Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?

Prevoditelj: Tilen Pigac - EFZG Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

Humans in the developed world

Ljudi u razvijenom svijetu

spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,

provode više od 90 posto svog života u zatvorenom prostoru,

where they breathe in and come into contact

gdje udišu i dolaze u kontakt

with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:

s trilijunima oblika života koji su nevidljivi golom oku:

microorganisms.

mikroorganizmima.

Buildings are complex ecosystems

Zgrade su kompleksni ekosustavi

that are an important source

i one su važan izvor

of microbes that are good for us,

mikroba koji nam pogoduju,

and some that are bad for us.

i nekih koji nisu dobri za nas.

What determines the types and distributions

Što određuje vrste i distribuciju

of microbes indoors?

mikroba u zatvorenom prostoru?

Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes

Zgrade su kolonozirane mikrobima iz zraka

that enter through windows

koji ulaze kroz prozore

and through mechanical ventilation systems.

i kroz mehaničke sustave ventilacije.

And they are brought inside

I donose ih unutra

by humans and other creatures.

ljudi i druga stvorenja.

The fate of microbes indoors

Sudbina mikroba u zatvorenom prostoru

depends on complex interactions

ovisi o kompleksnim interakcijama

with humans,

s ljudima,

and with the human-built environment.

i s okruženjem koje su ljudi sagradili.

And today, architects and biologists

I danas, arhitekti i biolozi

are working together

rade zajedno

to explore smart building design

kako bi istražili pametan dizajn zgrada

that will create

koji će stvoriti

healthy buildings for us.

zdrave zgrade za nas.

We spend an extraordinary amount of time

Provodimo nevjerojatne količine vremena

in buildings

u zgradama

that are extremely controlled environments,

koje su ekstremno kontrolirana okruženja,

like this building here --

poput ove zgrade ovdje --

environments that have mechanical ventilation systems

okruženja koja imaju mehaničke sustave ventilacije

that include filtering,

koji uključuju filtriranje,

heating and air conditioning.

grijanje i klimu.

Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,

Uzimajući u obzir količinu vremena koju provodimo u zatvorenom prostoru,

it's important to understand

važno je shvatiti

how this affects our health.

kako to utječe na naše zdravlje.

At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,

U Centru za biologiju i građevni okoliš,

we carried out a study in a hospital

proveli smo istraživanje u bolnici

where we sampled air

gdje smo uzeli uzorak zraka

and pulled the DNA

i izvadili DNK

out of microbes in the air.

iz mikroba u zraku.

And we looked at three different types of rooms.

I promatrali smo tri različite vrste soba.

We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,

Promatrali smo sobe koje imaju mehaničku ventilaciju,

which are the data points in the blue.

što predstavlja plave točke u podacima.

We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,

Promatrali smo sobe s prirodnom ventilacijom,

where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation

gdje su nam bolnice dopustile da isključimo mehaničku ventilaciju

in a wing of the building

u krilu zgrade

and pry open the windows

i otvorili smo prozore polugom

that were no longer operable,

koji više nisu bili upotrebljivi,

but they made them operable for our study.

ali su ih osposobili za naše istraživanje.

And we also sampled the outdoor air.

I isto tako smo uzeli uzorak vanjskog zraka.

If you look at the x-axis of this graph,

Ukoliko pogledate x-os ovog grafa,

you'll see that what we commonly want to do --

vidjeti ćete da ono što mi često radimo --

which is keeping the outdoors out --

a to je da držimo vanjski svijet vani --

we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.

uspijeli smo to napraviti s mehaničkom ventilacijom.

So if you look at the green data points,

Dakle, ako pogledate zelene točke podataka,

which is air that's outside,

koje predstavljaju zrak koji se nalazi vani,

you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,

vidjeti ćete kako postoji velika količina raznolikosti mikroba,

or variety of microbial types.

ili različitost mikrobskih vrsta.

But if you look at the blue data points,

Ali ako pogledate plave točke podataka,

which is mechanically ventilated air,

koje predstavljaju mehaničko ventiliran zrak,

it's not as diverse.

nije toliko raznolik.

But being less diverse

Ali biti manje raznolik

is not necessarily good for our health.

nije nužno dobro za naše zdravlje.

If you look at the y-axis of this graph,

Ukoliko pogledate y-os ovog grafa,

you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,

vidjeti ćete da, u mehanički ventiliranom zraku,

you have a higher probability

imate veće šanse

of encountering a potential pathogen,

susretanja potencijalnog patogena,

or germ,

ili klice,

than if you're outdoors.

nego kada ste vani.

So to understand why this was the case,

Stoga, da bismo razumjeli zašto je to slučaj,

we took our data

uzeli smo naše podatke

and put it into an ordination diagram,

i stavili ih u koordinacijski dijagram,

which is a statistical map

koji predstavlja statističku mapu

that tells you something

koja vam govori nešto

about how related the microbial communities are

o tome kako su povezane zajednice mikroba

in the different samples.

u različitim uzorcima.

The data points that are closer together

Podatkovne točke koje su bliže jedna drugoj

have microbial communities that are more similar

imaju zajednice mikroba koje su sličnije

than data points that are far apart.

od podatkovnih točaka koje su udaljene jedna od druge.

And the first things that you can see from this graph

I prve stvari koje možete vidjeti iz ovog grafa

is, if you look at the blue data points,

je, ako promatrate plave točke podataka,

which are the mechanically ventilated air,

koje predstavljaju mehanički ventiliran zrak,

they're not simply a subset of the green data points,

one nisu samo podskup zelenih točaka podataka,

which are the outdoor air.

koje predstavljaju vanjski zrak.

What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air

Ono što smo otkrili je kako mehanički ventiliran zrak

looks like humans.

izgleda poput ljudi.

It has microbes on it

Ima na sebi mikrobe

that are commonly associated with our skin

koji se često poistovjećuju s našom kožom

and with our mouth, our spit.

i s našim ustima, našom pljuvačkom.

And this is because

A to je zbog toga jer

we're all constantly shedding microbes.

konstantno prosipamo mikrobe.

So all of you right now

Dakle, svi vi upravo sada

are sharing your microbes with one another.

dijelite svoje mikrobe jedni s drugima.

And when you're outdoors,

A kada ste vani,

that type of air has microbes

ta vrsta zraka sadrži mikrobe

that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.

koji se često poistovjećuju s listovima biljaka i s nečistoćom.

Why does this matter?

Zašto je to važno?

It matters because the health care industry

Važno je jer je zdravstvena industrija

is the second most energy intensive industry

druga po redu najintenzivnija industrija u iskorištavanju energije

in the United States.

u Sjedinjenim Državama.

Hospitals use two and a half times

Bolnice koriste dva i pol puta

the amount of energy as office buildings.

više energije nego uredske zgrade.

And the model that we're working with

A model s kojim radimo

in hospitals,

u bolnicama,

and also with many, many different buildings,

i isto tako u mnogim, mnogim drugim zgradama,

is to keep the outdoors out.

je držati vanjski svijet vani.

And this model

A taj model

may not necessarily be the best for our health.

nije nužno najbolji za naše zdravlje.

And given the extraordinary amount

I uzimajući u obzir enormnu količinu

of nosocomial infections,

nozokomijalnih infekcija,

or hospital-acquired infections,

ili infekcija stečenih u bolnici,

this is a clue that it's a good time

to je znak kako je pravo vrijeme

to reconsider our current practices.

da razmotrimo našu trenutnu praksu.

So just as we manage national parks,

Dakle, kao što rukovodimo nacionalnim parkovima,

where we promote the growth of some species

gdje promoviramo rast nekih vrsta

and we inhibit the growth of others,

i kočimo rast nekih drugih,

we're working towards thinking about buildings

radimo prema razmišljanju o zgradama

using an ecosystem framework

koristeći okvir ekosustava

where we can promote the kinds of microbes

gdje možemo promovirati vrste mikroba

that we want to have indoors.

koje želimo imati u zatvorenom prostoru.

I've heard somebody say

Čula sam kako je netko rekao

that you're as healthy as your gut.

kako ste zdravi koliko i vaše crijevo.

And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt

I iz tog razloga, mnogi ljudi jedu probiotične jogurte

so they can promote a healthy gut flora.

kako bi promovirali zdravu crijevnu floru.

And what we ultimately want to do

A ono što na kraju želimo učiniti

is to be able to use this concept

je biti u mogućnosti koristiti taj koncept

to promote a healthy group

kako bi promovirali zdravu grupu

of microorganisms inside.

mikroorganizama u unutrašnjosti.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)