Neil MacGregor: 2600 years of history in one object

Prevoditelj: Marija Marčetić Recezent: Katarina Smetko

The things we make

Predmeti koje stvaramo

have one supreme quality --

imaju jednu ključnu osobinu:

they live longer than us.

žive dulje nego mi.

We perish, they survive;

Mi umiremo, oni nas nadživljuju;

we have one life, they have many lives,

mi imamo jedan život, oni ih imaju mnogo,

and in each life they can mean different things.

a u svakom od tih života mogu poprimati različita značenja.

Which means that, while we all have one biography,

Dakle, dok mi imamo po jednu biografiju,

they have many.

oni ih imaju mnogo.

I want this morning to talk

Jutros vam želim ispričati

about the story, the biography -- or rather the biographies --

priču, biografiju -- točnije, biografije --

of one particular object,

jednog predmeta.

one remarkable thing.

Jedne izuzetne stvari.

It doesn't, I agree,

Ta stvar, slažem se,

look very much.

na prvi pogled nije ništa posebno.

It's about the size of a rugby ball.

Otprilike je veličine lopte za ragbi.

It's made of clay,

Izrađena je od gline

and it's been fashioned

i oblikovana

into a cylinder shape,

u cilindrični oblik.

covered with close writing

Gusto je ispisana

and then baked dry in the sun.

i potom osušena na suncu.

And as you can see,

Kao što vidite,

it's been knocked about a bit,

svašta je prošla,

which is not surprising

a nije ni čudo

because it was made two and a half thousand years ago

uzmemo li u obzir da je napranjena prije dvije i pol tisuće godina,

and was dug up

a otkrivena u arheološkim iskapanjima

in 1879.

1879. godine.

But today,

No danas je,

this thing is, I believe,

po mom mišljenju, ta stvar,

a major player

važan čimbenik

in the politics of the Middle East.

u bliskoistočnoj politici.

And it's an object

Riječ je o predmetu

with fascinating stories

uz koji su vezane fascinantne priče

and stories that are by no means over yet.

koje nisu ni blizu završene.

The story begins

Naša priča počinje

in the Iran-Iraq war

za iransko-iračkog rata,

and that series of events

odnosno onog niza događaja

that culminated

koji je kulminirao

in the invasion of Iraq

invazijom na Irak

by foreign forces,

od strane stranih sila,

the removal of a despotic ruler

svrgavanjem despota

and instant regime change.

i naglom promjenom režima.

And I want to begin

Želio bih započeti

with one episode from that sequence of events

s jednom epizodom iz tog niza događaja

that most of you would be very familiar with,

koja će većini vas biti poznata.

Belshazzar's feast --

Radi se o Baltazarovoj gozbi,

because we're talking about the Iran-Iraq war

jer u priči se radi o iračko-iranskom ratu

of 539 BC.

iz 539. godine pr.n.e.

And the parallels

Podudarnosti između

between the events

događaja koji su se zbili

of 539 BC and 2003 and in between

539.pr.n.e.. i onih 2003. godine naše ere, te između,

are startling.

zapanjujuće su.

What you're looking at is Rembrandt's painting,

Gledate Rembrandtovu sliku, danas izloženu

now in the National Gallery in London,

u londonskoj Nacionalnoj galeriji,

illustrating the text from the prophet Daniel

koja prikazuje tekst iz knjige proroka Daniela

in the Hebrew scriptures.

iz hebrejskog Svetog Pisma

And you all know roughly the story.

Mislim da otprilike znate priču

Belshazzar, the son of Nebuchadnezzar,

Baltazar, sin Nabukodonozora,

Nebuchadnezzar who'd conquered Israel, sacked Jerusalem

onoga koji je pokorio Izrael, opljačkao Jeruzalem

and captured the people

i porobio narod

and taken the Jews back to Babylon.

te odveo Židove natrag u Babilon.

Not only the Jews, he'd taken the temple vessels.

Također je uzeo hramsko posuđe.

He'd ransacked, desecrated the temple.

Opljačkao je i oskvrnuo Hram,

And the great gold vessels of the temple in Jerusalem

a to veliko zlatno posuđe iz jeruzalemskog Hrama

had been taken to Babylon.

bilo je odneseno u Babilon.

Belshazzar, his son,

Njegov sin Baltazar

decides to have a feast.

odluči prirediti gozbu,

And in order to make it even more exciting,

a da bi ona bila još uzbudljivija,

he added a bit of sacrilege to the rest of the fun,

odlučio ju je začiniti s malo svetogrđa,

and he brings out the temple vessels.

pa je iznio hramsko posuđe.

He's already at war with the Iranians,

U tom trenutku već je bio u ratu s Irancima,

with the king of Persia.

s perzijskim kraljem.

And that night, Daniel tells us,

Te noći, govori nam Daniel,

at the height of the festivities

na vrhuncu gozbe

a hand appeared and wrote on the wall,

ukazala se ruka i napisala na zidu:

"You are weighed in the balance and found wanting,

"Odvagnut si na tezulji i nađen si prelagan;

and your kingdom is handed over

razdijeljeno je tvoje kraljevstvo

to the Medes and the Persians."

i predano Medijcima i Perzijancima." (Dn:27-28)

And that very night

Iste te noći,

Cyrus, king of the Persians, entered Babylon

Kir, kralj perzijski, ušao je u Babilon

and the whole regime of Belshazzar fell.

i Baltazarov je režim pao.

It is, of course, a great moment

To je, naravno, velik trenutak

in the history

u povijesti

of the Jewish people.

židovskog naroda.

It's a great story. It's story we all know.

Sjajna je to priča. Priča koju svi znamo.

"The writing on the wall"

Priča o ruci koja piše po zidu

is part of our everyday language.

dio je našeg svakodnevnog jezika.

What happened next

Ono što se zatim dogodilo

was remarkable,

bilo je nešto izuzetno

and it's where our cylinder

i tu naš cilindar

enters the story.

ulazi u priču.

Cyrus, king of the Persians,

Kir, kralj Perzijanaca

has entered Babylon without a fight --

ulazi u Babilon bez otpora.

the great empire of Babylon,

To veliko babilonsko carstvo

which ran from central southern Iraq

koje se protezalo od središnjeg južnog Iraka

to the Mediterranean,

do Mediterana

falls to Cyrus.

pada Kiru u ruke

And Cyrus makes a declaration.

i on piše proglas.

And that is what this cylinder is,

Upravo je to ovaj cilindar:

the declaration made by the ruler guided by God

proglas vladara kojeg vodi Bog,

who had toppled the Iraqi despot

te koji je svrgnuo iračkog despota

and was going to bring freedom to the people.

i donio slobodu narodu.

In ringing Babylonian --

Na zvonkom babilonskom --

it was written in Babylonian --

proglas je napisan na babilonskom jeziku --

he says, "I am Cyrus, king of all the universe,

on piše: "Ja sam Kir, kralj sveg svemira,

the great king, the powerful king,

kralj veliki i moćni

king of Babylon, king of the four quarters of the world."

kralj Babilona, vladar sve četiri strane svijeta."

They're not shy of hyperbole as you can see.

Kao što vidite, nisu se libili preuveličavati.

This is probably

Ovo je vjerojatno

the first real press release

prva prava izjava za medije

by a victorious army

koju je dala pobjednička vojska

that we've got.

u povijesti.

And it's written, as we'll see in due course,

A napisali su je, uskoro ćete vidjeti,

by very skilled P.R. consultants.

vrlo vješti stručnjaci za odnose s javnošću.

So the hyperbole is not actually surprising.

Tako da preuveličavanje zapravo ne iznenađuje.

And what is the great king, the powerful king,

I, što je to taj veliki i moćni kralj,

the king of the four quarters of the world going to do?

vladar sve četiri strane svijeta, odlučio učiniti?

He goes on to say that, having conquered Babylon,

Pokorivši Babilon, nastavlja on,

he will at once let all the peoples

smjesta će osloboditi sve narode

that the Babylonians -- Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar --

koje su Babilonci - Nabukodonozor i Baltazar -

have captured and enslaved

oteli i odveli u ropstvo

go free.

i pustiti ih da se vrate kućama.

He'll let them return to their countries.

Pustit će ih da se vrate u svoje zemlje.

And more important,

I ne samo to,

he will let them all recover

svima će im vratiti

the gods, the statues,

njihove bogove, idole,

the temple vessels

hramsko posuđe

that had been confiscated.

koje je bilo zaplijenjeno.

All the peoples that the Babylonians had repressed and removed

Svi narodi koje su Babilonci potisnuli i prognali,

will go home,

moći će se vratiti kućama

and they'll take with them their gods.

i ponijeti sa sobom svoje bogove.

And they'll be able to restore their altars

Bit će im dozvoljeno obnoviti oltare i žrtvenike

and to worship their gods

i štovati svoje bogove,

in their own way, in their own place.

na svoj način, na svojim odabranim mjestima.

This is the decree,

Ovo je taj proglas,

this object is the evidence

ovaj je predmet dokaz

for the fact that the Jews,

da je Židovima

after the exile in Babylon,

nakon babilonskog sužanjstva

the years they'd spent sitting by the waters of Babylon,

nakon tih godina za kojih su sjedili na babilonskim obalama

weeping when they remembered Jerusalem,

i plakali sjećajući se Jeruzalema,

those Jews were allowed to go home.

tim je Židovima bilo dozvoljeno da se vrate kući.

They were allowed to return to Jerusalem

Mogli su se vratit u Jeruzalem

and to rebuild the temple.

i ponovno sagraditi Hram.

It's a central document

To je središnji dokument

in Jewish history.

židovske povijesti.

And the Book of Chronicles, the Book of Ezra in the Hebrew scriptures

A Knjiga Ljetopisa, Knjiga Ezrina u hebrejskom Pismu

reported in ringing terms.

izvijestila je o tome zvučnim izrazima.

This is the Jewish version

Ovo je židovska verzija

of the same story.

iste priče:

"Thus said Cyrus, king of Persia,

"Ovako veli perzijski kralj Kir:

'All the kingdoms of the earth have the Lord God of heaven given thee,

'Sva zemaljska kraljevstva dade mi Jahve, Bog nebeski.

and he has charged me

On mi naloži

to build him a house in Jerusalem.

da mu sagradim Dom u Jeruzalemu.

Who is there among you of his people?

Tko je god među vama od svega njegova naroda,

The Lord God be with him,

Bog njegov bio s njim

and let him go up.'"

pa neka ide onamo." (2 Ljet 36: 23)

"Go up" -- aaleh.

Ide onamo: "ide gore" - aaleh.

The central element, still,

Središnja je tema ipak

of the notion of return,

ideja povratka,

a central part

središnji dio

of the life of Judaism.

života židovstva.

As you all know, that return from exile,

Kao što znate, taj povratak iz progonstva

the second temple,

i izgradnja drugog hrama,

reshaped Judaism.

promijenili su židovstvo iz temelja.

And that change,

Tu je promjenu

that great historic moment,

taj veliki povijesni trenutak

was made possible by Cyrus, the king of Persia,

omogućio Kir, kralj Perzije,

reported for us in Hebrew in scripture

a zabilježen je na hebrejskom u pismu

and in Babylonian in clay.

i na babilonskom u glini.

Two great texts,

Dva izuzetno važna teksta...

what about the politics?

no što je s politikom?

What was going on

Ti su događaji

was the fundamental shift in Middle Eastern history.

označili temeljni pomak u povijesti Bliskog istoka.

The empire of Iran, the Medes and the Persians,

Iransko carstvo, odnosno Medijci i Perzijanci,

united under Cyrus,

ujedinjeni pod Kirom,

became the first great world empire.

postali su prvo veliko svjetsko carstvo.

Cyrus begins in the 530s BC.

Kir ga je utemeljio 530-ih godina pr.n.e.,

And by the time of his son Darius,

a do vremena vladavine njegovog sina Darija

the whole of the eastern Mediterranean

cjelokupno istočno Sredozemlje

is under Persian control.

kontrolirali su Perzijanci.

This empire is, in fact,

To carstvo zapravo i jest

the Middle East as we now know it,

Bliski istok kakav danas poznajemo

and it's what shapes the Middle East as we now know it.

i ono je oblikovali Bliski istok kakav danas poznajemo.

It was the largest empire the world had known until then.

Bilo je to najveće carstvo koje je svijet do tad vidio.

Much more important,

K tome,

it was the first

bila je to prva

multicultural, multifaith state

multikulturna, vjerski raznovrsna država

on a huge scale.

većih razmjera

And it had to be run in a quite new way.

i moralo se njime vladati na posve nov način.

It had to be run in different languages.

Moralo se njime vladati na više različitih jezika.

The fact that this decree is in Babylonian says one thing.

Sama činjenica da je proglas napisan na babilonskom nešto nam govori.

And it had to recognize their different habits,

Carstvo je moralo uzeti u obzir različite običaje,

different peoples, different religions, different faiths.

različite narode, religije i uvjerenja.

All of those are respected by Cyrus.

Kir sve to poštuje.

Cyrus sets up a model

On nam postavlja model

of how you run

upravljanja

a great multinational, multifaith, multicultural society.

velikim multinacionalnim, multikonfesionalnim, multikulturalnim društvom.

And the result of that

Kao rezultat nastalo je

was an empire that included the areas you see on the screen,

carstvo koje je uključivalo sve zemlje koje vidite na zaslonu,

and which survived for 200 years of stability

carstvo koje je preživjelo 200 godina u stabilnosti

until it was shattered by Alexander.

dok ga nije uništio Aleksandar Veliki.

It left a dream of the Middle East as a unit,

Za sobom je u naslijeđe ostavilo san o ujedinjenom Bliskom istoku

and a unit where people of different faiths

u kojem ljudi različitih vjera

could live together.

mogu živjeti zajedno.

The Greek invasions ended that.

Grčke invazije dokrajčile su taj san.

And of course, Alexander couldn't sustain a government

Naravno, Aleksandar nije mogao održati vlast

and it fragmented.

i carstvo se raspalo.

But what Cyrus represented

No, ono što je Kir predstavljao

remained absolutely central.

bilo je apsolutno ključno.

The Greek historian Xenophon

Grčki historičar Ksenofont

wrote his book "Cyropaedia"

napisao je svoje djelo "Kiropedija"

promoting Cyrus as the great ruler.

u čast Kiru kao velikom vladaru.

And throughout European culture afterward,

Otada je u europskoj kulturi

Cyrus remained the model.

Kir predstavljao uzor.

This is a 16th century image

Ovo je slika iz 16. stoljeća

to show you how widespread

koja pokazuje koliko je rašireno

his veneration actually was.

bilo štovanje Kira.

And Xenophon's book on Cyrus

Ksenofontova knjiga o Kiru,

on how you ran a diverse society

o tome kako voditi raznoliko društvo,

was one of the great textbooks

bila je jedna od knjiga

that inspired the Founding Fathers

koje su inspirirale utemeljitelje

of the American Revolution.

američke revolucije.

Jefferson was a great admirer --

Jefferson ga je silno poštovao.

the ideals of Cyrus

Kirovi ideali

obviously speaking to those 18th century ideals

bili su u skladu s idealima 18. stoljeća,

of how you create religious tolerance

o stvaranju vjerske tolerancije

in a new state.

u novoj državi.

Meanwhile, back in Babylon,

No, vratimo se Babilonu,

things had not been going well.

gdje nisu baš cvjetale ruže.

After Alexander, the other empires,

Za Aleksandrom su slijedila druga carstva.

Babylon declines, falls into ruins,

Babilon propada, pretvara se u ruševine

and all the traces of the great Babylonian empire are lost --

i gube se svi tragovi velikoga babilonskog carstva,

until 1879

sve do 1879. godine,

when the cylinder is discovered

kad je otkriven ovaj cilindar.

by a British Museum exhibition digging in Babylon.

Otkrila ga je ekspedicija Britanskog muzeja koja je vršila iskapanja u Babilonu.

And it enters now another story.

To nas vodi do nove priče.

It enters that great debate

Kirov cilindar postaje dijelom velike rasprave

in the middle of the 19th century:

koja je plamtjela sredinom 19. stoljeća.

Are the scriptures reliable? Can we trust them?

Jesu li pisma pouzdana? Možemo li se osloniti na njih?

We only knew

Znali smo

about the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus

za povratak Židova i Kirov dekret

from the Hebrew scriptures.

samo preko hebrejskog Pisma.

No other evidence.

Nije bilo drugih dokaza.

Suddenly, this appeared.

Iznenada, pojavilo se ovo.

And great excitement

Zavladalo je veliko uzbuđenje

to a world where those who believed in the scriptures

u svijetu u kojem je onima koji su vjerovali u Pisma

had had their faith in creation shaken

vjera u Stvoritelja bila poljuljana

by evolution, by geology,

otkrićem evolucije i geološkim otkrićima.

here was evidence

Ovo je predstavljalo dokaz

that the scriptures were historically true.

da su pisma povijesno vjerodostojna.

It's a great 19th century moment.

Bio je to važan trenutak 19. stoljeća.

But -- and this, of course, is where it becomes complicated --

Međutim, tu su se stvari zakomplicirale.

the facts were true,

Osnovne činjenice pokazale su se istinitima.

hurrah for archeology,

Bravo za arheologiju!

but the interpretation was rather more complicated.

No, interpretacija tih činjenica nije bila tako jednostavna.

Because the cylinder account and the Hebrew Bible account

Jer, iskaz na cilindru i biblijski iskaz

differ in one key respect.

razlikuju se u jednom ključnom segmentu.

The Babylonian cylinder

Babilonski cilindar

is written by the priests

napisali su svećenici

of the great god of Bablyon, Marduk.

babilonskog vrhovnog boga, Marduka.

And, not surprisingly,

Dakle, ne iznenađuje to što

they tell you that all this was done by Marduk.

oni cijelu stvar pripisuju Marduku.

"Marduk, we hold, called Cyrus by his name."

"I gle, Marduk zazva Kira po imenu"

Marduk takes Cyrus by the hand,

Marduk je taj koji uzima Kira za ruku

calls him to shepherd his people

i poziva ga da bude pastir njegovim ljudima

and gives him the rule of Babylon.

i predaje mu vlast nad Babilonom.

Marduk tells Cyrus

Marduk je taj koji nalaže Kiru

that he will do these great, generous things

da učini ta velika, velikodušna djela,

of setting the people free.

da oslobodi narod.

And this is why we should all be grateful to

Iz toga proizlazi da bismo svi trebali

and worship Marduk.

biti zahvalni Marduku i štovati njega.

The Hebrew writers

Hebrejski pisci

in the Old Testament,

u Starom zavjetu,

you will not be surprised to learn,

nećete se iznenaditi,

take a rather different view of this.

imaju malo drukčije gledište.

For them, of course, it can't possibly by Marduk

U njihovim očima, naravno, nema šanse da je Marduk

that made all this happen.

taj po kome se sve to dogodilo.

It can only be Jehovah.

Mora se raditi o Jahvi.

And so in Isaiah,

Tako u Izaiji

we have the wonderful texts

imamo prekrasne tekstove

giving all the credit of this,

u kojima se za to zahvaljuje

not to Marduk

ne Marduku

but to the Lord God of Israel --

nego Bogu Izraelovom --

the Lord God of Israel

Bogu Izraelovom,

who also called Cyrus by name,

koji je također pozvao Kira po imenu,

also takes Cyrus by the hand

također ga uzeo za ruku

and talks of him shepherding his people.

i pozvao ga da bude pastir njegovom narodu.

It's a remarkable example

Sjajan je to primjer

of two different priestly appropriations of the same event,

kako dvije različite vjerske tradicije tumače isti događaj,

two different religious takeovers

prisvajaju i usvajaju

of a political fact.

političke činjenice.

God, we know,

Kao što znamo, Bog je

is usually on the side of the big battalions.

obično na strani pobjedničkih četa.

The question is, which god was it?

Pitanje je samo, koji je bog u pitanju?

And the debate unsettles

Ta debata zaokuplja

everybody in the 19th century

društvo devetnaestog stoljeća,

to realize that the Hebrew scriptures

koje spoznaje da su hebrejska pisma

are part of a much wider world of religion.

dio mnogo šireg vjerskog kontinuuma.

And it's quite clear

Također je nedvojbeno

the cylinder is older than the text of Isaiah,

da je cilindar stariji od Izaijinog teksta,

and yet, Jehovah is speaking

a ipak, Jahve progovara

in words very similar

riječima veoma sličnim

to those used by Marduk.

Mardukovima.

And there's a slight sense that Isaiah knows this,

Stječe se dojam da je Izaija sam toga svjestan

because he says,

jer kaže --

this is God speaking, of course,

ovdje je naravno govornik Bog --

"I have called thee by thy name

"Po imenu ja te pozvah,

though thou hast not known me."

imenovah te premda me znao nisi." (Iz 45:4)

I think it's recognized

Mislim da se priznaje

that Cyrus doesn't realize

kako Kir nije svjestan

that he's acting under orders from Jehovah.

da djeluje po Jahvinim naredbama

And equally, he'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from Marduk.

No, Kira bi isto tako iznenadilo i da je znao da djeluje po Mardukovim nalozima.

Because interestingly, of course,

Jer, naravno,

Cyrus is a good Iranian

Kir je dobar Perzijanac

with a totally different set of gods

s potpuno drugim skupom božanstava

who are not mentioned in any of these texts.

koja se ne spominju ni u jednom od ova dva teksta.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

That's 1879.

To je bilo 1879. godine.

40 years on

Četrdeset godina kasnije,

and we're in 1917,

eto nas u 1917. godini,

and the cylinder enters a different world.

kada cilindar ulazi u sasvim novi svijet.

This time, the real politics

Ovaj put, svijet stvarne politike

of the contemporary world --

suvremenog svijeta.

the year of the Balfour Declaration,

Godina je Balfourove deklaracije,

the year when the new imperial power in the Middle East, Britain,

godina kad nova imperijalna sila na Bliskom istoku, Britanija,

decides that it will declare

odlučuje da će objaviti

a Jewish national home,

da je područje tadašnje Palestine dom židovskog naroda

it will allow

i da će dozvolliti

the Jews to return.

Židovima povratak na to područje.

And the response to this

Odgovor na ovo

by the Jewish population in Eastern Europe is rhapsodic.

kod židovske populacije Istočne Europe ekstatičan je.

And across Eastern Europe,

Diljem Istočne Europe

Jews display pictures of Cyrus

Židovi vješaju Kirove slike

and of George V

i slike Georgea V.

side by side --

jednu uz drugu.

the two great rulers

To su dva velika vladara

who have allowed the return to Jerusalem.

koja su dozvolila povratak u Jeruzalem.

And the Cyrus cylinder comes back into public view

Kirov cilindar tako se opet vraća u žižu javnog interesa,

and the text of this

a tekst koji je na njemu napisan

as a demonstration of why what is going to happen

uzima se kao dokaz da je ono što će uslijediti

after the war is over in 1918

nakon završetka rata 1918. godine

is part of a divine plan.

dio božanskog plana.

You all know what happened.

Svi znate što se zatim dogodilo.

The state of Israel is setup,

Udareni su temelji države Izrael,

and 50 years later, in the late 60s,

a pedeset godina nakon toga, krajem 60-ih,

it's clear that Britain's role as the imperial power is over.

postaje jasno da je uloga Britanije kao imperijalne sile gotova.

And another story of the cylinder begins.

Tako počinje još jedna priča o Kirovom cilindru.

The region, the U.K. and the U.S. decide,

SAD i Britanija odlučuju da se bliskoistočnu regiju

has to be kept safe from communism,

mora biti sačuvati od komunizma

and the superpower that will be created to do this

pa stvaraju novu supersilu da to postignu.

would be Iran, the Shah.

Ta će sila biti Iran, odnosno šah.

And so the Shah invents an Iranian history,

Šah će tako izmisliti iransku povijest,

or a return to Iranian history,

odnosno povratak iranskoj povijesti

that puts him in the center of a great tradition

koja njega stavlja u središte jedne velike tradicije.

and produces coins

Dat će iskovati novčiće

showing himself

na kojima je prikazan

with the Cyrus cylinder.

s Kirovim cilindrom.

When he has his great celebrations in Persepolis,

Organizirat će veliku proslavu u Perzepolisu

he summons the cylinder

i za nju će zatražiti Kirov cilindar,

and the cylinder is lent by the British Museum, goes to Tehran,

koji će biti posuđen iz Britanskog muzeja i poslan u Teheran,

and is part of those great celebrations

gdje će postati dio velikih manifestacija,

of the Pahlavi dynasty.

slavlja dinastije Pahlavi.

Cyrus cylinder: guarantor of the Shah.

Kirov cilindar - šahovo jamstvo.

10 years later, another story:

Deset godina kasnije, nova priča:

Iranian Revolution, 1979.

iranska revolucija 1979. godine,

Islamic revolution, no more Cyrus;

islamska revolucija, nema više Kira;

we're not interested in that history,

ta nas povijest ne zanima,

we're interested in Islamic Iran --

zanima nas islamski Iran

until Iraq,

sve dok Irak,

the new superpower that we've all decided should be in the region,

nova supersila koju smo postavili u regiji

attacks.

ne napadne.

Then another Iran-Iraq war.

Slijedi još jedan iransko-irački rat,

And it becomes critical for the Iranians

a za Irance postaje nužnost

to remember their great past,

sjećati se svoje slavne prošlosti

their great past

slavne prošlosti u kojoj su se

when they fought Iraq and won.

Iranci borili protiv Iraka i pobijedili.

It becomes critical to find a symbol

Postaje im neophodno pronaći simbol

that will pull together all Iranians --

koji će ujediniti Irance,

Muslims and non-Muslims,

muslimane kao i nemuslimane,

Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews living in Iran,

kršćane, zoroastrijance, Židove koji žive u Iranu,

people who are devout, not devout.

vjernike, kao i one koji to nisu.

And the obvious emblem is Cyrus.

Očiti simbol je Kir.

So when the British Museum and Tehran National Musuem

Tako, kad su Britanski muzej i Nacionalni muzej u Teheranu

cooperate and work together, as we've been doing,

započeli suradnju,

the Iranians ask for one thing only

Iranci su zatražili samo jednu stvar

as a loan.

na posudbu

It's the only object they want.

Jedini predmet koji su željeli na posudbu

They want to borrow the Cyrus cylinder.

bio je upravo Kirov cilindar.

And last year,

Tako se prošle godine

the Cyrus cylinder went to Tehran

Kirov cilindar vratio u Teheran

for the second time.

drugi put u svojoj povijesti.

It's shown being presented here, put into its case

Na ovoj slici vidimo kako ga u vitrinu polaže

by the director of the National Museum of Tehran,

ravnateljica Nacionalnog muzeja u Teheranu,

one of the many women in Iran in very senior positions,

jedna od mnogih žena u Iranu koje drže rukovodeće pozicije,

Mrs. Ardakani.

gđa Ardakani.

It was a huge event.

Bio je to događaj od iznimne važnosti.

This is the other side of that same picture.

Ovo je slika istog tog događaja, ali s druge strane.

It's seen in Tehran

U Teheranu je cilindar obišlo

by between one and two million people

između milijun i dva milijuna ljudi

in the space of a few months.

u razdoblju od nekoliko mjeseci.

This is beyond any blockbuster exhibition

S time se ne mogu mjeriti ni najposjećenije izložbe

in the West.

na Zapadu.

And it's the subject of a huge debate

Povele su se mnoge rasprave

about what this cylinder means, what Cyrus means,

o značaju tog cilindra, o Kirovom značaju

but above all, Cyrus as articulated through this cylinder --

no najviše od svega, o Kiru kakav je opisan na ovom cilindru:

Cyrus as the defender of the homeland,

Kiru, branitelju domovine

the champion, of course, of Iranian identity

Kiru, prvaku iranskog identiteta

and of the Iranian peoples,

i iranskih naroda,

tolerant of all faiths.

Kiru koji je tolerirao sve vjere.

And in the current Iran,

U suvremenom Iranu

Zoroastrians and Christians have guaranteed places

zoroastrijancima i kršćanima zajamčena su mjesta

in the Iranian parliament, something to be very, very proud of.

u iranskom parlamentu, što je izvor silnog ponosa.

To see this object in Tehran,

Samo da bi vidjeli ovaj predmet,

thousands of Jews living in Iran

tisuće iranskih Židova

came to Tehran to see it.

dolazile su u Teheran.

It became a great emblem,

Postao je snažan simbol,

a great subject of debate

predmet rasprave

about what Iran is at home and abroad.

o tome što Iran predstavlja u domovini i svijetu.

Is Iran still to be the defender of the oppressed?

Treba li Iran i dalje biti branitelj potlačenih?

Will Iran set free the people

Hoće li Iran osloboditi narode koje su

that the tyrants have enslaved and expropriated?

tirani porobili i prognali?

This is heady national rhetoric,

To je opojna nacionalna retorika

and it was all put together

koja je stvorena

in a great pageant

u sklopu parade

launching the return.

povodom povratka Kirovog cilindra u domovinu.

Here you see this out-sized Cyrus cylinder on the stage

Ovdje vidite uvećanu repliku Kirovog cilindra na pozornici

with great figures from Iranian history

s velikim ličnostima iz iranske povijesti

gathering to take their place

okupljenima kako bi zauzele svoje mjesto

in the heritage of Iran.

u iranskoj baštini.

It was a narrative presented

Taj je narativ predstavio

by the president himself.

sam iranski predsjednik

And for me,

Za mene je prilika

to take this object to Iran,

da odnesem ovaj predmet u Iran,

to be allowed to take this object to Iran

da mi bude dozvoljeno da ga onamo odnesem

was to be allowed to be part

značila priliku da sudjelujem

of an extraordinary debate

u jednoj izuzetnoj raspravi

led at the highest levels

koja je vođena na najvišim razinama

about what Iran is,

o tome što Iran jest,

what different Irans there are

koje sve "verzije" Irana postoje

and how the different histories of Iran

i na koji način različite povijesti Irana

might shape the world today.

mogu oblikovati današnji svijet.

It's a debate that's still continuing,

Ta rasprava još uvijek traje,

and it will continue to rumble,

a nastavit će se i dalje

because this object

jer ovaj predmet

is one of the great declarations

predstavlja jedan od velikih izraza

of a human aspiration.

ljudskih nastojanja.

It stands with the American constitution.

Stoji uz bok američkom ustavu,

It certainly says far more about real freedoms

a svakako govori više o stvarnim slobodama

than Magna Carta.

nego Magna Carta.

It is a document that can mean so many things,

Radi se o dokumentu koji može značiti toliko toga

for Iran and for the region.

za Iran i za cijelu regiju.

A replica of this

Replika ovog predmeta

is at the United Nations.

nalazi se u Ujedinjenim narodima.

In New York this autumn, it will be present

Bit će ondje, u New Yorku, ove jeseni

when the great debates

kad se budu vodile velike rasprave

about the future of the Middle East take place.

o budućnosti Bliskog istoka.

And I want to finish by asking you

Želio bih završiti s pitanjem

what the next story will be

koja će biti sljedeća priča

in which this object figures.

u kojoj će ovaj predmet odigrati ulogu?

It will appear, certainly,

Zasigurno će se pojaviti

in many more Middle Eastern stories.

u središtu još mnogih priča o Bliskom istoku.

And what story of the Middle East,

Koju to priču o Bliskom istoku,

what story of the world,

koju to priču o svijetu

do you want to see

želite vidjeti

reflecting what is said,

kako odražava ono što je napisano

what is expressed in this cylinder?

i izraženo na ovom cilindru?

The right of peoples

Prava naroda

to live together in the same state,

na suživot u istoj državi,

worshiping differently, freely --

na slobodno prakticiranje različitih vjeroispovijesti,

a Middle East, a world,

jedan Bliski istok, a i svijet

in which religion is not the subject of division

u kojem religija nije uzrok podjela

or of debate.

ni predmet rasprave?

In the world of the Middle East at the moment,

U svijetu Bliskog istoka danas

the debates are, as you know, shrill.

kao što znate, rasprave su oštre,

But I think it's possible

No, vjerujem da je moguće

that the most powerful and the wisest voice of all of them

da je najmoćniji i najmudriji glas koji se u njima čuje

may well be the voice

možda upravo glas

of this mute thing,

ovog nijemog predmeta,

the Cyrus cylinder.

Kirovog cilindra.

Thank you.

Hvala.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)