14:10
and the superpower that will be created to do this
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i supersila koju kreiraju za taj zadatak
14:13
would be Iran, the Shah.
349
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postaje Iran, šah.
14:15
And so the Shah invents an Iranian history,
350
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I tako šah izmišlja iransku istoriju,
14:18
or a return to Iranian history,
351
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odnosno, povratak istoriji,
14:20
that puts him in the center of a great tradition
352
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postavlja sebe u središte velike tradicije
14:23
and produces coins
353
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kuje novac
14:25
showing himself
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prikazujući sebe
14:27
with the Cyrus cylinder.
355
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sa Kirovim valjkom.
14:29
When he has his great celebrations in Persepolis,
356
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Kada pravi veliko slavlje u Persepolisu,
14:32
he summons the cylinder
357
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traži Kirov valjak
14:34
and the cylinder is lent by the British Museum, goes to Tehran,
358
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i Britanski muzej ga pozajmljuje, dospeva u Teheran,
14:37
and is part of those great celebrations
359
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i biva deo veličanja
14:39
of the Pahlavi dynasty.
360
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dinastije Pahlavi.
14:42
Cyrus cylinder: guarantor of the Shah.
361
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Kirov valjak garantuje za šaha.
14:45
10 years later, another story:
362
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10 godina kasnije, druga priča:
14:48
Iranian Revolution, 1979.
363
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Iranska revolucija, 1979.
14:50
Islamic revolution, no more Cyrus;
364
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Islamska revolucija, nema više Kira;
14:52
we're not interested in that history,
365
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ne interesuje nas više ta istorija,
14:54
we're interested in Islamic Iran --
366
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interesuje nas islamski Iran;
14:57
until Iraq,
367
897260
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dok Irak,
14:59
the new superpower that we've all decided should be in the region,
368
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nova supersila koju smo postavili u region,
15:02
attacks.
369
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napada.
15:04
Then another Iran-Iraq war.
370
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A onda novi Iransko-irački rat.
15:06
And it becomes critical for the Iranians
371
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Irancima postaje presudno
15:08
to remember their great past,
372
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da obnove sećanje na svoju veliku prošlost,
15:11
their great past
373
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svoju prošlost
15:13
when they fought Iraq and won.
374
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kada su se borili sa Irakom i pobedili.
15:16
It becomes critical to find a symbol
375
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Postaje presudno da se pronađe simbol
15:18
that will pull together all Iranians --
376
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koji će okupiti sve Irance;
15:21
Muslims and non-Muslims,
377
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Muslimane i one koji to nisu,
15:23
Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews living in Iran,
378
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Hrišćane, Zoroastrijance, iranske Jevreje,
15:26
people who are devout, not devout.
379
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vernike i nevernike.
15:28
And the obvious emblem is Cyrus.
380
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Očigledan simbol je Kir.
15:31
So when the British Museum and Tehran National Musuem
381
931260
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I tako, kad Britanski muzej
15:34
cooperate and work together, as we've been doing,
382
934260
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i teheranski Nacionalni muzej sarađuju,
15:36
the Iranians ask for one thing only
383
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Iranci traže
15:38
as a loan.
384
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samo jednu stvar na zajam.
15:40
It's the only object they want.
385
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To je jedini predmet koji žele.
15:42
They want to borrow the Cyrus cylinder.
386
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Traže na zajam Kirov valjak.
15:44
And last year,
387
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Prošle godine,
15:46
the Cyrus cylinder went to Tehran
388
946260
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Kirov valjak odlazi u Teheran
15:50
for the second time.
389
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po drugi put.
15:53
It's shown being presented here, put into its case
390
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Vidimo kako ga postavlja na mesto
15:56
by the director of the National Museum of Tehran,
391
956260
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direktor Nacionalnog muzeja,
15:59
one of the many women in Iran in very senior positions,
392
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jedna od mnogih Iranki na važnim položajima,
16:02
Mrs. Ardakani.
393
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gospođa Ardakani.
16:04
It was a huge event.
394
964260
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Bio je to ogroman događaj.
16:06
This is the other side of that same picture.
395
966260
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Ovo je druga strana iste slike.
16:09
It's seen in Tehran
396
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U Teheranu ga je videlo
16:12
by between one and two million people
397
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nešto manje od 2 miliona ljudi
16:14
in the space of a few months.
398
974260
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u razmaku od nekoliko meseci.
16:16
This is beyond any blockbuster exhibition
399
976260
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Ovo nadmašuje
16:18
in the West.
400
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bilo koju hit izložbu na zapadu.
16:20
And it's the subject of a huge debate
401
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Predmet je velike rasprave
16:23
about what this cylinder means, what Cyrus means,
402
983260
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o značaju valjka i samog Kira,
16:26
but above all, Cyrus as articulated through this cylinder --
403
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o Kiru kakvog nam opisuje valjak,
16:29
Cyrus as the defender of the homeland,
404
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Kiru kao braniocu domovine,
16:32
the champion, of course, of Iranian identity
405
992260
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predstavniku iranskog identiteta
16:34
and of the Iranian peoples,
406
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i iranskih naroda,
16:36
tolerant of all faiths.
407
996260
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tolerantnom prema svim verovanjima.
16:38
And in the current Iran,
408
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U današnjem Iranu,
16:40
Zoroastrians and Christians have guaranteed places
409
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Zoroastrijanci i Hrišćani imaju garantovana mesta
16:43
in the Iranian parliament, something to be very, very proud of.
410
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u iranskom parlamentu, na šta su veoma ponosni.
16:46
To see this object in Tehran,
411
1006260
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Da bi videli ovaj predmet,
16:49
thousands of Jews living in Iran
412
1009260
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hiljade iranskih Jevreja
16:51
came to Tehran to see it.
413
1011260
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došlo je u Teheran.
16:53
It became a great emblem,
414
1013260
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Postao je veliki simbol,
16:55
a great subject of debate
415
1015260
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predmet debate
16:57
about what Iran is at home and abroad.
416
1017260
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o tome šta je Iran danas.
17:00
Is Iran still to be the defender of the oppressed?
417
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Da li je Iran još uvek branilac potlačenih?
17:03
Will Iran set free the people
418
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Hoće li Iran osloboditi narode
17:05
that the tyrants have enslaved and expropriated?
419
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koje su tirani porobili i opljačkali?
17:08
This is heady national rhetoric,
420
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Ovo je opojna nacionalistička retorika,
17:11
and it was all put together
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i prikazana je
17:13
in a great pageant
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u velikoj predstavi
17:15
launching the return.
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u čast povratka valjka.
17:17
Here you see this out-sized Cyrus cylinder on the stage
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Vidite ovaj preveliki Kirov valjak na sceni
17:20
with great figures from Iranian history
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sa značajnim ličnostima iz iranske istorije
17:23
gathering to take their place
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okupljenim da zauzmu svoja mesta
17:25
in the heritage of Iran.
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u iranskoj tradiciji.
17:28
It was a narrative presented
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Taj narativ gura
17:30
by the president himself.
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sam predsednik.
17:33
And for me,
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Za mene,
17:35
to take this object to Iran,
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da odnesem ovaj predmet u Iran,
17:37
to be allowed to take this object to Iran
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prilika da to učinim
17:39
was to be allowed to be part
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znači da sam postao deo
17:41
of an extraordinary debate
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izvanredne rasprave
17:43
led at the highest levels
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vođene na najvišim nivoima
17:45
about what Iran is,
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o biću Irana,
17:47
what different Irans there are
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o različitostima Irana,
17:50
and how the different histories of Iran
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i kako različite iranske istorije
17:52
might shape the world today.
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mogu oblikovati svet danas.
17:55
It's a debate that's still continuing,
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Debata još traje,
17:58
and it will continue to rumble,
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i nastaviće da bruji,
18:00
because this object
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jer ovaj predmet
18:02
is one of the great declarations
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predstavlja jednu od velikih
18:04
of a human aspiration.
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objava čovekovih stremljenja.
18:06
It stands with the American constitution.
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Rame uz rame stoji sa američkim ustavom.
18:10
It certainly says far more about real freedoms
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Zaista govori daleko više o pravim slobodama
18:13
than Magna Carta.
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od Magna Karte.
18:15
It is a document that can mean so many things,
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To je dokument koji može značiti toliko mnogo stvari
18:18
for Iran and for the region.
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za Iran i region.
18:21
A replica of this
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Replika se nalazi
18:23
is at the United Nations.
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u Ujedinjenim nacijama.
18:25
In New York this autumn, it will be present
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Biće prisutan ove jeseni u Njujorku
18:28
when the great debates
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kad započnu rasprave
18:30
about the future of the Middle East take place.
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o budućnosti Bliskog istoka.
18:33
And I want to finish by asking you
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Želeo bih da završim upitavši vas
18:35
what the next story will be
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koja je sledeća priča
18:37
in which this object figures.
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u kojoj će se pojaviti ovaj valjak.
18:39
It will appear, certainly,
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Pojaviće se, sigurno,
18:41
in many more Middle Eastern stories.
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u još mnogo bliskoistočnih priča.
18:43
And what story of the Middle East,
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I koju priču o Bliskom istoku
18:45
what story of the world,
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koju priču o svetu
18:47
do you want to see
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biste želeli
18:49
reflecting what is said,
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da odrazi ono što je rečeno,
18:51
what is expressed in this cylinder?
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što je zapisano na valjku?
18:53
The right of peoples
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Pravo naroda
18:55
to live together in the same state,
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na suživot u istoj zemlji,
18:57
worshiping differently, freely --
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različito verujući, slobodno.
18:59
a Middle East, a world,
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Bliski istok, svet,
19:01
in which religion is not the subject of division
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u kome vera nije predmet podele
19:03
or of debate.
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ili rasprave.
19:06
In the world of the Middle East at the moment,
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Na Bliskom istoku su trenutno,
19:09
the debates are, as you know, shrill.
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rasprave zaglušujuće.
19:12
But I think it's possible
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Ali moguće je
19:14
that the most powerful and the wisest voice of all of them
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da je najmoćniji i najmudriji glas od svih
19:18
may well be the voice
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ipak glas
19:20
of this mute thing,
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ove neme stvari.
19:22
the Cyrus cylinder.
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Kirovog valjka.
19:24
Thank you.
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Hvala vam.
19:26
(Applause)
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(Aplauz)
About this website

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