Neil MacGregor: 2600 years of history in one object

211,526 views ・ 2012-02-20

TED


Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove ispod za reprodukciju videozapisa.

Prevoditelj: Marija Marčetić Recezent: Katarina Smetko
00:15
The things we make
0
15260
2000
Predmeti koje stvaramo
00:17
have one supreme quality --
1
17260
3000
imaju jednu ključnu osobinu:
00:20
they live longer than us.
2
20260
2000
žive dulje nego mi.
00:22
We perish, they survive;
3
22260
2000
Mi umiremo, oni nas nadživljuju;
00:24
we have one life, they have many lives,
4
24260
3000
mi imamo jedan život, oni ih imaju mnogo,
00:27
and in each life they can mean different things.
5
27260
3000
a u svakom od tih života mogu poprimati različita značenja.
00:30
Which means that, while we all have one biography,
6
30260
3000
Dakle, dok mi imamo po jednu biografiju,
00:33
they have many.
7
33260
2000
oni ih imaju mnogo.
00:35
I want this morning to talk
8
35260
2000
Jutros vam želim ispričati
00:37
about the story, the biography -- or rather the biographies --
9
37260
3000
priču, biografiju -- točnije, biografije --
00:40
of one particular object,
10
40260
3000
jednog predmeta.
00:43
one remarkable thing.
11
43260
2000
Jedne izuzetne stvari.
00:45
It doesn't, I agree,
12
45260
2000
Ta stvar, slažem se,
00:47
look very much.
13
47260
2000
na prvi pogled nije ništa posebno.
00:49
It's about the size of a rugby ball.
14
49260
3000
Otprilike je veličine lopte za ragbi.
00:52
It's made of clay,
15
52260
2000
Izrađena je od gline
00:54
and it's been fashioned
16
54260
2000
i oblikovana
00:56
into a cylinder shape,
17
56260
3000
u cilindrični oblik.
00:59
covered with close writing
18
59260
2000
Gusto je ispisana
01:01
and then baked dry in the sun.
19
61260
3000
i potom osušena na suncu.
01:04
And as you can see,
20
64260
2000
Kao što vidite,
01:06
it's been knocked about a bit,
21
66260
2000
svašta je prošla,
01:08
which is not surprising
22
68260
2000
a nije ni čudo
01:10
because it was made two and a half thousand years ago
23
70260
3000
uzmemo li u obzir da je napranjena prije dvije i pol tisuće godina,
01:13
and was dug up
24
73260
2000
a otkrivena u arheološkim iskapanjima
01:15
in 1879.
25
75260
2000
1879. godine.
01:17
But today,
26
77260
2000
No danas je,
01:19
this thing is, I believe,
27
79260
2000
po mom mišljenju, ta stvar,
01:21
a major player
28
81260
2000
važan čimbenik
01:23
in the politics of the Middle East.
29
83260
2000
u bliskoistočnoj politici.
01:25
And it's an object
30
85260
2000
Riječ je o predmetu
01:27
with fascinating stories
31
87260
2000
uz koji su vezane fascinantne priče
01:29
and stories that are by no means over yet.
32
89260
4000
koje nisu ni blizu završene.
01:33
The story begins
33
93260
2000
Naša priča počinje
01:35
in the Iran-Iraq war
34
95260
4000
za iransko-iračkog rata,
01:39
and that series of events
35
99260
2000
odnosno onog niza događaja
01:41
that culminated
36
101260
2000
koji je kulminirao
01:43
in the invasion of Iraq
37
103260
2000
invazijom na Irak
01:45
by foreign forces,
38
105260
2000
od strane stranih sila,
01:47
the removal of a despotic ruler
39
107260
2000
svrgavanjem despota
01:49
and instant regime change.
40
109260
3000
i naglom promjenom režima.
01:52
And I want to begin
41
112260
2000
Želio bih započeti
01:54
with one episode from that sequence of events
42
114260
2000
s jednom epizodom iz tog niza događaja
01:56
that most of you would be very familiar with,
43
116260
3000
koja će većini vas biti poznata.
01:59
Belshazzar's feast --
44
119260
2000
Radi se o Baltazarovoj gozbi,
02:01
because we're talking about the Iran-Iraq war
45
121260
2000
jer u priči se radi o iračko-iranskom ratu
02:03
of 539 BC.
46
123260
3000
iz 539. godine pr.n.e.
02:06
And the parallels
47
126260
2000
Podudarnosti između
02:08
between the events
48
128260
2000
događaja koji su se zbili
02:10
of 539 BC and 2003 and in between
49
130260
3000
539.pr.n.e.. i onih 2003. godine naše ere, te između,
02:13
are startling.
50
133260
2000
zapanjujuće su.
02:15
What you're looking at is Rembrandt's painting,
51
135260
2000
Gledate Rembrandtovu sliku, danas izloženu
02:17
now in the National Gallery in London,
52
137260
2000
u londonskoj Nacionalnoj galeriji,
02:19
illustrating the text from the prophet Daniel
53
139260
2000
koja prikazuje tekst iz knjige proroka Daniela
02:21
in the Hebrew scriptures.
54
141260
3000
iz hebrejskog Svetog Pisma
02:24
And you all know roughly the story.
55
144260
2000
Mislim da otprilike znate priču
02:26
Belshazzar, the son of Nebuchadnezzar,
56
146260
3000
Baltazar, sin Nabukodonozora,
02:29
Nebuchadnezzar who'd conquered Israel, sacked Jerusalem
57
149260
3000
onoga koji je pokorio Izrael, opljačkao Jeruzalem
02:32
and captured the people
58
152260
2000
i porobio narod
02:34
and taken the Jews back to Babylon.
59
154260
2000
te odveo Židove natrag u Babilon.
02:36
Not only the Jews, he'd taken the temple vessels.
60
156260
3000
Također je uzeo hramsko posuđe.
02:39
He'd ransacked, desecrated the temple.
61
159260
3000
Opljačkao je i oskvrnuo Hram,
02:42
And the great gold vessels of the temple in Jerusalem
62
162260
3000
a to veliko zlatno posuđe iz jeruzalemskog Hrama
02:45
had been taken to Babylon.
63
165260
3000
bilo je odneseno u Babilon.
02:48
Belshazzar, his son,
64
168260
2000
Njegov sin Baltazar
02:50
decides to have a feast.
65
170260
2000
odluči prirediti gozbu,
02:52
And in order to make it even more exciting,
66
172260
2000
a da bi ona bila još uzbudljivija,
02:54
he added a bit of sacrilege to the rest of the fun,
67
174260
3000
odlučio ju je začiniti s malo svetogrđa,
02:57
and he brings out the temple vessels.
68
177260
3000
pa je iznio hramsko posuđe.
03:00
He's already at war with the Iranians,
69
180260
3000
U tom trenutku već je bio u ratu s Irancima,
03:03
with the king of Persia.
70
183260
2000
s perzijskim kraljem.
03:05
And that night, Daniel tells us,
71
185260
3000
Te noći, govori nam Daniel,
03:08
at the height of the festivities
72
188260
2000
na vrhuncu gozbe
03:10
a hand appeared and wrote on the wall,
73
190260
3000
ukazala se ruka i napisala na zidu:
03:13
"You are weighed in the balance and found wanting,
74
193260
3000
"Odvagnut si na tezulji i nađen si prelagan;
03:16
and your kingdom is handed over
75
196260
2000
razdijeljeno je tvoje kraljevstvo
03:18
to the Medes and the Persians."
76
198260
2000
i predano Medijcima i Perzijancima." (Dn:27-28)
03:20
And that very night
77
200260
2000
Iste te noći,
03:22
Cyrus, king of the Persians, entered Babylon
78
202260
4000
Kir, kralj perzijski, ušao je u Babilon
03:26
and the whole regime of Belshazzar fell.
79
206260
5000
i Baltazarov je režim pao.
03:31
It is, of course, a great moment
80
211260
2000
To je, naravno, velik trenutak
03:33
in the history
81
213260
2000
u povijesti
03:35
of the Jewish people.
82
215260
2000
židovskog naroda.
03:37
It's a great story. It's story we all know.
83
217260
2000
Sjajna je to priča. Priča koju svi znamo.
03:39
"The writing on the wall"
84
219260
2000
Priča o ruci koja piše po zidu
03:41
is part of our everyday language.
85
221260
3000
dio je našeg svakodnevnog jezika.
03:44
What happened next
86
224260
2000
Ono što se zatim dogodilo
03:46
was remarkable,
87
226260
2000
bilo je nešto izuzetno
03:48
and it's where our cylinder
88
228260
2000
i tu naš cilindar
03:50
enters the story.
89
230260
2000
ulazi u priču.
03:52
Cyrus, king of the Persians,
90
232260
2000
Kir, kralj Perzijanaca
03:54
has entered Babylon without a fight --
91
234260
2000
ulazi u Babilon bez otpora.
03:56
the great empire of Babylon,
92
236260
2000
To veliko babilonsko carstvo
03:58
which ran from central southern Iraq
93
238260
2000
koje se protezalo od središnjeg južnog Iraka
04:00
to the Mediterranean,
94
240260
2000
do Mediterana
04:02
falls to Cyrus.
95
242260
2000
pada Kiru u ruke
04:04
And Cyrus makes a declaration.
96
244260
4000
i on piše proglas.
04:08
And that is what this cylinder is,
97
248260
3000
Upravo je to ovaj cilindar:
04:11
the declaration made by the ruler guided by God
98
251260
3000
proglas vladara kojeg vodi Bog,
04:14
who had toppled the Iraqi despot
99
254260
4000
te koji je svrgnuo iračkog despota
04:18
and was going to bring freedom to the people.
100
258260
2000
i donio slobodu narodu.
04:20
In ringing Babylonian --
101
260260
2000
Na zvonkom babilonskom --
04:22
it was written in Babylonian --
102
262260
2000
proglas je napisan na babilonskom jeziku --
04:24
he says, "I am Cyrus, king of all the universe,
103
264260
3000
on piše: "Ja sam Kir, kralj sveg svemira,
04:27
the great king, the powerful king,
104
267260
2000
kralj veliki i moćni
04:29
king of Babylon, king of the four quarters of the world."
105
269260
4000
kralj Babilona, vladar sve četiri strane svijeta."
04:33
They're not shy of hyperbole as you can see.
106
273260
3000
Kao što vidite, nisu se libili preuveličavati.
04:36
This is probably
107
276260
2000
Ovo je vjerojatno
04:38
the first real press release
108
278260
2000
prva prava izjava za medije
04:40
by a victorious army
109
280260
2000
koju je dala pobjednička vojska
04:42
that we've got.
110
282260
2000
u povijesti.
04:44
And it's written, as we'll see in due course,
111
284260
2000
A napisali su je, uskoro ćete vidjeti,
04:46
by very skilled P.R. consultants.
112
286260
3000
vrlo vješti stručnjaci za odnose s javnošću.
04:49
So the hyperbole is not actually surprising.
113
289260
3000
Tako da preuveličavanje zapravo ne iznenađuje.
04:52
And what is the great king, the powerful king,
114
292260
2000
I, što je to taj veliki i moćni kralj,
04:54
the king of the four quarters of the world going to do?
115
294260
3000
vladar sve četiri strane svijeta, odlučio učiniti?
04:57
He goes on to say that, having conquered Babylon,
116
297260
3000
Pokorivši Babilon, nastavlja on,
05:00
he will at once let all the peoples
117
300260
3000
smjesta će osloboditi sve narode
05:03
that the Babylonians -- Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar --
118
303260
2000
koje su Babilonci - Nabukodonozor i Baltazar -
05:05
have captured and enslaved
119
305260
2000
oteli i odveli u ropstvo
05:07
go free.
120
307260
2000
i pustiti ih da se vrate kućama.
05:09
He'll let them return to their countries.
121
309260
2000
Pustit će ih da se vrate u svoje zemlje.
05:11
And more important,
122
311260
2000
I ne samo to,
05:13
he will let them all recover
123
313260
2000
svima će im vratiti
05:15
the gods, the statues,
124
315260
2000
njihove bogove, idole,
05:17
the temple vessels
125
317260
2000
hramsko posuđe
05:19
that had been confiscated.
126
319260
2000
koje je bilo zaplijenjeno.
05:21
All the peoples that the Babylonians had repressed and removed
127
321260
3000
Svi narodi koje su Babilonci potisnuli i prognali,
05:24
will go home,
128
324260
2000
moći će se vratiti kućama
05:26
and they'll take with them their gods.
129
326260
3000
i ponijeti sa sobom svoje bogove.
05:29
And they'll be able to restore their altars
130
329260
3000
Bit će im dozvoljeno obnoviti oltare i žrtvenike
05:32
and to worship their gods
131
332260
2000
i štovati svoje bogove,
05:34
in their own way, in their own place.
132
334260
3000
na svoj način, na svojim odabranim mjestima.
05:37
This is the decree,
133
337260
2000
Ovo je taj proglas,
05:39
this object is the evidence
134
339260
3000
ovaj je predmet dokaz
05:42
for the fact that the Jews,
135
342260
2000
da je Židovima
05:44
after the exile in Babylon,
136
344260
2000
nakon babilonskog sužanjstva
05:46
the years they'd spent sitting by the waters of Babylon,
137
346260
3000
nakon tih godina za kojih su sjedili na babilonskim obalama
05:49
weeping when they remembered Jerusalem,
138
349260
3000
i plakali sjećajući se Jeruzalema,
05:52
those Jews were allowed to go home.
139
352260
3000
tim je Židovima bilo dozvoljeno da se vrate kući.
05:55
They were allowed to return to Jerusalem
140
355260
2000
Mogli su se vratit u Jeruzalem
05:57
and to rebuild the temple.
141
357260
2000
i ponovno sagraditi Hram.
05:59
It's a central document
142
359260
2000
To je središnji dokument
06:01
in Jewish history.
143
361260
2000
židovske povijesti.
06:03
And the Book of Chronicles, the Book of Ezra in the Hebrew scriptures
144
363260
4000
A Knjiga Ljetopisa, Knjiga Ezrina u hebrejskom Pismu
06:07
reported in ringing terms.
145
367260
2000
izvijestila je o tome zvučnim izrazima.
06:09
This is the Jewish version
146
369260
2000
Ovo je židovska verzija
06:11
of the same story.
147
371260
2000
iste priče:
06:13
"Thus said Cyrus, king of Persia,
148
373260
2000
"Ovako veli perzijski kralj Kir:
06:15
'All the kingdoms of the earth have the Lord God of heaven given thee,
149
375260
3000
'Sva zemaljska kraljevstva dade mi Jahve, Bog nebeski.
06:18
and he has charged me
150
378260
2000
On mi naloži
06:20
to build him a house in Jerusalem.
151
380260
2000
da mu sagradim Dom u Jeruzalemu.
06:22
Who is there among you of his people?
152
382260
2000
Tko je god među vama od svega njegova naroda,
06:24
The Lord God be with him,
153
384260
2000
Bog njegov bio s njim
06:26
and let him go up.'"
154
386260
3000
pa neka ide onamo." (2 Ljet 36: 23)
06:29
"Go up" -- aaleh.
155
389260
2000
Ide onamo: "ide gore" - aaleh.
06:31
The central element, still,
156
391260
3000
Središnja je tema ipak
06:34
of the notion of return,
157
394260
2000
ideja povratka,
06:36
a central part
158
396260
2000
središnji dio
06:38
of the life of Judaism.
159
398260
2000
života židovstva.
06:40
As you all know, that return from exile,
160
400260
2000
Kao što znate, taj povratak iz progonstva
06:42
the second temple,
161
402260
2000
i izgradnja drugog hrama,
06:44
reshaped Judaism.
162
404260
2000
promijenili su židovstvo iz temelja.
06:46
And that change,
163
406260
2000
Tu je promjenu
06:48
that great historic moment,
164
408260
2000
taj veliki povijesni trenutak
06:50
was made possible by Cyrus, the king of Persia,
165
410260
4000
omogućio Kir, kralj Perzije,
06:54
reported for us in Hebrew in scripture
166
414260
3000
a zabilježen je na hebrejskom u pismu
06:57
and in Babylonian in clay.
167
417260
3000
i na babilonskom u glini.
07:00
Two great texts,
168
420260
2000
Dva izuzetno važna teksta...
07:02
what about the politics?
169
422260
2000
no što je s politikom?
07:04
What was going on
170
424260
2000
Ti su događaji
07:06
was the fundamental shift in Middle Eastern history.
171
426260
3000
označili temeljni pomak u povijesti Bliskog istoka.
07:09
The empire of Iran, the Medes and the Persians,
172
429260
3000
Iransko carstvo, odnosno Medijci i Perzijanci,
07:12
united under Cyrus,
173
432260
2000
ujedinjeni pod Kirom,
07:14
became the first great world empire.
174
434260
4000
postali su prvo veliko svjetsko carstvo.
07:18
Cyrus begins in the 530s BC.
175
438260
3000
Kir ga je utemeljio 530-ih godina pr.n.e.,
07:21
And by the time of his son Darius,
176
441260
4000
a do vremena vladavine njegovog sina Darija
07:25
the whole of the eastern Mediterranean
177
445260
3000
cjelokupno istočno Sredozemlje
07:28
is under Persian control.
178
448260
2000
kontrolirali su Perzijanci.
07:30
This empire is, in fact,
179
450260
2000
To carstvo zapravo i jest
07:32
the Middle East as we now know it,
180
452260
2000
Bliski istok kakav danas poznajemo
07:34
and it's what shapes the Middle East as we now know it.
181
454260
3000
i ono je oblikovali Bliski istok kakav danas poznajemo.
07:37
It was the largest empire the world had known until then.
182
457260
2000
Bilo je to najveće carstvo koje je svijet do tad vidio.
07:39
Much more important,
183
459260
2000
K tome,
07:41
it was the first
184
461260
2000
bila je to prva
07:43
multicultural, multifaith state
185
463260
2000
multikulturna, vjerski raznovrsna država
07:45
on a huge scale.
186
465260
2000
većih razmjera
07:47
And it had to be run in a quite new way.
187
467260
2000
i moralo se njime vladati na posve nov način.
07:49
It had to be run in different languages.
188
469260
2000
Moralo se njime vladati na više različitih jezika.
07:51
The fact that this decree is in Babylonian says one thing.
189
471260
3000
Sama činjenica da je proglas napisan na babilonskom nešto nam govori.
07:54
And it had to recognize their different habits,
190
474260
2000
Carstvo je moralo uzeti u obzir različite običaje,
07:56
different peoples, different religions, different faiths.
191
476260
3000
različite narode, religije i uvjerenja.
07:59
All of those are respected by Cyrus.
192
479260
3000
Kir sve to poštuje.
08:02
Cyrus sets up a model
193
482260
2000
On nam postavlja model
08:04
of how you run
194
484260
2000
upravljanja
08:06
a great multinational, multifaith, multicultural society.
195
486260
5000
velikim multinacionalnim, multikonfesionalnim, multikulturalnim društvom.
08:11
And the result of that
196
491260
2000
Kao rezultat nastalo je
08:13
was an empire that included the areas you see on the screen,
197
493260
3000
carstvo koje je uključivalo sve zemlje koje vidite na zaslonu,
08:16
and which survived for 200 years of stability
198
496260
3000
carstvo koje je preživjelo 200 godina u stabilnosti
08:19
until it was shattered by Alexander.
199
499260
3000
dok ga nije uništio Aleksandar Veliki.
08:22
It left a dream of the Middle East as a unit,
200
502260
2000
Za sobom je u naslijeđe ostavilo san o ujedinjenom Bliskom istoku
08:24
and a unit where people of different faiths
201
504260
2000
u kojem ljudi različitih vjera
08:26
could live together.
202
506260
2000
mogu živjeti zajedno.
08:28
The Greek invasions ended that.
203
508260
2000
Grčke invazije dokrajčile su taj san.
08:30
And of course, Alexander couldn't sustain a government
204
510260
3000
Naravno, Aleksandar nije mogao održati vlast
08:33
and it fragmented.
205
513260
2000
i carstvo se raspalo.
08:35
But what Cyrus represented
206
515260
2000
No, ono što je Kir predstavljao
08:37
remained absolutely central.
207
517260
2000
bilo je apsolutno ključno.
08:39
The Greek historian Xenophon
208
519260
3000
Grčki historičar Ksenofont
08:42
wrote his book "Cyropaedia"
209
522260
2000
napisao je svoje djelo "Kiropedija"
08:44
promoting Cyrus as the great ruler.
210
524260
2000
u čast Kiru kao velikom vladaru.
08:46
And throughout European culture afterward,
211
526260
3000
Otada je u europskoj kulturi
08:49
Cyrus remained the model.
212
529260
3000
Kir predstavljao uzor.
08:52
This is a 16th century image
213
532260
2000
Ovo je slika iz 16. stoljeća
08:54
to show you how widespread
214
534260
2000
koja pokazuje koliko je rašireno
08:56
his veneration actually was.
215
536260
3000
bilo štovanje Kira.
08:59
And Xenophon's book on Cyrus
216
539260
2000
Ksenofontova knjiga o Kiru,
09:01
on how you ran a diverse society
217
541260
3000
o tome kako voditi raznoliko društvo,
09:04
was one of the great textbooks
218
544260
2000
bila je jedna od knjiga
09:06
that inspired the Founding Fathers
219
546260
2000
koje su inspirirale utemeljitelje
09:08
of the American Revolution.
220
548260
2000
američke revolucije.
09:10
Jefferson was a great admirer --
221
550260
2000
Jefferson ga je silno poštovao.
09:12
the ideals of Cyrus
222
552260
2000
Kirovi ideali
09:14
obviously speaking to those 18th century ideals
223
554260
2000
bili su u skladu s idealima 18. stoljeća,
09:16
of how you create religious tolerance
224
556260
2000
o stvaranju vjerske tolerancije
09:18
in a new state.
225
558260
3000
u novoj državi.
09:23
Meanwhile, back in Babylon,
226
563260
2000
No, vratimo se Babilonu,
09:25
things had not been going well.
227
565260
2000
gdje nisu baš cvjetale ruže.
09:27
After Alexander, the other empires,
228
567260
3000
Za Aleksandrom su slijedila druga carstva.
09:30
Babylon declines, falls into ruins,
229
570260
3000
Babilon propada, pretvara se u ruševine
09:33
and all the traces of the great Babylonian empire are lost --
230
573260
4000
i gube se svi tragovi velikoga babilonskog carstva,
09:37
until 1879
231
577260
2000
sve do 1879. godine,
09:39
when the cylinder is discovered
232
579260
3000
kad je otkriven ovaj cilindar.
09:42
by a British Museum exhibition digging in Babylon.
233
582260
3000
Otkrila ga je ekspedicija Britanskog muzeja koja je vršila iskapanja u Babilonu.
09:45
And it enters now another story.
234
585260
3000
To nas vodi do nove priče.
09:48
It enters that great debate
235
588260
2000
Kirov cilindar postaje dijelom velike rasprave
09:50
in the middle of the 19th century:
236
590260
2000
koja je plamtjela sredinom 19. stoljeća.
09:52
Are the scriptures reliable? Can we trust them?
237
592260
3000
Jesu li pisma pouzdana? Možemo li se osloniti na njih?
09:55
We only knew
238
595260
2000
Znali smo
09:57
about the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus
239
597260
2000
za povratak Židova i Kirov dekret
09:59
from the Hebrew scriptures.
240
599260
2000
samo preko hebrejskog Pisma.
10:01
No other evidence.
241
601260
2000
Nije bilo drugih dokaza.
10:03
Suddenly, this appeared.
242
603260
2000
Iznenada, pojavilo se ovo.
10:05
And great excitement
243
605260
2000
Zavladalo je veliko uzbuđenje
10:07
to a world where those who believed in the scriptures
244
607260
2000
u svijetu u kojem je onima koji su vjerovali u Pisma
10:09
had had their faith in creation shaken
245
609260
2000
vjera u Stvoritelja bila poljuljana
10:11
by evolution, by geology,
246
611260
2000
otkrićem evolucije i geološkim otkrićima.
10:13
here was evidence
247
613260
2000
Ovo je predstavljalo dokaz
10:15
that the scriptures were historically true.
248
615260
2000
da su pisma povijesno vjerodostojna.
10:17
It's a great 19th century moment.
249
617260
3000
Bio je to važan trenutak 19. stoljeća.
10:20
But -- and this, of course, is where it becomes complicated --
250
620260
5000
Međutim, tu su se stvari zakomplicirale.
10:25
the facts were true,
251
625260
2000
Osnovne činjenice pokazale su se istinitima.
10:27
hurrah for archeology,
252
627260
3000
Bravo za arheologiju!
10:30
but the interpretation was rather more complicated.
253
630260
3000
No, interpretacija tih činjenica nije bila tako jednostavna.
10:33
Because the cylinder account and the Hebrew Bible account
254
633260
3000
Jer, iskaz na cilindru i biblijski iskaz
10:36
differ in one key respect.
255
636260
2000
razlikuju se u jednom ključnom segmentu.
10:38
The Babylonian cylinder
256
638260
2000
Babilonski cilindar
10:40
is written by the priests
257
640260
2000
napisali su svećenici
10:42
of the great god of Bablyon, Marduk.
258
642260
2000
babilonskog vrhovnog boga, Marduka.
10:44
And, not surprisingly,
259
644260
2000
Dakle, ne iznenađuje to što
10:46
they tell you that all this was done by Marduk.
260
646260
2000
oni cijelu stvar pripisuju Marduku.
10:48
"Marduk, we hold, called Cyrus by his name."
261
648260
3000
"I gle, Marduk zazva Kira po imenu"
10:51
Marduk takes Cyrus by the hand,
262
651260
3000
Marduk je taj koji uzima Kira za ruku
10:54
calls him to shepherd his people
263
654260
2000
i poziva ga da bude pastir njegovim ljudima
10:56
and gives him the rule of Babylon.
264
656260
3000
i predaje mu vlast nad Babilonom.
10:59
Marduk tells Cyrus
265
659260
2000
Marduk je taj koji nalaže Kiru
11:01
that he will do these great, generous things
266
661260
2000
da učini ta velika, velikodušna djela,
11:03
of setting the people free.
267
663260
2000
da oslobodi narod.
11:05
And this is why we should all be grateful to
268
665260
2000
Iz toga proizlazi da bismo svi trebali
11:07
and worship Marduk.
269
667260
2000
biti zahvalni Marduku i štovati njega.
11:09
The Hebrew writers
270
669260
2000
Hebrejski pisci
11:11
in the Old Testament,
271
671260
2000
u Starom zavjetu,
11:13
you will not be surprised to learn,
272
673260
3000
nećete se iznenaditi,
11:16
take a rather different view of this.
273
676260
2000
imaju malo drukčije gledište.
11:18
For them, of course, it can't possibly by Marduk
274
678260
2000
U njihovim očima, naravno, nema šanse da je Marduk
11:20
that made all this happen.
275
680260
2000
taj po kome se sve to dogodilo.
11:22
It can only be Jehovah.
276
682260
2000
Mora se raditi o Jahvi.
11:24
And so in Isaiah,
277
684260
2000
Tako u Izaiji
11:26
we have the wonderful texts
278
686260
2000
imamo prekrasne tekstove
11:28
giving all the credit of this,
279
688260
2000
u kojima se za to zahvaljuje
11:30
not to Marduk
280
690260
1000
ne Marduku
11:31
but to the Lord God of Israel --
281
691260
3000
nego Bogu Izraelovom --
11:34
the Lord God of Israel
282
694260
2000
Bogu Izraelovom,
11:36
who also called Cyrus by name,
283
696260
2000
koji je također pozvao Kira po imenu,
11:38
also takes Cyrus by the hand
284
698260
3000
također ga uzeo za ruku
11:41
and talks of him shepherding his people.
285
701260
2000
i pozvao ga da bude pastir njegovom narodu.
11:43
It's a remarkable example
286
703260
2000
Sjajan je to primjer
11:45
of two different priestly appropriations of the same event,
287
705260
4000
kako dvije različite vjerske tradicije tumače isti događaj,
11:49
two different religious takeovers
288
709260
2000
prisvajaju i usvajaju
11:51
of a political fact.
289
711260
2000
političke činjenice.
11:53
God, we know,
290
713260
2000
Kao što znamo, Bog je
11:55
is usually on the side of the big battalions.
291
715260
2000
obično na strani pobjedničkih četa.
11:57
The question is, which god was it?
292
717260
3000
Pitanje je samo, koji je bog u pitanju?
12:00
And the debate unsettles
293
720260
2000
Ta debata zaokuplja
12:02
everybody in the 19th century
294
722260
2000
društvo devetnaestog stoljeća,
12:04
to realize that the Hebrew scriptures
295
724260
2000
koje spoznaje da su hebrejska pisma
12:06
are part of a much wider world of religion.
296
726260
3000
dio mnogo šireg vjerskog kontinuuma.
12:09
And it's quite clear
297
729260
2000
Također je nedvojbeno
12:11
the cylinder is older than the text of Isaiah,
298
731260
3000
da je cilindar stariji od Izaijinog teksta,
12:14
and yet, Jehovah is speaking
299
734260
2000
a ipak, Jahve progovara
12:16
in words very similar
300
736260
2000
riječima veoma sličnim
12:18
to those used by Marduk.
301
738260
2000
Mardukovima.
12:20
And there's a slight sense that Isaiah knows this,
302
740260
3000
Stječe se dojam da je Izaija sam toga svjestan
12:23
because he says,
303
743260
2000
jer kaže --
12:25
this is God speaking, of course,
304
745260
3000
ovdje je naravno govornik Bog --
12:28
"I have called thee by thy name
305
748260
2000
"Po imenu ja te pozvah,
12:30
though thou hast not known me."
306
750260
2000
imenovah te premda me znao nisi." (Iz 45:4)
12:32
I think it's recognized
307
752260
2000
Mislim da se priznaje
12:34
that Cyrus doesn't realize
308
754260
2000
kako Kir nije svjestan
12:36
that he's acting under orders from Jehovah.
309
756260
3000
da djeluje po Jahvinim naredbama
12:39
And equally, he'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from Marduk.
310
759260
3000
No, Kira bi isto tako iznenadilo i da je znao da djeluje po Mardukovim nalozima.
12:42
Because interestingly, of course,
311
762260
2000
Jer, naravno,
12:44
Cyrus is a good Iranian
312
764260
2000
Kir je dobar Perzijanac
12:46
with a totally different set of gods
313
766260
2000
s potpuno drugim skupom božanstava
12:48
who are not mentioned in any of these texts.
314
768260
2000
koja se ne spominju ni u jednom od ova dva teksta.
12:50
(Laughter)
315
770260
2000
(Smijeh)
12:52
That's 1879.
316
772260
2000
To je bilo 1879. godine.
12:54
40 years on
317
774260
2000
Četrdeset godina kasnije,
12:56
and we're in 1917,
318
776260
3000
eto nas u 1917. godini,
12:59
and the cylinder enters a different world.
319
779260
2000
kada cilindar ulazi u sasvim novi svijet.
13:01
This time, the real politics
320
781260
2000
Ovaj put, svijet stvarne politike
13:03
of the contemporary world --
321
783260
2000
suvremenog svijeta.
13:05
the year of the Balfour Declaration,
322
785260
3000
Godina je Balfourove deklaracije,
13:08
the year when the new imperial power in the Middle East, Britain,
323
788260
3000
godina kad nova imperijalna sila na Bliskom istoku, Britanija,
13:11
decides that it will declare
324
791260
2000
odlučuje da će objaviti
13:13
a Jewish national home,
325
793260
2000
da je područje tadašnje Palestine dom židovskog naroda
13:15
it will allow
326
795260
2000
i da će dozvolliti
13:17
the Jews to return.
327
797260
2000
Židovima povratak na to područje.
13:19
And the response to this
328
799260
2000
Odgovor na ovo
13:21
by the Jewish population in Eastern Europe is rhapsodic.
329
801260
3000
kod židovske populacije Istočne Europe ekstatičan je.
13:24
And across Eastern Europe,
330
804260
2000
Diljem Istočne Europe
13:26
Jews display pictures of Cyrus
331
806260
2000
Židovi vješaju Kirove slike
13:28
and of George V
332
808260
2000
i slike Georgea V.
13:30
side by side --
333
810260
2000
jednu uz drugu.
13:32
the two great rulers
334
812260
2000
To su dva velika vladara
13:34
who have allowed the return to Jerusalem.
335
814260
3000
koja su dozvolila povratak u Jeruzalem.
13:37
And the Cyrus cylinder comes back into public view
336
817260
3000
Kirov cilindar tako se opet vraća u žižu javnog interesa,
13:40
and the text of this
337
820260
2000
a tekst koji je na njemu napisan
13:42
as a demonstration of why what is going to happen
338
822260
3000
uzima se kao dokaz da je ono što će uslijediti
13:45
after the war is over in 1918
339
825260
3000
nakon završetka rata 1918. godine
13:48
is part of a divine plan.
340
828260
3000
dio božanskog plana.
13:51
You all know what happened.
341
831260
2000
Svi znate što se zatim dogodilo.
13:53
The state of Israel is setup,
342
833260
3000
Udareni su temelji države Izrael,
13:56
and 50 years later, in the late 60s,
343
836260
3000
a pedeset godina nakon toga, krajem 60-ih,
13:59
it's clear that Britain's role as the imperial power is over.
344
839260
3000
postaje jasno da je uloga Britanije kao imperijalne sile gotova.
14:02
And another story of the cylinder begins.
345
842260
3000
Tako počinje još jedna priča o Kirovom cilindru.
14:05
The region, the U.K. and the U.S. decide,
346
845260
2000
SAD i Britanija odlučuju da se bliskoistočnu regiju
14:07
has to be kept safe from communism,
347
847260
3000
mora biti sačuvati od komunizma
14:10
and the superpower that will be created to do this
348
850260
3000
pa stvaraju novu supersilu da to postignu.
14:13
would be Iran, the Shah.
349
853260
2000
Ta će sila biti Iran, odnosno šah.
14:15
And so the Shah invents an Iranian history,
350
855260
3000
Šah će tako izmisliti iransku povijest,
14:18
or a return to Iranian history,
351
858260
2000
odnosno povratak iranskoj povijesti
14:20
that puts him in the center of a great tradition
352
860260
3000
koja njega stavlja u središte jedne velike tradicije.
14:23
and produces coins
353
863260
2000
Dat će iskovati novčiće
14:25
showing himself
354
865260
2000
na kojima je prikazan
14:27
with the Cyrus cylinder.
355
867260
2000
s Kirovim cilindrom.
14:29
When he has his great celebrations in Persepolis,
356
869260
3000
Organizirat će veliku proslavu u Perzepolisu
14:32
he summons the cylinder
357
872260
2000
i za nju će zatražiti Kirov cilindar,
14:34
and the cylinder is lent by the British Museum, goes to Tehran,
358
874260
3000
koji će biti posuđen iz Britanskog muzeja i poslan u Teheran,
14:37
and is part of those great celebrations
359
877260
2000
gdje će postati dio velikih manifestacija,
14:39
of the Pahlavi dynasty.
360
879260
3000
slavlja dinastije Pahlavi.
14:42
Cyrus cylinder: guarantor of the Shah.
361
882260
3000
Kirov cilindar - šahovo jamstvo.
14:45
10 years later, another story:
362
885260
3000
Deset godina kasnije, nova priča:
14:48
Iranian Revolution, 1979.
363
888260
2000
iranska revolucija 1979. godine,
14:50
Islamic revolution, no more Cyrus;
364
890260
2000
islamska revolucija, nema više Kira;
14:52
we're not interested in that history,
365
892260
2000
ta nas povijest ne zanima,
14:54
we're interested in Islamic Iran --
366
894260
3000
zanima nas islamski Iran
14:57
until Iraq,
367
897260
2000
sve dok Irak,
14:59
the new superpower that we've all decided should be in the region,
368
899260
3000
nova supersila koju smo postavili u regiji
15:02
attacks.
369
902260
2000
ne napadne.
15:04
Then another Iran-Iraq war.
370
904260
2000
Slijedi još jedan iransko-irački rat,
15:06
And it becomes critical for the Iranians
371
906260
2000
a za Irance postaje nužnost
15:08
to remember their great past,
372
908260
3000
sjećati se svoje slavne prošlosti
15:11
their great past
373
911260
2000
slavne prošlosti u kojoj su se
15:13
when they fought Iraq and won.
374
913260
3000
Iranci borili protiv Iraka i pobijedili.
15:16
It becomes critical to find a symbol
375
916260
2000
Postaje im neophodno pronaći simbol
15:18
that will pull together all Iranians --
376
918260
3000
koji će ujediniti Irance,
15:21
Muslims and non-Muslims,
377
921260
2000
muslimane kao i nemuslimane,
15:23
Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews living in Iran,
378
923260
3000
kršćane, zoroastrijance, Židove koji žive u Iranu,
15:26
people who are devout, not devout.
379
926260
2000
vjernike, kao i one koji to nisu.
15:28
And the obvious emblem is Cyrus.
380
928260
3000
Očiti simbol je Kir.
15:31
So when the British Museum and Tehran National Musuem
381
931260
3000
Tako, kad su Britanski muzej i Nacionalni muzej u Teheranu
15:34
cooperate and work together, as we've been doing,
382
934260
2000
započeli suradnju,
15:36
the Iranians ask for one thing only
383
936260
2000
Iranci su zatražili samo jednu stvar
15:38
as a loan.
384
938260
2000
na posudbu
15:40
It's the only object they want.
385
940260
2000
Jedini predmet koji su željeli na posudbu
15:42
They want to borrow the Cyrus cylinder.
386
942260
2000
bio je upravo Kirov cilindar.
15:44
And last year,
387
944260
2000
Tako se prošle godine
15:46
the Cyrus cylinder went to Tehran
388
946260
4000
Kirov cilindar vratio u Teheran
15:50
for the second time.
389
950260
3000
drugi put u svojoj povijesti.
15:53
It's shown being presented here, put into its case
390
953260
3000
Na ovoj slici vidimo kako ga u vitrinu polaže
15:56
by the director of the National Museum of Tehran,
391
956260
3000
ravnateljica Nacionalnog muzeja u Teheranu,
15:59
one of the many women in Iran in very senior positions,
392
959260
3000
jedna od mnogih žena u Iranu koje drže rukovodeće pozicije,
16:02
Mrs. Ardakani.
393
962260
2000
gđa Ardakani.
16:04
It was a huge event.
394
964260
2000
Bio je to događaj od iznimne važnosti.
16:06
This is the other side of that same picture.
395
966260
3000
Ovo je slika istog tog događaja, ali s druge strane.
16:09
It's seen in Tehran
396
969260
3000
U Teheranu je cilindar obišlo
16:12
by between one and two million people
397
972260
2000
između milijun i dva milijuna ljudi
16:14
in the space of a few months.
398
974260
2000
u razdoblju od nekoliko mjeseci.
16:16
This is beyond any blockbuster exhibition
399
976260
2000
S time se ne mogu mjeriti ni najposjećenije izložbe
16:18
in the West.
400
978260
2000
na Zapadu.
16:20
And it's the subject of a huge debate
401
980260
3000
Povele su se mnoge rasprave
16:23
about what this cylinder means, what Cyrus means,
402
983260
3000
o značaju tog cilindra, o Kirovom značaju
16:26
but above all, Cyrus as articulated through this cylinder --
403
986260
3000
no najviše od svega, o Kiru kakav je opisan na ovom cilindru:
16:29
Cyrus as the defender of the homeland,
404
989260
3000
Kiru, branitelju domovine
16:32
the champion, of course, of Iranian identity
405
992260
2000
Kiru, prvaku iranskog identiteta
16:34
and of the Iranian peoples,
406
994260
2000
i iranskih naroda,
16:36
tolerant of all faiths.
407
996260
2000
Kiru koji je tolerirao sve vjere.
16:38
And in the current Iran,
408
998260
2000
U suvremenom Iranu
16:40
Zoroastrians and Christians have guaranteed places
409
1000260
3000
zoroastrijancima i kršćanima zajamčena su mjesta
16:43
in the Iranian parliament, something to be very, very proud of.
410
1003260
3000
u iranskom parlamentu, što je izvor silnog ponosa.
16:46
To see this object in Tehran,
411
1006260
3000
Samo da bi vidjeli ovaj predmet,
16:49
thousands of Jews living in Iran
412
1009260
2000
tisuće iranskih Židova
16:51
came to Tehran to see it.
413
1011260
2000
dolazile su u Teheran.
16:53
It became a great emblem,
414
1013260
2000
Postao je snažan simbol,
16:55
a great subject of debate
415
1015260
2000
predmet rasprave
16:57
about what Iran is at home and abroad.
416
1017260
3000
o tome što Iran predstavlja u domovini i svijetu.
17:00
Is Iran still to be the defender of the oppressed?
417
1020260
3000
Treba li Iran i dalje biti branitelj potlačenih?
17:03
Will Iran set free the people
418
1023260
2000
Hoće li Iran osloboditi narode koje su
17:05
that the tyrants have enslaved and expropriated?
419
1025260
3000
tirani porobili i prognali?
17:08
This is heady national rhetoric,
420
1028260
3000
To je opojna nacionalna retorika
17:11
and it was all put together
421
1031260
2000
koja je stvorena
17:13
in a great pageant
422
1033260
2000
u sklopu parade
17:15
launching the return.
423
1035260
2000
povodom povratka Kirovog cilindra u domovinu.
17:17
Here you see this out-sized Cyrus cylinder on the stage
424
1037260
3000
Ovdje vidite uvećanu repliku Kirovog cilindra na pozornici
17:20
with great figures from Iranian history
425
1040260
3000
s velikim ličnostima iz iranske povijesti
17:23
gathering to take their place
426
1043260
2000
okupljenima kako bi zauzele svoje mjesto
17:25
in the heritage of Iran.
427
1045260
3000
u iranskoj baštini.
17:28
It was a narrative presented
428
1048260
2000
Taj je narativ predstavio
17:30
by the president himself.
429
1050260
3000
sam iranski predsjednik
17:33
And for me,
430
1053260
2000
Za mene je prilika
17:35
to take this object to Iran,
431
1055260
2000
da odnesem ovaj predmet u Iran,
17:37
to be allowed to take this object to Iran
432
1057260
2000
da mi bude dozvoljeno da ga onamo odnesem
17:39
was to be allowed to be part
433
1059260
2000
značila priliku da sudjelujem
17:41
of an extraordinary debate
434
1061260
2000
u jednoj izuzetnoj raspravi
17:43
led at the highest levels
435
1063260
2000
koja je vođena na najvišim razinama
17:45
about what Iran is,
436
1065260
2000
o tome što Iran jest,
17:47
what different Irans there are
437
1067260
3000
koje sve "verzije" Irana postoje
17:50
and how the different histories of Iran
438
1070260
2000
i na koji način različite povijesti Irana
17:52
might shape the world today.
439
1072260
3000
mogu oblikovati današnji svijet.
17:55
It's a debate that's still continuing,
440
1075260
3000
Ta rasprava još uvijek traje,
17:58
and it will continue to rumble,
441
1078260
2000
a nastavit će se i dalje
18:00
because this object
442
1080260
2000
jer ovaj predmet
18:02
is one of the great declarations
443
1082260
2000
predstavlja jedan od velikih izraza
18:04
of a human aspiration.
444
1084260
2000
ljudskih nastojanja.
18:06
It stands with the American constitution.
445
1086260
4000
Stoji uz bok američkom ustavu,
18:10
It certainly says far more about real freedoms
446
1090260
3000
a svakako govori više o stvarnim slobodama
18:13
than Magna Carta.
447
1093260
2000
nego Magna Carta.
18:15
It is a document that can mean so many things,
448
1095260
3000
Radi se o dokumentu koji može značiti toliko toga
18:18
for Iran and for the region.
449
1098260
3000
za Iran i za cijelu regiju.
18:21
A replica of this
450
1101260
2000
Replika ovog predmeta
18:23
is at the United Nations.
451
1103260
2000
nalazi se u Ujedinjenim narodima.
18:25
In New York this autumn, it will be present
452
1105260
3000
Bit će ondje, u New Yorku, ove jeseni
18:28
when the great debates
453
1108260
2000
kad se budu vodile velike rasprave
18:30
about the future of the Middle East take place.
454
1110260
3000
o budućnosti Bliskog istoka.
18:33
And I want to finish by asking you
455
1113260
2000
Želio bih završiti s pitanjem
18:35
what the next story will be
456
1115260
2000
koja će biti sljedeća priča
18:37
in which this object figures.
457
1117260
2000
u kojoj će ovaj predmet odigrati ulogu?
18:39
It will appear, certainly,
458
1119260
2000
Zasigurno će se pojaviti
18:41
in many more Middle Eastern stories.
459
1121260
2000
u središtu još mnogih priča o Bliskom istoku.
18:43
And what story of the Middle East,
460
1123260
2000
Koju to priču o Bliskom istoku,
18:45
what story of the world,
461
1125260
2000
koju to priču o svijetu
18:47
do you want to see
462
1127260
2000
želite vidjeti
18:49
reflecting what is said,
463
1129260
2000
kako odražava ono što je napisano
18:51
what is expressed in this cylinder?
464
1131260
2000
i izraženo na ovom cilindru?
18:53
The right of peoples
465
1133260
2000
Prava naroda
18:55
to live together in the same state,
466
1135260
2000
na suživot u istoj državi,
18:57
worshiping differently, freely --
467
1137260
2000
na slobodno prakticiranje različitih vjeroispovijesti,
18:59
a Middle East, a world,
468
1139260
2000
jedan Bliski istok, a i svijet
19:01
in which religion is not the subject of division
469
1141260
2000
u kojem religija nije uzrok podjela
19:03
or of debate.
470
1143260
3000
ni predmet rasprave?
19:06
In the world of the Middle East at the moment,
471
1146260
3000
U svijetu Bliskog istoka danas
19:09
the debates are, as you know, shrill.
472
1149260
3000
kao što znate, rasprave su oštre,
19:12
But I think it's possible
473
1152260
2000
No, vjerujem da je moguće
19:14
that the most powerful and the wisest voice of all of them
474
1154260
4000
da je najmoćniji i najmudriji glas koji se u njima čuje
19:18
may well be the voice
475
1158260
2000
možda upravo glas
19:20
of this mute thing,
476
1160260
2000
ovog nijemog predmeta,
19:22
the Cyrus cylinder.
477
1162260
2000
Kirovog cilindra.
19:24
Thank you.
478
1164260
2000
Hvala.
19:26
(Applause)
479
1166260
4000
(Pljesak)
O ovoj web stranici

Ova stranica će vas upoznati s YouTube videozapisima koji su korisni za učenje engleskog jezika. Vidjet ćete lekcije engleskog koje vode vrhunski profesori iz cijelog svijeta. Dvaput kliknite na engleske titlove prikazane na svakoj video stranici da biste reproducirali video s tog mjesta. Titlovi se pomiču sinkronizirano s reprodukcijom videozapisa. Ako imate bilo kakvih komentara ili zahtjeva, obratite nam se putem ovog obrasca za kontakt.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7