Neil MacGregor: 2600 years of history in one object

211,930 views ใƒป 2012-02-20

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Eran Givoni ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
The things we make
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ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื
00:17
have one supreme quality --
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืชื›ื•ื ื” ืขืœื™ื•ื ื” ืื—ืช --
00:20
they live longer than us.
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ื”ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื•.
00:22
We perish, they survive;
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ืื ื• ืžืชื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื•ืจื“ื™ื.
00:24
we have one life, they have many lives,
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ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื ืื—ืช, ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื•ืช,
00:27
and in each life they can mean different things.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื—ื™ื™ื, ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
00:30
Which means that, while we all have one biography,
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ืžื” ืฉืื•ืžืจ ืฉื‘ืขื•ื“ ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืื—ืช,
00:33
they have many.
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ืœื”ื ื™ืฉ ืจื‘ื•ืช.
00:35
I want this morning to talk
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ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ
00:37
about the story, the biography -- or rather the biographies --
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ืขืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ, ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” - ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื•ืช -
00:40
of one particular object,
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ืฉืœ ื—ืคืฅ ืžืกื•ื™ื,
00:43
one remarkable thing.
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ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
00:45
It doesn't, I agree,
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ืื ื™ ืžืกื›ื™ื
00:47
look very much.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื ืจืื” ืžืฉื”ื•.
00:49
It's about the size of a rugby ball.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืจื•ื’ื‘ื™.
00:52
It's made of clay,
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ืขืฉื•ื™ ืžื—ื™ืžืจ,
00:54
and it's been fashioned
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฆื‘
00:56
into a cylinder shape,
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ื‘ืฆื•ืจืช ื’ืœื™ืœ
00:59
covered with close writing
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ื›ื•ืกื” ื‘ื›ืชื‘ ืฆืคื•ืฃ
01:01
and then baked dry in the sun.
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ื•ืื– ื ืืคื” ื‘ืฉืžืฉ ืขื“ ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ื‘ืฉ.
01:04
And as you can see,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช,
01:06
it's been knocked about a bit,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ืจ ื›ืžื” ื˜ืœื˜ืœื•ืช,
01:08
which is not surprising
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ืžื” ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืคืชื™ืข,
01:10
because it was made two and a half thousand years ago
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืœืคื ื™ 2,500 ืฉื ื”
01:13
and was dug up
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ื•ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื—ืคื™ืจื•ืช
01:15
in 1879.
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ื‘-1879.
01:17
But today,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
01:19
this thing is, I believe,
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื–ื”
01:21
a major player
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ืงืŸ ืจืืฉื™
01:23
in the politics of the Middle East.
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ื‘ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
01:25
And it's an object
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื—ืคืฅ
01:27
with fascinating stories
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ืขื ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืžืจืชืงื™ื
01:29
and stories that are by no means over yet.
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ื•ื›ืืœื” ืฉืœื ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ืœืกื™ื•ืžื.
01:33
The story begins
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ
01:35
in the Iran-Iraq war
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ื‘ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ืจืŸ-ืขื™ืจืง
01:39
and that series of events
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืขื™ื
01:41
that culminated
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ืฉืฉื™ืื”
01:43
in the invasion of Iraq
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ื‘ืคืœื™ืฉื” ืœืขื™ืจืง
01:45
by foreign forces,
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ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื–ืจื™ื,
01:47
the removal of a despotic ruler
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ื”ืกืจืชื• ืžื›ื— ืฉืœ ืขืจื™ืฅ
01:49
and instant regime change.
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ื•ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ืžื™ื™ื“ื™.
01:52
And I want to begin
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ
01:54
with one episode from that sequence of events
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ื‘ืคืจืง ืื—ื“ ืžืื•ืชื• ืจืฆืฃ ืืจื•ืขื™ื
01:56
that most of you would be very familiar with,
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ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื™ืฉืžืข ืžื•ื›ืจ,
01:59
Belshazzar's feast --
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ืžืฉืชื” ื‘ืœืฉืืฆืจ -
02:01
because we're talking about the Iran-Iraq war
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ืจืŸ-ืขื™ืจืง
02:03
of 539 BC.
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ื‘ืฉื ืช 539 ืœืคื ื”"ืก.
02:06
And the parallels
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ื•ื”ื”ืงื‘ืœื•ืช
02:08
between the events
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื
02:10
of 539 BC and 2003 and in between
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ื–ื” ื‘-539 ืœืคื ื”"ืก ื•ื–ื” ื‘-2003
02:13
are startling.
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ื”ื ืžื‘ื”ื™ืœื™ื.
02:15
What you're looking at is Rembrandt's painting,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื–ื” ืฆื™ื•ืจื• ืฉืœ ืจืžื‘ืจื ื“ื˜,
02:17
now in the National Gallery in London,
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ืฉืžื•ืฆื’ ื›ื™ื•ื ื‘ื’ืœืจื™ื™ื” ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ื‘ืœื•ื ื“ื•ืŸ,
02:19
illustrating the text from the prophet Daniel
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ื•ืžืžื—ื™ืฉ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื‘ื™ื ื“ื ื™ืืœ
02:21
in the Hebrew scriptures.
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ื‘ืชื "ืš.
02:24
And you all know roughly the story.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:26
Belshazzar, the son of Nebuchadnezzar,
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ื‘ืœืฉืืฆืจ, ื‘ื ื• ืฉืœ ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ,
02:29
Nebuchadnezzar who'd conquered Israel, sacked Jerusalem
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ืื•ืชื• ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ, ื‘ื–ื– ืืช ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื,
02:32
and captured the people
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ืฉื‘ื” ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื”
02:34
and taken the Jews back to Babylon.
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ื•ื”ื’ืœื” ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื‘ืœ.
02:36
Not only the Jews, he'd taken the temple vessels.
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ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”, ื’ื ืœืงื— ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
02:39
He'd ransacked, desecrated the temple.
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื–ื–, ื—ื™ืœืœ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
02:42
And the great gold vessels of the temple in Jerusalem
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ื•ื›ืœื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘ ืžื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
02:45
had been taken to Babylon.
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ื ืœืงื—ื• ืœื‘ื‘ืœ.
02:48
Belshazzar, his son,
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ื‘ืœืฉืืฆืจ, ื‘ื ื•,
02:50
decides to have a feast.
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ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืœืขืจื•ืš ืžืฉืชื”.
02:52
And in order to make it even more exciting,
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ื•ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืจืชืง,
02:54
he added a bit of sacrilege to the rest of the fun,
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืžืขื˜ ื—ื™ืœื•ืœ ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืœืฉืืจ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื”,
02:57
and he brings out the temple vessels.
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
03:00
He's already at war with the Iranians,
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ื”ื•ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืœื—ืžื” ืขื ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ื,
03:03
with the king of Persia.
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ืขื ืžืœืš ืคืจืก.
03:05
And that night, Daniel tells us,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”, ืžืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ื“ื ื™ืืœ,
03:08
at the height of the festivities
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ื‘ืฉื™ืืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช
03:10
a hand appeared and wrote on the wall,
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ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื” ื™ื“ ื•ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ,
03:13
"You are weighed in the balance and found wanting,
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"ืขืจื›ืš ื ืฉืงืœ ื•ื ืžืฆื ื—ืกืจ,
03:16
and your kingdom is handed over
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ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืชืš ื ืžืกืจืช
03:18
to the Medes and the Persians."
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ืœืžื“ื™ื™ื ื•ืœืคืจืกื™ื."
03:20
And that very night
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืขืจื‘
03:22
Cyrus, king of the Persians, entered Babylon
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ื›ื•ืจืฉ, ืžืœืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ื, ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื‘ืœ
03:26
and the whole regime of Belshazzar fell.
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ื•ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืœืฉืืฆืจ ื ืคืœ.
03:31
It is, of course, a great moment
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ื•ื–ื”ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืจื’ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ
03:33
in the history
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”
03:35
of the Jewish people.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™.
03:37
It's a great story. It's story we all know.
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ื–ื”ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžืฆื•ื™ื™ืŸ. ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื.
03:39
"The writing on the wall"
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"ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืขืœ ื”ืงื™ืจ"
03:41
is part of our everyday language.
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ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ืžืฉืคืช ื”ื™ื•ื-ื™ื•ื ืฉืœื ื•.
03:44
What happened next
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื” ืื—"ื›
03:46
was remarkable,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
03:48
and it's where our cylinder
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ื•ื›ืืŸ ื ื›ื ืก ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
03:50
enters the story.
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ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
03:52
Cyrus, king of the Persians,
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ื›ื•ืจืฉ, ืžืœืš ื”ืคืจืกื™ื,
03:54
has entered Babylon without a fight --
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ื ื›ื ืก ืœื‘ื‘ืœ ืœืœื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช --
03:56
the great empire of Babylon,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื‘ืœ,
03:58
which ran from central southern Iraq
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ืฉื”ืฉืชืจืขื” ืžืžืจื›ื– ืžืขืจื‘ ืขื™ืจืง
04:00
to the Mediterranean,
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ืขื“ ืœื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
04:02
falls to Cyrus.
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ื ืคืœื” ืœืจื’ืœื™ ื›ื•ืจืฉ.
04:04
And Cyrus makes a declaration.
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ื•ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžื•ืฆื™ื ื”ืฆื”ืจื”.
04:08
And that is what this cylinder is,
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ,
04:11
the declaration made by the ruler guided by God
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ื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืฉื ืขืฉืชื” ืข"ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื” ืข"ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื
04:14
who had toppled the Iraqi despot
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ืฉื”ืคื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืจื•ื“ืŸ ื”ืขื™ืจืงื™
04:18
and was going to bring freedom to the people.
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ื•ืฉื”ืœืš ืœื”ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื.
04:20
In ringing Babylonian --
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ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืžื—ืฉืžืœืช --
04:22
it was written in Babylonian --
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ืฉื›ืŸ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช --
04:24
he says, "I am Cyrus, king of all the universe,
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ืื ื•ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžืœืš ื”ื™ืงื•ื,
04:27
the great king, the powerful king,
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ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืขื–,
04:29
king of Babylon, king of the four quarters of the world."
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ืžืœืš ื‘ื‘ืœ, ืžืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ."
04:33
They're not shy of hyperbole as you can see.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืชื‘ื™ื™ืฉ ืžืœื”ื’ื–ื™ื ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื.
04:36
This is probably
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ื–ื”ื• ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”
04:38
the first real press release
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ื”ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ืœืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
04:40
by a victorious army
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ืฉืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจืช ืข"ื™ ืฆื‘ื ืžื ืฆื—
04:42
that we've got.
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ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื ื•.
04:44
And it's written, as we'll see in due course,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื›ืชื•ื‘ื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ืจืื” ืžื™ื™ื“,
04:46
by very skilled P.R. consultants.
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ืข"ื™ ื™ื—ืฆ"ื ื™ื ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
04:49
So the hyperbole is not actually surprising.
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ืื– ื”ื”ื’ื–ืžื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืžืฉ ืžืคืชื™ืขื”.
04:52
And what is the great king, the powerful king,
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื•ืœืš ื”ืžืœืš ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ, ื”ืžืœืš ื”ืขื–,
04:54
the king of the four quarters of the world going to do?
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ืžืœืš ืืจื‘ืข ื›ื ืคื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ, ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
04:57
He goes on to say that, having conquered Babylon,
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ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœืื—ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื‘ืœ
05:00
he will at once let all the peoples
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื
05:03
that the Babylonians -- Nebuchadnezzar and Belshazzar --
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ืฉื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื - ื ื‘ื•ื›ื“ื ืืฆืจ ื•ื‘ืœืฉืืฆืจ -
05:05
have captured and enslaved
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ื›ื‘ืฉื• ื•ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืขื‘ื“ื™ื
05:07
go free.
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ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
05:09
He'll let them return to their countries.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืฉื” ืœื”ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจืฆื•ืชื™ื”ื.
05:11
And more important,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื›ืš,
05:13
he will let them all recover
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืชื™ืจ ืœื”ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”
05:15
the gods, the statues,
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ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื, ืืช ืคืกืœื™ื”ื,
05:17
the temple vessels
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ืืช ื›ืœื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืฉืœื”ื
05:19
that had been confiscated.
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ืฉื”ื•ื—ืจืžื•.
05:21
All the peoples that the Babylonians had repressed and removed
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ื›ืœ ืื•ืชื ืขืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ื ื“ื™ื›ืื• ื•ื”ื’ืœื•
05:24
will go home,
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ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื• ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”,
05:26
and they'll take with them their gods.
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ื•ื™ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืื™ืชื.
05:29
And they'll be able to restore their altars
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ื•ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ืžืงื“ืฉื™ื”ื
05:32
and to worship their gods
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ืœืกื’ื•ื“ ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
05:34
in their own way, in their own place.
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ื‘ื“ืจื›ื ืฉืœื”ื, ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:37
This is the decree,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆื•,
05:39
this object is the evidence
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ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
05:42
for the fact that the Jews,
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ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื,
05:44
after the exile in Babylon,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื’ืœื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ,
05:46
the years they'd spent sitting by the waters of Babylon,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื›ืœ ืื•ืชืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉื‘ื• ืœื™ื“ ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ื‘ืœ,
05:49
weeping when they remembered Jerusalem,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื›ื™ื ืืช ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื,
05:52
those Jews were allowed to go home.
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ืื•ืชื ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื‘ื™ืชื.
05:55
They were allowed to return to Jerusalem
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืจืฉื• ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื
05:57
and to rebuild the temple.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ.
05:59
It's a central document
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืžืš ืžืจื›ื–ื™
06:01
in Jewish history.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช.
06:03
And the Book of Chronicles, the Book of Ezra in the Hebrew scriptures
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจื™ ื”ื™ืžื™ื ื‘' ื•ื‘ืกืคืจ ืขื–ืจื
06:07
reported in ringing terms.
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ืžืกืคืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฆื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืจื’ืฉืช.
06:09
This is the Jewish version
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช
06:11
of the same story.
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ืœืื•ืชื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
06:13
"Thus said Cyrus, king of Persia,
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"ื›ื” ืืžืจ ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžืœืš ืคืจืก.
06:15
'All the kingdoms of the earth have the Lord God of heaven given thee,
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ื›ืœ ืžืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื”' ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื”ืฉืžื™ื,
06:18
and he has charged me
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคืงื“ ืขืœื™
06:20
to build him a house in Jerusalem.
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ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืœื• ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”.
06:22
Who is there among you of his people?
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ืžื™ ื‘ื›ื ืžื›ืœ ืขืžื•
06:24
The Lord God be with him,
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ื™ื”ื™ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื• ืขืžื•,
06:26
and let him go up.'"
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ื•ื™ืขืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืฉืœื™ื ืืฉืจ ื‘ื™ื”ื•ื“ื”."
06:29
"Go up" -- aaleh.
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"ื•ื™ืขืœ" - ืขืœื™ื”.
06:31
The central element, still,
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ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™
06:34
of the notion of return,
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื‘ื”,
06:36
a central part
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ื—ืœืง ืžืจื›ื–ื™
06:38
of the life of Judaism.
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ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื™ื.
06:40
As you all know, that return from exile,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืื•ืชื” ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžื’ืœื•ืช,
06:42
the second temple,
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ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืงื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื ื™,
06:44
reshaped Judaism.
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ืขื™ืฆื‘ื• ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช.
06:46
And that change,
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ื•ืื•ืชื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™,
06:48
that great historic moment,
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ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™,
06:50
was made possible by Cyrus, the king of Persia,
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ื”ืชืืคืฉืจ ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ืจืฉ, ืžืœืš ืคืจืก,
06:54
reported for us in Hebrew in scripture
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ื›ืš ืžื“ื•ื•ื— ืœื ื• ื‘ืชื "ืš
06:57
and in Babylonian in clay.
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ื•ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ื—ืจื•ื˜ื” ืขืœ ื—ื™ืžืจ.
07:00
Two great texts,
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ืฉื ื™ ื˜ืงืกื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื,
07:02
what about the politics?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืขื ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื”?
07:04
What was going on
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ืžื” ืฉืงืจื”
07:06
was the fundamental shift in Middle Eastern history.
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ื”ื™ื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ื™ ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:09
The empire of Iran, the Medes and the Persians,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ืช, ืžื“ื™ ื•ื”ืคืจืกื™ื,
07:12
united under Cyrus,
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ืžืื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจืฉ,
07:14
became the first great world empire.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ืขื•ืœืžื™ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
07:18
Cyrus begins in the 530s BC.
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ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘- 530 ืœืคื ื”"ืก.
07:21
And by the time of his son Darius,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ืฉืœื˜ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื• ื“ืจื•ื•ื™ืฉ,
07:25
the whole of the eastern Mediterranean
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ื›ืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืื’ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ
07:28
is under Persian control.
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ื”ื™ื” ืชื—ืช ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืคืจืกื™ืช
07:30
This empire is, in fact,
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ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืฉื”
07:32
the Middle East as we now know it,
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ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
07:34
and it's what shapes the Middle East as we now know it.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ืžื” ืฉืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืžืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
07:37
It was the largest empire the world had known until then.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืชื” ื™ื“ืข ื”ืขื•ืœื ืขื“ ืื–.
07:39
Much more important,
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื–ื”,
07:41
it was the first
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
07:43
multicultural, multifaith state
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ืจื‘-ืืžื•ื ืชื™ืช ื‘ืืžืช
07:45
on a huge scale.
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ื‘ืงื ื” ืžื™ื“ื” ืขืฆื•ื.
07:47
And it had to be run in a quite new way.
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ื•ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื ื”ืœ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ื—ื“ืฉื” ืœื’ืžืจื™.
07:49
It had to be run in different languages.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ืชื ื”ืœ ื‘ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
07:51
The fact that this decree is in Babylonian says one thing.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ืฆื• ื ื›ืชื‘ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ืื•ืžืจืช ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“.
07:54
And it had to recognize their different habits,
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื ื”ื’ื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื,
07:56
different peoples, different religions, different faiths.
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ืขืžื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื, ื“ืชื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช. ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
07:59
All of those are respected by Cyrus.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื›ื•ื‘ื“ื• ืข"ื™ ื›ื•ืจืฉ.
08:02
Cyrus sets up a model
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ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžืžืฆื™ื ืžื•ื“ืœ
08:04
of how you run
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื”
08:06
a great multinational, multifaith, multicultural society.
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ืจื‘-ืœืื•ืžื™ืช, ืจื‘ ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื•ื‘ืขืœืช ื“ืชื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
08:11
And the result of that
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ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื–ื”
08:13
was an empire that included the areas you see on the screen,
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ืฉื›ืœืœื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืกืš,
08:16
and which survived for 200 years of stability
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ื•ืฉืฉืจื“ื” 200 ืฉื ื•ืช ื™ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืช
08:19
until it was shattered by Alexander.
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ืขื“ ืฉื ื•ืคืฆื” ืข"ื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื•ืŸ.
08:22
It left a dream of the Middle East as a unit,
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืื—ืจื™ื” ื—ืœื•ื ืฉืœ ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ื“,
08:24
and a unit where people of different faiths
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ืื™ื—ื•ื“ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
08:26
could live together.
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ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
08:28
The Greek invasions ended that.
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ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืื” ืกื•ืฃ ืœืชืงื•ืคื” ื–ื•.
08:30
And of course, Alexander couldn't sustain a government
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ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ืœื ื™ื›ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ืžืžืฉืœืชื•,
08:33
and it fragmented.
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืคืจืงื”.
08:35
But what Cyrus represented
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ืืš ืžื” ืฉื›ื•ืจืฉ ื™ื™ืฆื’
08:37
remained absolutely central.
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ื ืฉืืจ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
08:39
The Greek historian Xenophon
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ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื•ื•ื ื™ ืงืกื ื•ืคื•ืŸ
08:42
wrote his book "Cyropaedia"
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ื›ืชื‘ ืืช ืกืคืจื• "ื”ืื ืฆื™ืงืœื•ืคื“ื™ื” ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจืฉ"
08:44
promoting Cyrus as the great ruler.
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ืฉื”ื™ืœืœ ืืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
08:46
And throughout European culture afterward,
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ืช,
08:49
Cyrus remained the model.
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ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื ืฉืืจ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ.
08:52
This is a 16th century image
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ื–ื”ื• ืฆื™ื•ืจ ืžื”ืžืื” ื”-16
08:54
to show you how widespread
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ืฉืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื ืคื•ืฆื”
08:56
his veneration actually was.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ืขืจืฆื” ืœื›ื•ืจืฉ.
08:59
And Xenophon's book on Cyrus
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ื•ืกืคืจื• ืฉืœ ืงืกื ื•ืคื•ืŸ ืขืœ ื›ื•ืจืฉ
09:01
on how you ran a diverse society
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืžื ื”ืœื™ื ื—ื‘ืจื” ืžื’ื•ื•ื ืช
09:04
was one of the great textbooks
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ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืกืคืจื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
09:06
that inspired the Founding Fathers
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ืฉื”ืฉืคื™ืขื• ืขืœ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ื™ื
09:08
of the American Revolution.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
09:10
Jefferson was a great admirer --
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ื’'ืคืจืกื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขืจื™ืฅ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• --
09:12
the ideals of Cyrus
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ื”ืื™ื“ืืœื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจืฉ
09:14
obviously speaking to those 18th century ideals
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ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื“ืžื• ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืื” ื”-18
09:16
of how you create religious tolerance
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ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ืช
09:18
in a new state.
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”.
09:23
Meanwhile, back in Babylon,
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ื‘ื™ื ืชื™ื™ื, ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ,
09:25
things had not been going well.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืชื‘ืฉ.
09:27
After Alexander, the other empires,
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ืื—ืจื™ ืืœื›ืกื ื“ืจ ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช,
09:30
Babylon declines, falls into ruins,
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ื‘ื‘ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื“ืขื•ืš ื•ืœื™ืคื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ,
09:33
and all the traces of the great Babylonian empire are lost --
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ื•ื›ืœ ืฉืจื™ื“ ืœืื™ืžืคืจื™ื” ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ืช ื”ืื“ื™ืจื” ืื•ื‘ื“ื™ื --
09:37
until 1879
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ืขื“ 1879
09:39
when the cylinder is discovered
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ืื– ื ืชื’ืœื” ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ
09:42
by a British Museum exhibition digging in Babylon.
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ืข"ื™ ืžืฉืœื—ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื—ืคืจื” ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ.
09:45
And it enters now another story.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื—ื“ืฉ.
09:48
It enters that great debate
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ื”ื•ื ื ื›ื ืก ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
09:50
in the middle of the 19th century:
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ื‘ืืžืฆืข ื”ืžืื” ื”-19:
09:52
Are the scriptures reliable? Can we trust them?
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ื”ืื ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ืืžื™ื ื™ื? ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœื™ื”ื?
09:55
We only knew
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ื™ื“ืขื ื• ืจืง
09:57
about the return of the Jews and the decree of Cyrus
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ืขืœ ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื•ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืฉืžืขื ื• ืจืง
09:59
from the Hebrew scriptures.
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ื“ืจืš ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื.
10:01
No other evidence.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื” ืื—ืจืช.
10:03
Suddenly, this appeared.
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ื•ืœืคืชืข, ืื—ืช ื”ื•ืคื™ืขื”.
10:05
And great excitement
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ื•ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”
10:07
to a world where those who believed in the scriptures
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ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืืœื” ืฉื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ
10:09
had had their faith in creation shaken
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ืจืื• ืืช ืืžื•ื ืชื ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืžืชืขืจืขืจืช
10:11
by evolution, by geology,
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ืข"ื™ ืื‘ื•ืœื•ืฆื™ื”, ื’ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
10:13
here was evidence
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ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื”
10:15
that the scriptures were historically true.
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ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ื™ื• ืžื“ื•ื™ืงื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช.
10:17
It's a great 19th century moment.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจื’ืข ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19.
10:20
But -- and this, of course, is where it becomes complicated --
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ืื‘ืœ - ื•ืคื”, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื›ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืกืชื‘ืš -
10:25
the facts were true,
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช,
10:27
hurrah for archeology,
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ื”ื™ื“ื“ ืœืืจื›ื™ืื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”,
10:30
but the interpretation was rather more complicated.
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ืื‘ืœ ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื›ืชื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ.
10:33
Because the cylinder account and the Hebrew Bible account
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ืชื "ืš
10:36
differ in one key respect.
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ื”ื™ื• ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื—ื“.
10:38
The Babylonian cylinder
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ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™
10:40
is written by the priests
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ื ื›ืชื‘ ืข"ื™ ื›ืžืจื™ื
10:42
of the great god of Bablyon, Marduk.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ื”ื‘ื‘ืœื™ ืžืจื“ื•ืš.
10:44
And, not surprisingly,
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืžืคืชื™ืข,
10:46
they tell you that all this was done by Marduk.
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ื”ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืฉื›ืœ ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืข"ื™ ืžืจื“ื•ืš.
10:48
"Marduk, we hold, called Cyrus by his name."
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"ืžืจื“ื•ืš ืงืจื ืœื›ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื•."
10:51
Marduk takes Cyrus by the hand,
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ืžืจื“ื•ืš ืœื•ืงื— ืืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ื™ื“ื•,
10:54
calls him to shepherd his people
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ืงื•ืจื ืœื• ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ืขืžื•,
10:56
and gives him the rule of Babylon.
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ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื• ืืช ื”ืฉืœื˜ื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื‘ืœ.
10:59
Marduk tells Cyrus
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ืžืจื“ื•ืš ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื•ืจืฉ
11:01
that he will do these great, generous things
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ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื, ื”ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
11:03
of setting the people free.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื—ื•ืคืฉื™.
11:05
And this is why we should all be grateful to
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœื”ื•ื“ื•ืช
11:07
and worship Marduk.
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ื•ืœื”ืœืœ ืืช ืžืจื“ื•ืš.
11:09
The Hebrew writers
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ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ื•
11:11
in the Old Testament,
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ืืช ื”ืชื "ืš,
11:13
you will not be surprised to learn,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื ืœื ืžืคืชื™ืข,
11:16
take a rather different view of this.
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
11:18
For them, of course, it can't possibly by Marduk
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ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื, ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืจื“ื•ืง
11:20
that made all this happen.
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ืฉื’ืจื ืœื›ืœ ื–ื” ืœืงืจื•ืช.
11:22
It can only be Jehovah.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืง ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
11:24
And so in Isaiah,
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ื•ื›ืš ื‘ืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•,
11:26
we have the wonderful texts
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื ื”ื“ืจื™ื
11:28
giving all the credit of this,
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืงืจื“ื™ื˜
11:30
not to Marduk
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ืœื ืœืžืจื“ื•ืš
11:31
but to the Lord God of Israel --
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ืืœื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ --
11:34
the Lord God of Israel
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ ื™ืฉืจืืœ
11:36
who also called Cyrus by name,
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ืฉื’ื ื”ื•ื ืงื•ืจื ืœื›ื•ืจืฉ ื‘ืฉืžื•,
11:38
also takes Cyrus by the hand
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ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื™ื“ื•
11:41
and talks of him shepherding his people.
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ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื ื”ื’ืชื• ืฉืœ ืขืžื•.
11:43
It's a remarkable example
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
11:45
of two different priestly appropriations of the same event,
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ืฉืœ ื ื™ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืืจื•ืข ืžืกื•ื™ื ืข"ื™ ื›ืžืจื™ื,
11:49
two different religious takeovers
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืฉืชืœื˜ื•ื™ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
11:51
of a political fact.
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ืขืœ ืžืขืฉื” ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™.
11:53
God, we know,
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื,
11:55
is usually on the side of the big battalions.
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ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืœืฆื“ ื”ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื.
11:57
The question is, which god was it?
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ื ืฉืืœืช ื”ืฉืืœื”, ืื™ื–ื” ืืœ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื”?
12:00
And the debate unsettles
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ื•ื”ื•ื•ื™ื›ื•ื— ืžื•ืฆื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื
12:02
everybody in the 19th century
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ืžืฉืœื•ื•ืชื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-19
12:04
to realize that the Hebrew scriptures
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ื™ื
12:06
are part of a much wider world of religion.
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ื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžืขื•ืœื ื“ืชื™ ืจื—ื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
12:09
And it's quite clear
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ื•ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ
12:11
the cylinder is older than the text of Isaiah,
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ืฉื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืชื™ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืกืคืจ ื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื•,
12:14
and yet, Jehovah is speaking
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ
12:16
in words very similar
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืžืื•ื“
12:18
to those used by Marduk.
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ืœืืœื” ืฉืœ ืžืจื“ื•ืš.
12:20
And there's a slight sense that Isaiah knows this,
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉื™ืฉืขื™ื”ื• ื™ื•ื“ืข ืืช ื–ื”,
12:23
because he says,
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ื›ื™ ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ,
12:25
this is God speaking, of course,
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ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื–ื” ืฉืžื“ื‘ืจ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
12:28
"I have called thee by thy name
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"ื•ืืงืจื ืœืš ื‘ืฉืžืš ืœื‘ื•ื ืืœื™
12:30
though thou hast not known me."
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื ืชืช ืœื‘ ืœื“ืขืชื ื™."
12:32
I think it's recognized
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืคื” ื”ื›ืจื”
12:34
that Cyrus doesn't realize
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืจืฉ ืื™ื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืŸ
12:36
that he's acting under orders from Jehovah.
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
12:39
And equally, he'd have been surprised that he was acting under orders from Marduk.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืคืชืข ืœื“ืขืช ืฉื”ื•ื ืคื•ืขืœ ืชื—ืช ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืžืžืจื“ื•ืš.
12:42
Because interestingly, of course,
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื“ืขืช,
12:44
Cyrus is a good Iranian
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ืฉื›ื•ืจืฉ ื”ื•ื ืื™ืจื ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘,
12:46
with a totally different set of gods
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ืขื ืกื˜ ืื—ืจ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื
12:48
who are not mentioned in any of these texts.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ื ื–ื›ืจื™ื ื‘ื˜ืงืกื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
12:50
(Laughter)
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(ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฆื•ื—ืง)
12:52
That's 1879.
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ื–ื” ื‘-1879.
12:54
40 years on
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40 ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:56
and we're in 1917,
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ื”ื’ืขื ื• ืœ-1917,
12:59
and the cylinder enters a different world.
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ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื ื›ื ืก ืœืขื•ืœื ืื—ืจ.
13:01
This time, the real politics
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ื”ืคืขื, ืœืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช
13:03
of the contemporary world --
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ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ --
13:05
the year of the Balfour Declaration,
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ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื‘ืœืคื•ืจ,
13:08
the year when the new imperial power in the Middle East, Britain,
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ื”ืฉื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื”ื›ื— ื”ืื™ืžืคืจื™ืืœื™ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื”,
13:11
decides that it will declare
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ืžื—ืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืชืฆื”ื™ืจ
13:13
a Jewish national home,
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ืขืœ ื‘ื™ืช ืœืื•ืžื™ ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™,
13:15
it will allow
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ื”ื™ื ืชืืคืฉืจ,
13:17
the Jews to return.
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ืœืขื ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ ืœืฉื•ื‘ ืœืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
13:19
And the response to this
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ื•ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื–ื” ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื
13:21
by the Jewish population in Eastern Europe is rhapsodic.
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื” ื”ื™ื ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ืช.
13:24
And across Eastern Europe,
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ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”,
13:26
Jews display pictures of Cyrus
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ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื’ื™ื ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจืฉ
13:28
and of George V
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ื•ื’'ื•ืจื’' ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™
13:30
side by side --
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ื–ื” ืœืฆื“ ื–ื” --
13:32
the two great rulers
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ืฉื ื™ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื
13:34
who have allowed the return to Jerusalem.
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ืฉืืคืฉืจื• ืืช ืฉื™ื‘ืช ืฆื™ื•ืŸ.
13:37
And the Cyrus cylinder comes back into public view
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ื•ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื ื›ื ืกืช ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืขื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ
13:40
and the text of this
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ื•ื”ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื•ื
13:42
as a demonstration of why what is going to happen
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ื›ื”ืงื“ืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืขืชื™ื“ื™ื ืœื‘ื•ื
13:45
after the war is over in 1918
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ืื—ืจื™ ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื‘-1918
13:48
is part of a divine plan.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืžืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ืืœื•ื”ื™ืช.
13:51
You all know what happened.
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ื›ื•ืœื›ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงืจื”.
13:53
The state of Israel is setup,
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ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื™ื•ืกื“ื”,
13:56
and 50 years later, in the late 60s,
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ื•ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-60,
13:59
it's clear that Britain's role as the imperial power is over.
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ื–ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืชืคืงื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื›ืžืขืฆืžื” ื ื’ืžืจ.
14:02
And another story of the cylinder begins.
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ื•ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืžืชื—ื™ืœ.
14:05
The region, the U.K. and the U.S. decide,
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ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืจ, ื›ืš ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื ื™ื” ื•ืืจื”"ื‘,
14:07
has to be kept safe from communism,
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื ืงื™ ืžืงื•ืžื•ื ื™ื–ื,
14:10
and the superpower that will be created to do this
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ื•ืžืขืฆืžืช ื”ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื•ื•ืฆืจ ืœืฆื•ืจืš ื–ื”,
14:13
would be Iran, the Shah.
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ืชื”ื™ื” ืื™ืจืŸ, ื”ืฉืื”.
14:15
And so the Shah invents an Iranian history,
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ื•ื›ืš ืžืžืฆื™ื ื”ืฉืื” ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืื™ืจื ื™ืช,
14:18
or a return to Iranian history,
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ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื—ื–ืจื” ืœื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ืช,
14:20
that puts him in the center of a great tradition
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ืฉืฉืžื” ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืกื•ืจืช ืื“ื™ืจื”
14:23
and produces coins
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ื•ืžืคื™ืง ืžื˜ื‘ืขื•ืช
14:25
showing himself
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ื”ืžืจืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืฆืžื•
14:27
with the Cyrus cylinder.
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ืขื ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ.
14:29
When he has his great celebrations in Persepolis,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืจื” ืขืœ ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ื‘ืคืจืกืคื•ืœื™ืก,
14:32
he summons the cylinder
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ื”ื•ื ืžื‘ืงืฉ ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ
14:34
and the cylinder is lent by the British Museum, goes to Tehran,
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ื•ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืžื•ืฉืืœ ืข"ื™ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™, ื•ื ื•ืกืข ืœื˜ื”ืจืŸ,
14:37
and is part of those great celebrations
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ื•ืœื•ืงื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื’ื™ื’ื•ืช
14:39
of the Pahlavi dynasty.
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ืฉืœ ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืคื”ืœื•ื•ื™.
14:42
Cyrus cylinder: guarantor of the Shah.
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ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ: ืžื’ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืื”.
14:45
10 years later, another story:
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ืขืฉื•ืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื•ืกืฃ:
14:48
Iranian Revolution, 1979.
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ืช ื‘-1979.
14:50
Islamic revolution, no more Cyrus;
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ืžื”ืคื™ื›ื” ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช. ืื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ื•ืจืฉ.
14:52
we're not interested in that history,
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ืœื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช,
14:54
we're interested in Islamic Iran --
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ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืื™ืจืŸ ื”ืื™ืกืœืžื™ืช --
14:57
until Iraq,
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ืขื“ ืฉืขื™ืจืง,
14:59
the new superpower that we've all decided should be in the region,
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ื”ืžืขืฆืžื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ,
15:02
attacks.
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ืžืชืงื™ืคื”.
15:04
Then another Iran-Iraq war.
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ื•ืื– ืขื•ื“ ืžืœื—ืžืช ืื™ืจืŸ-ืขื™ืจืง.
15:06
And it becomes critical for the Iranians
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ื•ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ืขื‘ืจ
15:08
to remember their great past,
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ื ืขืฉื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืื™ืจื ื™ื
15:11
their great past
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ืขื‘ืจื ื”ืžื”ื•ืœืœ
15:13
when they fought Iraq and won.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื—ืžื• ื‘ืขื™ืจืง ื•ื ื™ืฆื—ื•.
15:16
It becomes critical to find a symbol
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ื–ื” ื ืขืฉื” ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืœืžืฆื•ื ืกืžืœ
15:18
that will pull together all Iranians --
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ืฉื™ืื—ื“ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ื --
15:21
Muslims and non-Muslims,
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ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื ื•ืœื-ืžื•ืกืœืžื™ื,
15:23
Christians, Zoroastrians, Jews living in Iran,
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ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื, ื–ื•ืจื•ืืกืชืจื™ื, ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ,
15:26
people who are devout, not devout.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื ื•ืœื ืื“ื•ืงื™ื.
15:28
And the obvious emblem is Cyrus.
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ื•ื”ืกืžืœ ื”ื‘ืจื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ืจืฉ.
15:31
So when the British Museum and Tehran National Musuem
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ืื– ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ ื•ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืŸ
15:34
cooperate and work together, as we've been doing,
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ืžืฉืชืคื™ื ืคืขื•ืœื”, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•,
15:36
the Iranians ask for one thing only
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ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ื ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืจืง ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“
15:38
as a loan.
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ื‘ื”ืฉืืœื”.
15:40
It's the only object they want.
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื.
15:42
They want to borrow the Cyrus cylinder.
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ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ.
15:44
And last year,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื”,
15:46
the Cyrus cylinder went to Tehran
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ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœื˜ื”ืจืŸ
15:50
for the second time.
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ื‘ืคืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
15:53
It's shown being presented here, put into its case
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื›ืืŸ, ื‘ืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ื–ื›ื•ื›ื™ืช
15:56
by the director of the National Museum of Tehran,
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ืขื ืžื ื”ืœืช ื”ืžื•ื–ื™ืื•ืŸ ื”ืœืื•ืžื™ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืŸ
15:59
one of the many women in Iran in very senior positions,
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ืื—ืช ืžื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ ื‘ืชืคืงื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ื›ื™ืจื™ื,
16:02
Mrs. Ardakani.
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ื’ื‘ืจืช ืืจื“ืงื ื™.
16:04
It was a huge event.
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืจื•ืข ืขื ืง.
16:06
This is the other side of that same picture.
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ื–ื” ื”ืฆื“ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ.
16:09
It's seen in Tehran
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ื”ื•ื ื ืฆืคื” ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืŸ
16:12
by between one and two million people
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ืข"ื™ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื
16:14
in the space of a few months.
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ืชื•ืš ืžืกืคืจ ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื.
16:16
This is beyond any blockbuster exhibition
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ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืœ ืชืขืจื•ื›ื”
16:18
in the West.
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ืฉื ืขืจื›ื” ื‘ืžืขืจื‘.
16:20
And it's the subject of a huge debate
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ื•ื–ื”ื• ื ื•ืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืขืจ
16:23
about what this cylinder means, what Cyrus means,
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ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ, ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืจืฉ,
16:26
but above all, Cyrus as articulated through this cylinder --
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ื•ืžืขืœ ื”ื›ืœ, ื›ื•ืจืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืฆื’ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ --
16:29
Cyrus as the defender of the homeland,
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ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช,
16:32
the champion, of course, of Iranian identity
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ื›ื•ืจืฉ ืžื’ืŸ ื”ื–ื”ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ืช
16:34
and of the Iranian peoples,
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ื›ืžื’ืŸ ื”ืขื ื”ืื™ืจื ื™,
16:36
tolerant of all faiths.
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ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื™ ื›ืœืคื™ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช.
16:38
And in the current Iran,
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ื•ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ ื”ืขื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืช,
16:40
Zoroastrians and Christians have guaranteed places
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ืœื–ื•ืจื•ืืกืชืจื™ื ื•ื ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžื•ื‘ื˜ื—ื™ื
16:43
in the Iranian parliament, something to be very, very proud of.
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ื‘ืคืจืœืžื ื˜ ื”ืื™ืจื ื™, ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื’ืื•ืช ื‘ื•.
16:46
To see this object in Tehran,
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ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ื‘ื˜ื”ืจืŸ,
16:49
thousands of Jews living in Iran
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ืืœืคื™ ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ
16:51
came to Tehran to see it.
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ื‘ืื• ืœื˜ื”ืจืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืคื•ืช ื‘ื•.
16:53
It became a great emblem,
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื™ื” ืกืžืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ,
16:55
a great subject of debate
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ื ื•ืฉื ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื™ืจืŸ
16:57
about what Iran is at home and abroad.
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ื•ืžื—ื•ืฆื” ืœื”, ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉืื™ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช.
17:00
Is Iran still to be the defender of the oppressed?
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ื”ืื ืื™ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืžื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื?
17:03
Will Iran set free the people
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ื”ืื ืื™ืจืŸ ืชืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืขืžื™ื
17:05
that the tyrants have enslaved and expropriated?
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ืฉื”ืจื•ื“ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขื‘ื“ื• ื•ื”ืคืงื™ืขื•?
17:08
This is heady national rhetoric,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืจื˜ื•ืจื™ืงื” ืœืื•ืžื™ืช ืžืจื’ืฉืช,
17:11
and it was all put together
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืจื›ื‘ื”
17:13
in a great pageant
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ื‘ืชื•ืจ ืชืขืจื•ื›ืช ืขื ืง
17:15
launching the return.
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ืฉื”ืฉื™ืงื” ืืช ื—ื–ืจืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ.
17:17
Here you see this out-sized Cyrus cylinder on the stage
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ื›ืืŸ ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ื“ื’ื ืžื•ื’ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืžื”
17:20
with great figures from Iranian history
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ืขื ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช ืžื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ืช
17:23
gathering to take their place
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ืฉืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื›ื•ืœื ืืช ืžืงื•ืžื
17:25
in the heritage of Iran.
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ื‘ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ืช.
17:28
It was a narrative presented
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉื”ื•ืฆื’
17:30
by the president himself.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื•.
17:33
And for me,
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ื•ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™,
17:35
to take this object to Iran,
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ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ ืœืื™ืจืŸ,
17:37
to be allowed to take this object to Iran
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ืฉื™ืชืืคืฉืจ ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชื• ืœืื™ืจืŸ
17:39
was to be allowed to be part
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ื”ื™ื” ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืงื—ืช ื—ืœืง
17:41
of an extraordinary debate
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ
17:43
led at the highest levels
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ืฉื ืขืจืš ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
17:45
about what Iran is,
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ืขืœ ืžื™ ืฉืื™ืจืŸ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืืžืช,
17:47
what different Irans there are
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ื›ืžื” ืื™ืจืŸ ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื™ืฉ
17:50
and how the different histories of Iran
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ื•ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืื™ืจื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
17:52
might shape the world today.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืขืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ื.
17:55
It's a debate that's still continuing,
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ื–ื”ื• ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื ืžืฉืš,
17:58
and it will continue to rumble,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ืžืฉื™ืš,
18:00
because this object
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ืžื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ื–ื”
18:02
is one of the great declarations
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ื”ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื”ืฆื”ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื•ืช
18:04
of a human aspiration.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืื™ืคื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
18:06
It stands with the American constitution.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืื—ืช ืขื ื”ื—ื•ืงื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
18:10
It certainly says far more about real freedoms
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ืื•ืžืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ื•ืช
18:13
than Magna Carta.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื’ื ื” ื›ืจื˜ื”.
18:15
It is a document that can mean so many things,
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ื–ื”ื• ืžืกืžืš ื‘ืขืœ ืžืฉืžืขื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช
18:18
for Iran and for the region.
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ืœืื™ืจืŸ ื•ืœืื™ื–ื•ืจ.
18:21
A replica of this
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ื”ืขืชืง ืฉืœื•
18:23
is at the United Nations.
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ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžื˜ื” ื”ืื•"ื.
18:25
In New York this autumn, it will be present
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืฆื’ ื‘ืกืชื™ื• ื”ืงืจื•ื‘
18:28
when the great debates
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื
18:30
about the future of the Middle East take place.
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ืขืœ ืขืชื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
18:33
And I want to finish by asking you
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ื•ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืฉืืœื”:
18:35
what the next story will be
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ืžื” ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื
18:37
in which this object figures.
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ื‘ื• ื™ืงื— ื—ืœืง ื”ื’ืœื™ืœ?
18:39
It will appear, certainly,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืœื ืกืคืง ื™ื•ืคื™ืข
18:41
in many more Middle Eastern stories.
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ื‘ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
18:43
And what story of the Middle East,
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ื•ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ,
18:45
what story of the world,
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ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขื•ืœืžื™,
18:47
do you want to see
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ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื
18:49
reflecting what is said,
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ืฉื™ืฉืงืฃ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื›ืชื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœื™ืœ,
18:51
what is expressed in this cylinder?
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ืืช ืจื•ื— ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื?
18:53
The right of peoples
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ื–ื›ื•ืช ื”ืขืžื™ื
18:55
to live together in the same state,
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ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื™ื—ื“ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื“ื™ื ื”
18:57
worshiping differently, freely --
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ื—ื•ืคืฉื™ื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืข"ืค ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช --
18:59
a Middle East, a world,
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ืžื–ืจื— ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ืœื,
19:01
in which religion is not the subject of division
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ืฉื‘ื• ื“ืช ืื™ื ื” ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืงืช
19:03
or of debate.
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ืื• ืœื“ื™ื•ืŸ.
19:06
In the world of the Middle East at the moment,
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ื”ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื›ืจื’ืข,
19:09
the debates are, as you know, shrill.
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ื”ื“ื™ื•ื ื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฆื•ื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื.
19:12
But I think it's possible
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™
19:14
that the most powerful and the wisest voice of all of them
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ืฉื”ืงื•ืœ ื”ื—ื–ืง ื•ื”ื—ื›ื ืžื›ื•ืœื
19:18
may well be the voice
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื•ืœ
19:20
of this mute thing,
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ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืคืฅ ื”ืื™ืœื ื”ื–ื”.
19:22
the Cyrus cylinder.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื”ืจืช ื›ื•ืจืฉ.
19:24
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
19:26
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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