Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?

44,506 views ใƒป 2011-08-04

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Oren Szekatch ืžื‘ืงืจ: Shahar Kaiser
00:15
Humans in the developed world
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—
00:17
spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืž-90% ืžื—ื™ื™ื”ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื,
00:20
where they breathe in and come into contact
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ื ื ื•ืฉืžื™ื ื•ื‘ืื™ื ื‘ืžื’ืข
00:23
with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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ืขื ื˜ืจื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ื ืจืื•ืช ืœืขื™ืŸ:
00:26
microorganisms.
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ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื.
00:28
Buildings are complex ecosystems
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช
00:30
that are an important source
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ื”ืžืฉืžืฉื•ืช ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:32
of microbes that are good for us,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœื ื•,
00:34
and some that are bad for us.
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ื•ื›ืžื” ืฉืจืขื™ื ืœื ื•.
00:36
What determines the types and distributions
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ืžื” ืงื•ื‘ืข ืืช ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืœื•ืงื”
00:39
of microbes indoors?
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ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื?
00:41
Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื ื™ืฉืื™ื ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
00:44
that enter through windows
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ืฉื ื›ื ืกื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช
00:46
and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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ื•ื“ืจืš ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช.
00:49
And they are brought inside
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ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ืคื ื™ืžื”
00:51
by humans and other creatures.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื ื•ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
00:54
The fate of microbes indoors
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ื’ื•ืจืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื‘ื ื™ื
00:56
depends on complex interactions
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื™ื—ืกื™ ื’ื•ืžืœื™ืŸ ืกื‘ื•ื›ื”
00:58
with humans,
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ืขื ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื,
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
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ื•ืขื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื.
01:02
And today, architects and biologists
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ื•ื›ื™ื•ื, ืื“ืจื™ื›ืœื™ื ื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื
01:04
are working together
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ื•ืชื
01:06
to explore smart building design
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ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื—ื›ื
01:09
that will create
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ืฉื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ
01:11
healthy buildings for us.
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ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•.
01:14
We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื™ื ื›ืžื•ืช ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ
01:16
in buildings
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ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:18
that are extremely controlled environments,
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืžื‘ื•ืงืจืช ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช,
01:21
like this building here --
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ --
01:23
environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื ื™ื•ืช
01:26
that include filtering,
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ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื•ืช ืกื™ื ื•ืŸ,
01:28
heating and air conditioning.
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ื—ื™ืžื•ื ื•ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:30
Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืžื‘ืœื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื,
01:32
it's important to understand
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ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
01:34
how this affects our health.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื ื•.
01:36
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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ื‘-"ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื•ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื”",
01:39
we carried out a study in a hospital
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ื ื™ื”ืœื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช-ื—ื•ืœื™ื
01:42
where we sampled air
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ื‘ื• ื“ื’ืžื ื• ืื•ื•ื™ืจ
01:44
and pulled the DNA
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ื•ื”ื•ืฆืื ื• ื“.ื .ื.
01:46
out of microbes in the air.
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ืžื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ.
01:48
And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ื“ืจื™ื.
01:51
We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ื•ืจืจื• ืžื›ื ื™ืช,
01:53
which are the data points in the blue.
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ืฉื”ื ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื‘ื›ื—ื•ืœ.
01:55
We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื—ื“ืจื™ื ืฉืื•ื•ืจืจื• ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื˜ื‘ืขื™ืช,
01:58
where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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ืฉื ื‘ื™ืช-ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื”ืจืฉื” ืœื ื• ืœืกื’ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื›ื ื™
02:00
in a wing of the building
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ื‘ืื’ืฃ ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ
02:02
and pry open the windows
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ื•ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื•ืช
02:04
that were no longer operable,
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื,
02:06
but they made them operable for our study.
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ืืš ื”ื ื’ืจืžื• ืœื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ื™ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื—ืงืจื ื•.
02:08
And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื“ื’ืžื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
02:10
If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”- X ื‘ื’ืจืฃ,
02:13
you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœืจื•ื‘ ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช --
02:16
which is keeping the outdoors out --
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ืฉื–ื” ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ --
02:18
we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื’ืฉืžื ื• ื–ืืช ืขื ืื™ื•ื•ืจื•ืจ ืžื›ื ื™.
02:21
So if you look at the green data points,
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ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช,
02:23
which is air that's outside,
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ืฉื–ื” ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
02:25
you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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ืืชื ืชืจืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืžื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™,
02:28
or variety of microbial types.
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ืื• ืžื‘ื—ืจ ืฉืœ ืกื•ื’ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
02:30
But if you look at the blue data points,
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ืืš ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช,
02:32
which is mechanically ventilated air,
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ืฉื”ื ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ืžื›ื ื™ืช,
02:34
it's not as diverse.
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ื”ื•ื ืื™ื ื• ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
02:37
But being less diverse
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ืืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ
02:39
is not necessarily good for our health.
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ืœื ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื–ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
02:41
If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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ืื ืชืชื‘ื•ื ื ื• ื‘ืฆื™ืจ ื”- Y ื‘ื’ืจืฃ,
02:44
you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™, ื‘ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ืžื›ื ื™ืช,
02:47
you have a higher probability
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ื™ืฉื ื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:49
of encountering a potential pathogen,
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ืฉืœ ืžืคื’ืฉ ืขื ืคืชื•ื’ืŸ ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœื™,
02:51
or germ,
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ืื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืง ืžื–ื™ืง,
02:53
than if you're outdoors.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืืชื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
02:55
So to understand why this was the case,
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ืื– ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ืข ื›ืš ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
02:58
we took our data
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœื ื•
03:00
and put it into an ordination diagram,
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ื•ื”ืฆื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ืกืžื™ื›ื•ืช,
03:02
which is a statistical map
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ืฉื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžืคื” ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืช
03:04
that tells you something
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ื”ืžืกืคืจืช ืœืš ืžืฉื”ื•
03:06
about how related the microbial communities are
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื›ืžื” ืžืงื•ืจื‘ื•ืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
03:08
in the different samples.
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ื‘ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื•ืช.
03:10
The data points that are closer together
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ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื ืžืฆืื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื™ื”
03:12
have microbial communities that are more similar
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ื”ื“ื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ
03:15
than data points that are far apart.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืืฉืจ ืจื—ื•ืงื•ืช ืื—ืช ืžื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”.
03:17
And the first things that you can see from this graph
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื’ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื”
03:19
is, if you look at the blue data points,
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ื”ื•ื, ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืขืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœื•ืช,
03:21
which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ืžื›ื ื™ืช,
03:24
they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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ื”ืŸ ืื™ื ืŸ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืžืฉื ื” ืฉืœ ื ืงื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ื”ื™ืจื•ืงื•ืช,
03:27
which are the outdoor air.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
03:29
What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ืžืื•ื•ืจืจ ืžื›ื ื™ืช
03:32
looks like humans.
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ื ืจืื” ื›ืžื• ื‘ื ื™ ืื“ื.
03:34
It has microbes on it
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ื™ืฉ ืœื• ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืขืœื™ื•
03:36
that are commonly associated with our skin
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ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื ื•
03:39
and with our mouth, our spit.
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ื•ืœืคื” ืฉืœื ื•, ืœืจื•ืง ืฉืœื ื•.
03:41
And this is because
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืฉื•ื
03:43
we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืžืฉื™ืจื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื.
03:45
So all of you right now
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ื›ืš ืฉื›ื•ืœื›ื ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื”
03:47
are sharing your microbes with one another.
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ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื ืื—ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื ื™.
03:49
And when you're outdoors,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ,
03:51
that type of air has microbes
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ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื™ืฉ ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
03:53
that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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ื”ืžืงื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ืขื ืขืœื™ื ื•ืขื ืขืคืจ.
03:56
Why does this matter?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื”?
03:58
It matters because the health care industry
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ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•
04:00
is the second most energy intensive industry
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ื‘ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
04:03
in the United States.
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘.
04:05
Hospitals use two and a half times
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ื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืคื™ ืฉืชื™ื™ื ื•ื—ืฆื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:07
the amount of energy as office buildings.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ ืžืฉืจื“ื™ื.
04:10
And the model that we're working with
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ืื™ืชื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
04:12
in hospitals,
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ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
04:14
and also with many, many different buildings,
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ื•ื›ืŸ ื’ื ืขื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
04:16
is to keep the outdoors out.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœ ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
04:18
And this model
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ื•ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ื–ื”
04:20
may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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ืื™ื ื• ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
04:23
And given the extraordinary amount
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ื•ื‘ื”ืชื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื•ืžื”
04:25
of nosocomial infections,
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ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ื•ื–ื•ืงื•ืžื™ืืœื™ืช,
04:27
or hospital-acquired infections,
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ืื• ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื ื“ื‘ืงื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื‘ื‘ืชื™-ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
04:30
this is a clue that it's a good time
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ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืจืžื– ืฉื–ื”ื• ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘
04:32
to reconsider our current practices.
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ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืขืœ ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืคืขื•ืœื” ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.
04:35
So just as we manage national parks,
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ืื– ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœื ื”ืœ ืคืืจืงื™ื ืœืื•ืžื™ื™ื,
04:38
where we promote the growth of some species
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ืฉื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื’ื“ื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื
04:40
and we inhibit the growth of others,
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื ืขื™ื ืืช ื’ื“ื™ืœืชื ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื,
04:43
we're working towards thinking about buildings
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ื›ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืœืงืจืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืขืœ ื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื
04:46
using an ecosystem framework
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ืฉื™ืฉืชืžืฉื• ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ืฉืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
04:48
where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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ื‘ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื“ืงื™ื
04:51
that we want to have indoors.
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ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื.
04:55
I've heard somebody say
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ืฉืžืขืชื™ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื•ืžืจ
04:57
that you're as healthy as your gut.
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ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืขื™ ืฉืœืš.
04:59
And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื ื™ื•ื’ื•ืจื˜ ืคืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ื˜ื™
05:02
so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืคืœื•ืจืช ืžืขื™ื™ื ื‘ืจื™ืื”.
05:05
And what we ultimately want to do
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ
05:07
is to be able to use this concept
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
05:10
to promote a healthy group
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื•ื“ื“ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืจื™ืื”
05:12
of microorganisms inside.
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ืฉืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ืžื‘ื ื™ื.
05:14
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
05:16
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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