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翻译人员: Jiwei Qu
校对人员: Jenny Yang
00:15
Humans in the developed world
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在发达世界生活的人们
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spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
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一生中90%的时间都待在室内
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where they breathe in and come into contact
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他们在这里呼吸着、接触着
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with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
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数万亿的肉眼看不见的生命形态:
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microorganisms.
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微生物
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Buildings are complex ecosystems
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建筑物是复杂的生态系统
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that are an important source
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它是很多对我们有利的
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of microbes that are good for us,
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微生物的发源地
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and some that are bad for us.
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当然也有一些对我们有害的
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What determines the types and distributions
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是什么决定了室内微生物的
00:39
of microbes indoors?
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种类和分布呢?
00:41
Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
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建筑物被空气中的微生物所占据
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that enter through windows
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它们通过窗户
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and through mechanical ventilation systems.
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机械通风系统进入室内
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And they are brought inside
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或者是被人类或者其他生物
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by humans and other creatures.
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带进室内
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The fate of microbes indoors
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室内微生物的命运
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depends on complex interactions
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取决于与人类本身
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with humans,
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以及
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
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与人类创造的室内环境之间的相互作用
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And today, architects and biologists
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如今,建筑学家和生物学家
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are working together
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正在通力合作
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to explore smart building design
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致力于设计智能建筑
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that will create
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从而为我们
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healthy buildings for us.
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创造健康型建筑
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We spend an extraordinary amount of time
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我们花费大量时间
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in buildings
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在建筑上
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that are extremely controlled environments,
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来严格控制环境
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like this building here --
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就像我们现在所在的这栋建筑--
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environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
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有机械通风系统控制环境
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that include filtering,
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系统包括了过滤
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heating and air conditioning.
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暖气装置以及空气调节装置
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Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
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我们花费了大量时间在室内环境中
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it's important to understand
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了解它是如何影响我们的健康的
01:34
how this affects our health.
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这点非常重要
01:36
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
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在生物学与环境研究中心
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we carried out a study in a hospital
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我们在医院开展了一项研究
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where we sampled air
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首先对医院的空气进行抽样
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and pulled the DNA
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然后把空气中
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out of microbes in the air.
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微生物的DNA提取出来
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And we looked at three different types of rooms.
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接着,我们观察三个不同的房间
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We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
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我们观察了具有机械通风系统的房间
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which are the data points in the blue.
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用蓝色的数据点代表
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We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
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具有自然通风的房间
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where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
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我们获准关闭了房间的机械通风设备
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in a wing of the building
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房间在大楼侧翼部分
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and pry open the windows
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并且撬开已经
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that were no longer operable,
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不再使用的窗户
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but they made them operable for our study.
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但是院方为了我们的研究打开了它们
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And we also sampled the outdoor air.
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然后我们又取样了室外空气
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If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
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如果你观察图表的横轴
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you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
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你会发现我们通常希望做的是--
02:16
which is keeping the outdoors out --
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阻止室外空气进入--
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we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
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我们通过机械通风设备达到了这个目的
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So if you look at the green data points,
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如果你看一下绿色数据点
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which is air that's outside,
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它记录着室外空气数据
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you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
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你可以发现庞大的微生物多样性
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or variety of microbial types.
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或者说各种不同种类的微生物
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But if you look at the blue data points,
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但是如果你看一下蓝色的数据点
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which is mechanically ventilated air,
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即代表着机械通风系统的点
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it's not as diverse.
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多样性就没那么强了
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But being less diverse
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但是较少的微生物种类
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is not necessarily good for our health.
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未必就对我们的健康有利
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If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
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如果我们看一下竖轴
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you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
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你会发现,在机械通风系统下
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you have a higher probability
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将会有更高的可能性
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of encountering a potential pathogen,
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遇到潜在的病原体
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or germ,
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或是病菌
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than if you're outdoors.
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相比于在室外的条件下
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So to understand why this was the case,
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因此,要去理解为什么是这样
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we took our data
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我们把获取的数据
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and put it into an ordination diagram,
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带入到统筹图中
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which is a statistical map
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即一个统计学的图标中
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that tells you something
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它可以显示出
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about how related the microbial communities are
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在不同的取样中微生物群是如何
03:08
in the different samples.
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存在关联性的
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The data points that are closer together
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数据之间相似程度越高
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have microbial communities that are more similar
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表明了所代表微生物群之间的
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than data points that are far apart.
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相似程度就越高
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And the first things that you can see from this graph
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你可以明显的从这个图标中发现
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is, if you look at the blue data points,
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如果你看一下蓝色的数据点
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which are the mechanically ventilated air,
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即代表机械通风系统的点
03:24
they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
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他们不仅仅是绿色数据点即代表着室外空气数据点
03:27
which are the outdoor air.
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的一个简单的子集
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What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
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我们发现的是机械通风系统的特点其实
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looks like humans.
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看上去像人类
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It has microbes on it
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它上面存在着微生物
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that are commonly associated with our skin
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通常这些微生物和我们的皮肤
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and with our mouth, our spit.
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嘴以及唾液有着联系
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And this is because
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这是因为
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we're all constantly shedding microbes.
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我们随时都在脱落着微生物
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So all of you right now
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因此在座的所有人
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are sharing your microbes with one another.
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现在都在和他人共享着微生物
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And when you're outdoors,
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当你在户外的时候
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that type of air has microbes
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空气中存在着各种微生物
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that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
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它们通常都会和树叶、灰尘发生着联系
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Why does this matter?
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为什么这很重要?
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It matters because the health care industry
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因为卫生保健产业
04:00
is the second most energy intensive industry
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在美国是第二大
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in the United States.
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能源密集型产业
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Hospitals use two and a half times
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医院消耗的能源
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the amount of energy as office buildings.
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是办公楼的2.5倍
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And the model that we're working with
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我们在工作中所合作的医院
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in hospitals,
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样板模型
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and also with many, many different buildings,
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以及许多许多不同的建筑
04:16
is to keep the outdoors out.
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都是封闭式的
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And this model
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这种模式
04:20
may not necessarily be the best for our health.
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也许未必是对我们健康最有利的选择
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And given the extraordinary amount
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大量的
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of nosocomial infections,
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院内感染
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or hospital-acquired infections,
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或在医院中的相互传染
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this is a clue that it's a good time
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这些都提示我们是时候
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to reconsider our current practices.
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去重新审视我们的现状了
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So just as we manage national parks,
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因此就像我们管理国家公园一样
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where we promote the growth of some species
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在某些地方要提高某些物种的数量
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and we inhibit the growth of others,
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同时要限制其他物种的数量
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we're working towards thinking about buildings
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我们正在致力于思考让建筑物
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using an ecosystem framework
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运用一套生态系统框架
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where we can promote the kinds of microbes
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从而让我们可以在某些区域促进一些有益于
04:51
that we want to have indoors.
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人类室内生活的微生物数量
04:55
I've heard somebody say
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我听有些人说过
04:57
that you're as healthy as your gut.
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你的健康取决于你的肠道健康
04:59
And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
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于是鉴于此原因,很多人都会去食用益生菌酸奶
05:02
so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
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从而他们就可以促进健康的肠道菌群
05:05
And what we ultimately want to do
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我们最终想做的是
05:07
is to be able to use this concept
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可以运用这个概念
05:10
to promote a healthy group
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去促进健康的
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of microorganisms inside.
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内部微生物群
05:14
Thank you.
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谢谢
05:16
(Applause)
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(掌声)
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