Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?

Translator: Liridon Shala Reviewer: Robert Lokaj

Humans in the developed world

Njerezit në boten e zhvilluar

spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,

hargjojne më shumë se 90 përqind te kohes brenda

where they breathe in and come into contact

kur ata marrin fryme brenda dhe vine ne kontakt

with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:

me triljona te jetes se padukeshme deri tek ato me sy te zhveshur:

microorganisms.

mikroorganizmat.

Buildings are complex ecosystems

Ndërtesat janë ecosistemi jonë kompleks

that are an important source

te cilat jan nje resurs shum i rendesishum

of microbes that are good for us,

te mikrobeve te cilat jan te mira per neve,

and some that are bad for us.

dhe disa nga to jan te kqija per neve.

What determines the types and distributions

Te cilat e determinojne llojin dhe distribuimin

of microbes indoors?

e mikrobeve brenda?

Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes

Ndertesat jan te kolonizuara nga mikrobet e ajrit

that enter through windows

te cilat hyne brenda nepermjet dritareve

and through mechanical ventilation systems.

dhe permes sistemit mekanik te ventilimit.

And they are brought inside

dhe sjellen brenda

by humans and other creatures.

nga njerzit dhe krijesat tjera.

The fate of microbes indoors

Indyra e mikrobeve brenda

depends on complex interactions

mbaret nga kompleksiteti kur ato bashkveprojne

with humans,

me njerezit,

and with the human-built environment.

dhe me me ambientin te cilet e rrethojne.

And today, architects and biologists

Sot, arkitektet dhe biologjistet

are working together

jane duke punuar se bashku

to explore smart building design

per te zbuluar nje dizajne te menqur per ndertesat

that will create

te cilat do ti krijojne

healthy buildings for us.

ndertesa te shendeteshme per neve.

We spend an extraordinary amount of time

Ne do te shpenzojme nje kohe shum te madhe

in buildings

brenda ndertesave.

that are extremely controlled environments,

te cila jan ekstremisht te kontrolluar nga ambienti

like this building here --

sikurse kjo ndertesa ketu--

environments that have mechanical ventilation systems

ambienti i cili ka nje ventillim mekanik

that include filtering,

te cilat e perfshijne filtrimin,

heating and air conditioning.

nxemjen dhe ajrin e kondicjonuar.

Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,

Duke matur kohen qe ne shpenzojme brenda

it's important to understand

eshte shum me rendesi ta kuptojme

how this affects our health.

se si ndikone ne shendetin tone.

At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,

Tek biologjia dhe qendra e ndertimit te ambientit,

we carried out a study in a hospital

we beme nje studime brenda spitalit

where we sampled air

ku e testuam ajrinë

and pulled the DNA

dhe nxierrem ADN-ne

out of microbes in the air.

jasht mikrobeve ne ajer.

And we looked at three different types of rooms.

dhe ne shiquam tri lloje te dryshme te dhomave.

We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,

Ne i shiquam dhomat te cilat ishin me ventillim mekanik

which are the data points in the blue.

te cilat jane te shenuar me te kaltert.

We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,

Ne i shiquam dhomat me ventillim natyral,

where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation

ku spitali na lejoj ta ndalim sistemin mekanik te ventillimit

in a wing of the building

ne nje krah te nderteses

and pry open the windows

dhe tusim hundet ne dritaret e hapura

that were no longer operable,

te cilat nuk ishim me ne funksion,

but they made them operable for our study.

mirpo ata i bene te funksionueshme per studimin tone

And we also sampled the outdoor air.

dhe ne gjithashtu e testuam edhe ajrin jasht

If you look at the x-axis of this graph,

Po ta shiqoni boshtin e grafit X

you'll see that what we commonly want to do --

ju do te shihni se shpesh her ne deshirojme --

which is keeping the outdoors out --

te mbajme te jashtmein jasht --

we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.

ne arritem qe me sistemin mekanik te ventilllimit.

So if you look at the green data points,

Pra nese i shiqoni te dhenat ne te gjelberta,

which is air that's outside,

te cilat jan ajri jasht

you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,

ju do te shihni se shumica e madhe e mikrobeve te ndara

or variety of microbial types.

ose varjacioneve te tipeve te mikrrobeve

But if you look at the blue data points,

mirpo nese e shiqoni te dhenat ne te kaltert,

which is mechanically ventilated air,

te cilat jane ventillimi i ajrit mekanik,

it's not as diverse.

nuk eshte aq e ndryshuar

But being less diverse

mirpo te qenit me pak i ndryshuar

is not necessarily good for our health.

nuk eshet e domosdoshme per shendetin tone.

If you look at the y-axis of this graph,

Po ta shiqoni Y- ne boshtin e ketij grafi.

you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,

ju do te shini se ventillimi mekanik i ajrit,

you have a higher probability

ju do te keni nje propabilitet te madh e

of encountering a potential pathogen,

te marrjes se nje jo-oksigjeni potencial,

or germ,

apo mikrob,

than if you're outdoors.

sepsa po te ishit jasht.

So to understand why this was the case,

Pra per te kuptuar pse ishte ky nje rast,

we took our data

ne i morem te dhenat tona

and put it into an ordination diagram,

dhe i vendosem ne nje diagram ordiner

which is a statistical map

i cili statistikisht eshte nje hart

that tells you something

e cila ju tregon diqka

about how related the microbial communities are

se si jane te lidhura komuniteti i mikrobeve

in the different samples.

ne testime te ndryshme/

The data points that are closer together

Pikat e te dheneva te cilat jane shum afer se bashku

have microbial communities that are more similar

kan komunitete mikrobale te cilat jane te ngjashme

than data points that are far apart.

sepse te dhenat te cilat jan me larg te shprendara

And the first things that you can see from this graph

dhe gjeja e pare qe ju mundeni te shihni nga ky graf

is, if you look at the blue data points,

eshte, po ta shiqoni te dhenat me ngjyr te kalter

which are the mechanically ventilated air,

te cilat jane marrur nga ventillimi mekanik i ajrit

they're not simply a subset of the green data points,

ato thjesht nuk jane ndonje nenset i te dhenave te gjelberta

which are the outdoor air.

te cilat jan nga ajri i jashtem

What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air

Qfar kemi gjetur eshte se sistemik mekanik i ventillimit te ajrit

looks like humans.

duke sikurse te jet njerezor.

It has microbes on it

Ka mikrobe ne te

that are commonly associated with our skin

te cilat shpesh her jan te asocjuar me lekuren tone

and with our mouth, our spit.

dhe me gojen tone, ne pshtymen tone.

And this is because

Dhe kjo eshe sepse

we're all constantly shedding microbes.

ne vazhdimisht i lotojme mikrobet.

So all of you right now

pra te gjith juve tani

are sharing your microbes with one another.

jeni duke i ndar mikrobet e juve me njeri tjetrin.

And when you're outdoors,

dhe kur jeni jasht,

that type of air has microbes

ky lloje i ajrit ka mikrobe

that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.

te cilat vazhdimisht jane te bashkangjitura me planetin te cili jemi ne.

Why does this matter?

Pse ka rendesi kjo ?

It matters because the health care industry

Ka rendesi sepse industria e perkujdesjes se shendetit

is the second most energy intensive industry

eshte industria e dyte me e madhe intensive

in the United States.

ne Shtetet e Bashkuara te Amerikes.

Hospitals use two and a half times

Spitalet perdorin dy her e gjysme te kohes

the amount of energy as office buildings.

dhe shumen e energjis sikurse zyred ne ndertesa

And the model that we're working with

dhe modeli me te cilin ne jemi duke punuar

in hospitals,

ne spitale,

and also with many, many different buildings,

dhe gjithashtu ne shum dhe shum ndertesa tjera,

is to keep the outdoors out.

eshte per te mbajtur te jashtmen jasht

And this model

dhe ky model

may not necessarily be the best for our health.

mundet jo domosdoshmerisht te jet me i miri per shendetin tone

And given the extraordinary amount

dhe duke i dhene nje shum teper te madh e

of nosocomial infections,

te insekteve jokemikale

or hospital-acquired infections,

apo infektimeve te marruara nga spitalet

this is a clue that it's a good time

ky eshte nje ide qe eshte nje kohe e mire

to reconsider our current practices.

per ta konsideruar praktiken tone

So just as we manage national parks,

pra sikurse kemi arritur ti menagjojme parqet nacionale,

where we promote the growth of some species

ku ne promovojme rritjen e disa specjeve

and we inhibit the growth of others,

dhe ne gjithashtu kemi trashiguar ti rrisim tjerat,

we're working towards thinking about buildings

ne jemi duke punuar se bashku per te menduar rreth ndertesave

using an ecosystem framework

te cilat perdorin sistemin e cko

where we can promote the kinds of microbes

ku ne mundemi te promovojme kete lloje te mikrobeve

that we want to have indoors.

te cilat deshirojme ti kemi brenda.

I've heard somebody say

Kam degjuar dike te thot

that you're as healthy as your gut.

qe jeni shum i shendetshum sikurse zorret tua

And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt

dhe per kete arsyeje, shum njerez hane jogurt pro-biotike

so they can promote a healthy gut flora.

per te promovuar zorre te shendetshme.

And what we ultimately want to do

dhe ajo qe ne me gjithqef deshirojme te bejme

is to be able to use this concept

eshte te jemi te mundur ta perdorim kete koncept

to promote a healthy group

per promovuar nje grup te shendosh

of microorganisms inside.

te mikroorganizmave brenda.

Thank you.

Faliminderit.

(Applause)

(Duartrokitje)