Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?

Prevodilac: Jelena Nedjic Lektor: Mateja Nenadovic

Humans in the developed world

Ljudi u razvijenom svetu

spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,

provode vise od 90% svog života u zatvorenom prostoru,

where they breathe in and come into contact

gde dišu i dolaze u kontakt

with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:

sa trilionima različitih životnih formi koje su nevidljive golim okom

microorganisms.

mikroorganizmima.

Buildings are complex ecosystems

Zgrade su kompleksni ekosistemi

that are an important source

koji su važan izvor

of microbes that are good for us,

mikroba koji čine dobro ljudima,

and some that are bad for us.

ali i onih koji imaju loš uticaj na naše zdravlje.

What determines the types and distributions

Šta određuje vrste i distribuciju

of microbes indoors?

mikroba u zatvorenom prostoru?

Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes

Zgrade su naseljene mikorbima koji se prenose vazduhom,

that enter through windows

koji ulazi kroz prozore

and through mechanical ventilation systems.

ali i kroz mehaničke venitilacione sisteme.

And they are brought inside

I takođe mi, ljudi, ih sami unosimo

by humans and other creatures.

unutra kao i druga živa bića.

The fate of microbes indoors

Sudbina mikroba u zatvorenom prostoru

depends on complex interactions

zavisi od složenih interakcija

with humans,

sa ljudima,

and with the human-built environment.

i sa okolinom koju su izgradili ljudi.

And today, architects and biologists

I danas, arhitekte i biolozi

are working together

rade zajedno

to explore smart building design

ne bi li došli do pametnijeg dizajniranja zgrada

that will create

kako bismo stvorili

healthy buildings for us.

zdrava zdanja za nas.

We spend an extraordinary amount of time

Mi provodimo zavidljiv procenat našeg vremena

in buildings

u zgradama

that are extremely controlled environments,

koje su visoko kotrolisane sredine,

like this building here --

kao ova zgrada u kojoj smo sada

environments that have mechanical ventilation systems

sredine koje imaju mehanički ventilacioni sistem

that include filtering,

koji uključuje filtriranje vazduha,

heating and air conditioning.

grejanje i klima uređaje.

Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,

Uzmemo li u obzir količinu vremena koju provodimo u zatvorenom prostoru,

it's important to understand

veoma je važno da shvatimo

how this affects our health.

kakav to uticaj ima na naše zdravlje.

At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,

U Centru za biologiju i izgrađenu životnu sredinu

we carried out a study in a hospital

smo sproveli jednu studiju u bolnici

where we sampled air

u kojoj smo uzeli uzorke vazduha

and pulled the DNA

i skupili DNK

out of microbes in the air.

iz mikroba koje smo pronašli u vazduhu.

And we looked at three different types of rooms.

Analizirali smo tri različita tipa soba.

We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,

Analizirali smo sobe koje su imale mehanički ventilacioni sistem,

which are the data points in the blue.

koje su predstavljene rezulatatima prikazanim u plavoj boji.

We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,

Analizirali smo sobe koje su imale prirodan protok vazduha,

where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation

u kojima nam je boničko osoblje dozvolilo da isključimo mehaničke ventilacione sisteme

in a wing of the building

u krilima zgrada

and pry open the windows

i silom otvorimo prozore

that were no longer operable,

koji nisu bili više u upotrebi,

but they made them operable for our study.

ali su ih oni učinili dostupnim za naše istraživanje.

And we also sampled the outdoor air.

I takođe smo analizirali vazduh iz spoljašnje sredine.

If you look at the x-axis of this graph,

Ukoliko pogledate X-osu ovog grafika,

you'll see that what we commonly want to do --

uočićete da mi uobičajano želimo da

which is keeping the outdoors out --

zadržimo spoljašnju sredinu izvan

we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.

i to postižemo mehaničkim ventilacionim sistemom.

So if you look at the green data points,

Ako pogledate skupove podataka predstavljene zelenom bojom,

which is air that's outside,

koje predstavljaju vazduh spoljašnje sredine,

you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,

uočićete veliku raznolikost mikroba,

or variety of microbial types.

ili različite tipove mirkoba.

But if you look at the blue data points,

Ali ukoliko pogledate rezultate predstavljene plavom bojom,

which is mechanically ventilated air,

a to je mehanički filtriran vazduh,

it's not as diverse.

tu nema biološke raznovrsnosti.

But being less diverse

Ali manja raznovrsnost

is not necessarily good for our health.

ne znači da je to bezuslovno dobro za naše zdravlje.

If you look at the y-axis of this graph,

Ukoliko pogledate y-osu grafikona,

you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,

uočićete da u mehanički filtriranom vazduhu,

you have a higher probability

postoji veća verovatnoća

of encountering a potential pathogen,

da pronađemo patogen

or germ,

ili klicu,

than if you're outdoors.

u poređenju sa spoljašnjom sredinom.

So to understand why this was the case,

Kako bismo razumeli zašto se ovo dešava,

we took our data

mi smo analizirali naše podatke

and put it into an ordination diagram,

u ordinatnom dijagramu,

which is a statistical map

koji je statisička mapa

that tells you something

koja vam govori

about how related the microbial communities are

koliko su povezane zajednice mikroba

in the different samples.

u različitim uzorcima.

The data points that are closer together

Bliži skupovi podataka

have microbial communities that are more similar

imaju zajednice mikroba koje su međusobno sličnije

than data points that are far apart.

u odnosu na skupve podataka koji su udaljeniji.

And the first things that you can see from this graph

I prva stvar koju možete pročitati sa ovog grafika

is, if you look at the blue data points,

je, da ukoliko pogledate podatke u plavoj boji,

which are the mechanically ventilated air,

koji predstavaljaju mehanički filtritan vazduh,

they're not simply a subset of the green data points,

to nije prosto podskup grupe podataka u zelenoj boji,

which are the outdoor air.

koji predsatvlja spoljašnji vazduh.

What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air

Ono što smo mi pronašli jeste da mehanički filtriran vazduh

looks like humans.

podseća na ljudska bića.

It has microbes on it

Sastoji se od mikroba

that are commonly associated with our skin

koji uobičajeno obitavaju na našoj kozi,

and with our mouth, our spit.

u našim ustima, pljuvački.

And this is because

I to je usled toga što

we're all constantly shedding microbes.

mi konstantno širimo mikrobe oko sebe.

So all of you right now

Tako da svi vi ovog trenutka

are sharing your microbes with one another.

delite vaše mikrobe jedni sa drugima.

And when you're outdoors,

I kada ste napolju,

that type of air has microbes

taj tip vazduha ima mikrobe

that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.

koji se uglavnom nalaze na lišću biljaka i u prljavštini.

Why does this matter?

Zašto je ovo važno?

It matters because the health care industry

Važno je jer zdravstvena industrija

is the second most energy intensive industry

jeste druga po redu po količini energije koju koristi

in the United States.

u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama.

Hospitals use two and a half times

Bolnice koriste dva i po puta

the amount of energy as office buildings.

više energije u poređenju sa kancelarijskim zgradama.

And the model that we're working with

I model po kojem funkcionišu

in hospitals,

bolnice,

and also with many, many different buildings,

i takođe mnoge druge građevine,

is to keep the outdoors out.

radi po principu blokiranja spoljašnje sredine.

And this model

A taj model

may not necessarily be the best for our health.

nije neophodno najbolji za naše zdravlje.

And given the extraordinary amount

Uzimajući u obzir zavidan procenat

of nosocomial infections,

nozokomijalnih infekcija,

or hospital-acquired infections,

odnosno infekcija koje pacijenti zarade u bolnicama,

this is a clue that it's a good time

to je naznaka da je pravo vreme

to reconsider our current practices.

da ponovo razmislimo o našim sadašnjim navikama.

So just as we manage national parks,

Tako da na isti način kojim rukovodimo nacionalnim parkovima,

where we promote the growth of some species

u kojima stimulišemo rast određenih vrsta,

and we inhibit the growth of others,

i sprečavamo rast drugih,

we're working towards thinking about buildings

mi radimo sa istim ciljem-da izgradimo zgrade

using an ecosystem framework

koristeći ekosistem kao uzor

where we can promote the kinds of microbes

u kojim možemo da stimulšemo rast onih tipova mikroba

that we want to have indoors.

koje želimo da se nađu u zatvorenom prostoru.

I've heard somebody say

Čula sam nekoga kako kaže

that you're as healthy as your gut.

da smo onoliko zdravi koliko je zdrav naš probavni sistem.

And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt

I iz tog razloga, mnogi ljudi jedu probiotički jogurt

so they can promote a healthy gut flora.

kako bi promovisali rast zdrave flore u crevima.

And what we ultimately want to do

I naš kranji cilj je

is to be able to use this concept

da uspemo da iskoristimo ovaj pojam

to promote a healthy group

kako bismo pospešili rast zdrave grupe

of microorganisms inside.

mikroorganizama u zatvorenom prostoru.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)