Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?

44,441 views ・ 2011-08-04

TED


μ•„λž˜ μ˜λ¬Έμžλ§‰μ„ λ”λΈ”ν΄λ¦­ν•˜μ‹œλ©΄ μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.

λ²ˆμ—­: Bianca Lee κ²€ν† : Sue J. Hur
00:15
Humans in the developed world
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λ°œλ‹¬λœ μ‚¬νšŒμ— μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€
00:17
spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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μ‚Άμ˜ 90%λ₯Ό μ‹€λ‚΄μ—μ„œ μ‚¬λŠ”λ° μ”λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:20
where they breathe in and come into contact
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μˆ¨μ„ 쉬고, λ§¨λˆˆμ—μ„  보이지 μ•ŠλŠ”
00:23
with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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맀우 λ§Žμ€ 생물듀과 μ ‘μ΄‰ν•˜κΈ°λ„ ν•˜μ£ .
00:26
microorganisms.
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미생물듀 λ§μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:28
Buildings are complex ecosystems
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건물은 λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μƒνƒœκ³„μΈλ°μš”,
00:30
that are an important source
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 이둜운 λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ“€μ΄λ‚˜,
00:32
of microbes that are good for us,
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ν•΄λ‘œμš΄ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜
00:34
and some that are bad for us.
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μ€‘μš”ν•œ μžμ›μ΄κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:36
What determines the types and distributions
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무엇이 μ‹€λ‚΄μ˜ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ“€μ˜ μ’…λ₯˜μ™€
00:39
of microbes indoors?
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뢄포 방식을 κ²°μ •ν• κΉŒμš”?
00:41
Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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κ±΄λ¬Όμ—λŠ” μ°½λ¬Έμ΄λ‚˜ 기계 ν™˜κΈ° μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 톡해 λ“€μ–΄μ˜¨,
00:44
that enter through windows
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곡기λ₯Ό 톡해 μš΄λ°˜λ˜λŠ”
00:46
and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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λ―Έμƒλ¬Όλ“€λ‘œ μž₯μ•…λ˜μ–΄ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:49
And they are brought inside
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그것듀은 μΈκ°„μ΄λ‚˜ λ‹€λ₯Έ 생물듀에 μ˜ν•΄
00:51
by humans and other creatures.
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μ‹€λ‚΄λ‘œ λ“€μ–΄μ˜€κ²Œ λ˜κΈ°λ„ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
00:54
The fate of microbes indoors
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μ‹€λ‚΄ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ 운λͺ…은 μ‚¬λžŒ,
00:56
depends on complex interactions
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그리고 μ‚¬λžŒμ΄ λ§Œλ“ 
00:58
with humans,
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ν™˜κ²½κ³Όμ˜
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
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λ³΅μž‘ν•œ μƒν˜Έ μž‘μš©μ— 달렀 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:02
And today, architects and biologists
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μ˜€λŠ˜λ‚ , 건좕가듀과 μƒλ¬Όν•™μžλ“€μ€
01:04
are working together
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μš°λ¦¬μ—κ²Œ 'κ±΄κ°•ν•œ' λΉŒλ”©μ„ λ§Œλ“€κ²Œ 해쀄
01:06
to explore smart building design
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슀마트 λΉŒλ”© λ””μžμΈμ„
01:09
that will create
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ν•¨κ»˜
01:11
healthy buildings for us.
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μž‘μ—…ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:14
We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” μ—„μ²­λ‚˜κ²Œ λ§Žμ€ μ–‘μ˜ μ‹œκ°„μ„
01:16
in buildings
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κ·Ήλ„λ‘œ κ΄€λ¦¬λ°›λŠ”
01:18
that are extremely controlled environments,
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ν™˜κ²½μΈ λΉŒλ”©μ— νˆ¬μžν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:21
like this building here --
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이 λΉŒλ”©μ²˜λŸΌμš” –
01:23
environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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필터링, λ‚œλ°©, 에어컨 κΈ°λŠ₯을 가진
01:26
that include filtering,
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기계 ν™˜κΈ°
01:28
heating and air conditioning.
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κΈ°μ‹œμŠ€ν…œμ„ 가지고 있죠.
01:30
Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 싀내에 νˆ¬μžν•˜λŠ” μ‹œκ°„μ„ μƒκ°ν•˜λ©΄,
01:32
it's important to understand
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이것이 우리의 건강에
01:34
how this affects our health.
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ 영ν–₯을 μ£ΌλŠ”μ§€ 이해해야 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:36
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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생물학과 건쑰 ν™˜κ²½ μ„Όν„°μ—μ„œ,
01:39
we carried out a study in a hospital
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μ €ν¬λŠ” λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ 곡기λ₯Ό μƒ˜ν”Œλ‘œ 가져와,
01:42
where we sampled air
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곡기 μ€‘μ˜ λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜
01:44
and pulled the DNA
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DNAλ₯Ό 톡해
01:46
out of microbes in the air.
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연ꡬλ₯Ό ν–ˆμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:48
And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 세가지 λ‹€λ₯Έ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ 방을 λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:51
We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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기계 ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν–ˆλ˜ 방듀을 λ³΄μ•˜λŠ”λ°μš”.
01:53
which are the data points in the blue.
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νŒŒλž€μƒ‰μ˜ 데이터 포인트 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
01:55
We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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μžμ—°μ μœΌλ‘œ ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν–ˆλ˜ 방듀도 λ³΄μ•˜λŠ”λ°μš”,
01:58
where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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ν•œ 병동에선 기계 ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό 끄고
02:00
in a wing of the building
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창문을 μ—΄μ–΄
02:02
and pry open the windows
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창문을 μ—΄μ–΄
02:04
that were no longer operable,
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더이상 μž‘λ™ν•  수 μ—†κ²Œ ν–ˆμ§€λ§Œ,
02:06
but they made them operable for our study.
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저희λ₯Ό μœ„ν•΄ μž‘λ™μ„ ν•˜λ„λ‘ ν•΄μ£Όμ—ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:08
And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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μ•Όμ™Έ 곡기 λ˜ν•œ μƒ˜ν”Œλ‘œ κ°€μ Έκ°”μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:10
If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ— x좕을 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
02:13
you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 보톡 무엇을 ν•˜κ³  μ‹Άμ–΄ν•˜λŠ”μ§€ μ•„μ‹€ κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€ –
02:16
which is keeping the outdoors out --
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λ‚˜μœ 병균을 μ«“μ•„λ‚΄λ²„λ¦¬λŠ” κ±°μ£  –
02:18
we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 이걸 기계 ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό 톡해 ν•΄κ²°ν–ˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:21
So if you look at the green data points,
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μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ 데이터 ν¬μΈνŠΈλ“€μ„ λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
02:23
which is air that's outside,
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μ•Όμ™Έ κ³΅κΈ°μΈλ°μš”,
02:25
you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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λ―Έμƒλ¬Όμ˜ λ‹€μ–‘μ„±μ˜ μ–‘, λ˜λŠ” μ’…λ₯˜κ°€
02:28
or variety of microbial types.
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맀우 λ§Žμ€ κ±Έ 보싀 수 있죠.
02:30
But if you look at the blue data points,
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νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ 데이터 λ³΄μΈνŠΈλ“€μ„ λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
02:32
which is mechanically ventilated air,
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기계 ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•œ κ³΅κΈ°μΈλ°μš”,
02:34
it's not as diverse.
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μ’…λ₯˜κ°€ μ•„κΉŒλ§ŒνΌ λ‹€μ–‘ν•˜μ§€ μ•Šμ£ .
02:37
But being less diverse
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ν•˜μ§€λ§Œ 이것이
02:39
is not necessarily good for our health.
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우리 건강에 더 μ’‹λ‹€ ν•  순 μ—†μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:41
If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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κ·Έλž˜ν”„μ— y좕을 λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
02:44
you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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기계 ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν–ˆλ˜ 곡기에선,
02:47
you have a higher probability
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잠재적인 λ³‘μ›κ· μ΄λ‚˜
02:49
of encountering a potential pathogen,
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세균을 λ§Œλ‚  κ°€λŠ₯성이 더 λ†’λ‹€λŠ” 것이
02:51
or germ,
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보이싀 κ²λ‹ˆλ‹€.
02:53
than if you're outdoors.
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야외에 μžˆλŠ” 것보닀 더 높은 κ°€λŠ₯성이죠.
02:55
So to understand why this was the case,
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이 μΌ€μ΄μŠ€λ₯Ό μ΄ν•΄ν•˜κΈ° μœ„ν•΄,
02:58
we took our data
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μ €ν¬λŠ” 데이터λ₯Ό 가지고
03:00
and put it into an ordination diagram,
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ordination diagram에 μ μš©ν•΄ λ³΄μ•˜μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:02
which is a statistical map
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이것은 미생물 μ‚¬νšŒκ°€
03:04
that tells you something
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각각의 λ‹€λ₯Έ μƒ˜ν”Œμ—μ„œ
03:06
about how related the microbial communities are
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μ–΄λ–»κ²Œ κ΄€κ³„λ˜μ–΄ μžˆλŠ”μ§€μ— λŒ€ν•΄ μ•Œλ €μ£ΌλŠ”
03:08
in the different samples.
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톡계지도 μž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:10
The data points that are closer together
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데이터 ν¬μΈνŠΈλ“€μ΄ μ„œλ‘œ κ°€κΉŒμ΄ μžˆλŠ” 것듀은
03:12
have microbial communities that are more similar
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μ„œλ‘œ 멀리 μžˆλŠ” ν¬μΈνŠΈλ“€λ³΄λ‹€λŠ”
03:15
than data points that are far apart.
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더 λΉ„μŠ·λΉ„μŠ·ν•œ 미생물 μ‚¬νšŒλ₯Ό 가지고 μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:17
And the first things that you can see from this graph
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이 κ·Έλž˜ν”„λ₯Ό 보싀 λ•Œ λˆˆμ— λ„λŠ” μ²«λ²ˆμ§ΈλŠ”,
03:19
is, if you look at the blue data points,
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νŒŒλž€μƒ‰ 데이터 ν¬μΈνŠΈλ“€μ„ λ³΄μ‹œλ©΄,
03:21
which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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기계 ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•œ κ³΅κΈ°μ˜€μ£ ,
03:24
they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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그것듀은 λ‹¨μˆœνžˆ μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰ 데이터 ν¬μΈνŠΈλ“€μ˜ λΆ€λΆ„ 집합이 μ•„λ‹™λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:27
which are the outdoor air.
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μ΄ˆλ‘μƒ‰μ€ μ•Όμ™Έ κ³΅κΈ°μ˜€μ£ .
03:29
What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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저희가 μ•Œμ•„λ‚Έ 것은 기계 ν™˜κΈ°λ₯Ό ν•œ κ³΅κΈ°λŠ” 마치
03:32
looks like humans.
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인간과도 κ°™μ•„ λ³΄μ˜€μŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:34
It has microbes on it
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보톡 우리의 피뢀와
03:36
that are commonly associated with our skin
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μž…, 그리고 μΉ¨κ³Ό κ΄€λ ¨λœ
03:39
and with our mouth, our spit.
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미생물듀이 있죠.
03:41
And this is because
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€
03:43
we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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주기적으둜 미생물듀을 λ–¨μ–΄λœ¨λ¦¬κΈ° λ•Œλ¬ΈμΈλ°μš”.
03:45
So all of you right now
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μ§€κΈˆ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ€
03:47
are sharing your microbes with one another.
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λ‹€λ₯Έ λΆ„λ“€κ³Ό 미생물을 κ³΅μœ ν•˜κ³  μžˆλŠ” μ…ˆμ΄μ£ .
03:49
And when you're outdoors,
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λ˜ν•œ μ—¬λŸ¬λΆ„μ΄ 야외에 μžˆμ„ λ•Œ,
03:51
that type of air has microbes
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미생물이 μžˆλŠ” κ³΅κΈ°λŠ”
03:53
that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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보톡 μ‹λ¬Όμ˜ 잎과 흙과 κ΄€λ ¨λ˜ μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
03:56
Why does this matter?
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이게 λŒ€μ²΄ 무슨 μƒκ΄€μ΄λƒκ³ μš”?
03:58
It matters because the health care industry
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κ·Έ μ΄μœ λŠ” 보건 산업이 λ―Έκ΅­μ—μ„œ
04:00
is the second most energy intensive industry
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λ‘λ²ˆμ§Έλ‘œ μ—λ„ˆμ§€λ₯Ό 많이 μ§‘μ€‘μ‹œν‚€λŠ”
04:03
in the United States.
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산업이기 λ•Œλ¬Έμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:05
Hospitals use two and a half times
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병원에선 사무싀 λΉŒλ”©λ³΄λ‹€
04:07
the amount of energy as office buildings.
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2.5λ°° 더 λ§Žμ€ μ—λ„ˆμ§€κ°€ μ‚¬μš©λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:10
And the model that we're working with
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저희가 λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ 연ꡬ쀑인 λͺ¨λΈμ€,
04:12
in hospitals,
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저희가 λ³‘μ›μ—μ„œ 연ꡬ쀑인 λͺ¨λΈμ€,
04:14
and also with many, many different buildings,
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그리고 또 λ§Žμ€ 수의 λ‹€λ₯Έ λΉŒλ”©λ“€μ€,
04:16
is to keep the outdoors out.
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μ•Όμ™Έλ₯Ό λͺ°μ•„λ‚΄κΈ° μœ„ν•œ κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:18
And this model
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이 λͺ¨λΈμ€
04:20
may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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우리의 건강에 κΌ­ 졜적인 λͺ¨λΈμ΄ 아닐 지도 λͺ¨λ¦…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:23
And given the extraordinary amount
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병원 κ°μ—Όμ΄λ‚˜ 감염을 가진 λ³‘μ›μ˜
04:25
of nosocomial infections,
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λ†€λΌμšΈ λ§Œν•œ 양을
04:27
or hospital-acquired infections,
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κ³ λ €ν•΄λ³Έλ‹€λ©΄,
04:30
this is a clue that it's a good time
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이것은 μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ν˜„μž¬μ˜ 관행을
04:32
to reconsider our current practices.
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λ‹€μ‹œν•œλ²ˆ κ³ λ €ν•΄ 봐야 ν•  쒋은 κΈ°νšŒκ°€ 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:35
So just as we manage national parks,
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κ·ΈλŸ¬λ‹ˆ μš°λ¦¬κ°€ ꡭ립 곡원을 κ΄€λ¦¬ν•˜λŠ” κ²ƒμ²˜λŸΌ,
04:38
where we promote the growth of some species
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κ±°κΈ°μ„œ μš°λ¦¬λŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡ μ’…λ₯˜μ˜ μ„±μž₯을 μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€κ³ 
04:40
and we inhibit the growth of others,
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λ‹€λ₯Έ κ²ƒμ˜ μ„±μž₯을 κΈˆμ§€ν•˜μ£ ,
04:43
we're working towards thinking about buildings
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μš°λ¦¬λŠ” 건물이 μƒνƒœκ³„ 틀을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜λŠ” 것에 λŒ€ν•΄
04:46
using an ecosystem framework
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μƒκ°ν•˜λŠ” 방법을 지ν–₯ν•˜κ³  μžˆμŠ΅λ‹ˆλ‹€.
04:48
where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ 싀내에 듀이기 μ›ν•˜λŠ” μ’…λ₯˜μ˜
04:51
that we want to have indoors.
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미생물듀을 μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이죠.
04:55
I've heard somebody say
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μ €λŠ” λͺ‡λͺ‡λΆ„듀이 μžμ‹ μ˜
04:57
that you're as healthy as your gut.
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배만큼 κ±΄κ°•ν•˜λ‹¨ 말을 ν•˜λŠ” 것을 λ“€μ—ˆλŠ”λ°μš”.
04:59
And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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κ·Έ 이유둜, λ§Žμ€ μ‚¬λžŒλ“€μ€ ν”„λ‘œλ°”μ΄μ˜€ν‹± μš”κ±°νŠΈλ₯Ό λ¨Ήμ–΄
05:02
so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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μž₯λ‚΄ 균을 κ±΄κ°•νžˆ ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:05
And what we ultimately want to do
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μš°λ¦¬κ°€ μ΅œμ’…μ μœΌλ‘œ ν•˜κΈΈ μ›ν•˜λŠ” 것은
05:07
is to be able to use this concept
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이 컨셉을 μ΄μš©ν•΄ 내뢀에
05:10
to promote a healthy group
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κ±΄κ°•ν•œ 그룹의 미생물듀을
05:12
of microorganisms inside.
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μ΄‰μ§„μ‹œν‚€λŠ” 것이기도 ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:14
Thank you.
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κ°μ‚¬ν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€.
05:16
(Applause)
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(짝짝짝)
이 μ›Ήμ‚¬μ΄νŠΈ 정보

이 μ‚¬μ΄νŠΈλŠ” μ˜μ–΄ ν•™μŠ΅μ— μœ μš©ν•œ YouTube λ™μ˜μƒμ„ μ†Œκ°œν•©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ „ 세계 졜고의 μ„ μƒλ‹˜λ“€μ΄ κ°€λ₯΄μΉ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μˆ˜μ—…μ„ 보게 될 κ²ƒμž…λ‹ˆλ‹€. 각 λ™μ˜μƒ νŽ˜μ΄μ§€μ— ν‘œμ‹œλ˜λŠ” μ˜μ–΄ μžλ§‰μ„ 더블 ν΄λ¦­ν•˜λ©΄ κ·Έκ³³μ—μ„œ λ™μ˜μƒμ΄ μž¬μƒλ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. λΉ„λ””μ˜€ μž¬μƒμ— 맞좰 μžλ§‰μ΄ μŠ€ν¬λ‘€λ©λ‹ˆλ‹€. μ˜κ²¬μ΄λ‚˜ μš”μ²­μ΄ μžˆλŠ” 경우 이 문의 양식을 μ‚¬μš©ν•˜μ—¬ λ¬Έμ˜ν•˜μ‹­μ‹œμ˜€.

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