Jessica Green: Are we filtering the wrong microbes?

44,471 views ・ 2011-08-04

TED


请双击下面的英文字幕来播放视频。

翻译人员: Jiwei Qu 校对人员: Jenny Yang
00:15
Humans in the developed world
0
15260
2000
在发达世界生活的人们
00:17
spend more than 90 percent of their lives indoors,
1
17260
3000
一生中90%的时间都待在室内
00:20
where they breathe in and come into contact
2
20260
3000
他们在这里呼吸着、接触着
00:23
with trillions of life forms invisible to the naked eye:
3
23260
3000
数万亿的肉眼看不见的生命形态:
00:26
microorganisms.
4
26260
2000
微生物
00:28
Buildings are complex ecosystems
5
28260
2000
建筑物是复杂的生态系统
00:30
that are an important source
6
30260
2000
它是很多对我们有利的
00:32
of microbes that are good for us,
7
32260
2000
微生物的发源地
00:34
and some that are bad for us.
8
34260
2000
当然也有一些对我们有害的
00:36
What determines the types and distributions
9
36260
3000
是什么决定了室内微生物的
00:39
of microbes indoors?
10
39260
2000
种类和分布呢?
00:41
Buildings are colonized by airborne microbes
11
41260
3000
建筑物被空气中的微生物所占据
00:44
that enter through windows
12
44260
2000
它们通过窗户
00:46
and through mechanical ventilation systems.
13
46260
3000
机械通风系统进入室内
00:49
And they are brought inside
14
49260
2000
或者是被人类或者其他生物
00:51
by humans and other creatures.
15
51260
3000
带进室内
00:54
The fate of microbes indoors
16
54260
2000
室内微生物的命运
00:56
depends on complex interactions
17
56260
2000
取决于与人类本身
00:58
with humans,
18
58260
2000
以及
01:00
and with the human-built environment.
19
60260
2000
与人类创造的室内环境之间的相互作用
01:02
And today, architects and biologists
20
62260
2000
如今,建筑学家和生物学家
01:04
are working together
21
64260
2000
正在通力合作
01:06
to explore smart building design
22
66260
3000
致力于设计智能建筑
01:09
that will create
23
69260
2000
从而为我们
01:11
healthy buildings for us.
24
71260
3000
创造健康型建筑
01:14
We spend an extraordinary amount of time
25
74260
2000
我们花费大量时间
01:16
in buildings
26
76260
2000
在建筑上
01:18
that are extremely controlled environments,
27
78260
3000
来严格控制环境
01:21
like this building here --
28
81260
2000
就像我们现在所在的这栋建筑--
01:23
environments that have mechanical ventilation systems
29
83260
3000
有机械通风系统控制环境
01:26
that include filtering,
30
86260
2000
系统包括了过滤
01:28
heating and air conditioning.
31
88260
2000
暖气装置以及空气调节装置
01:30
Given the amount of time that we spend indoors,
32
90260
2000
我们花费了大量时间在室内环境中
01:32
it's important to understand
33
92260
2000
了解它是如何影响我们的健康的
01:34
how this affects our health.
34
94260
2000
这点非常重要
01:36
At the Biology and the Built Environment Center,
35
96260
3000
在生物学与环境研究中心
01:39
we carried out a study in a hospital
36
99260
3000
我们在医院开展了一项研究
01:42
where we sampled air
37
102260
2000
首先对医院的空气进行抽样
01:44
and pulled the DNA
38
104260
2000
然后把空气中
01:46
out of microbes in the air.
39
106260
2000
微生物的DNA提取出来
01:48
And we looked at three different types of rooms.
40
108260
3000
接着,我们观察三个不同的房间
01:51
We looked at rooms that were mechanically ventilated,
41
111260
2000
我们观察了具有机械通风系统的房间
01:53
which are the data points in the blue.
42
113260
2000
用蓝色的数据点代表
01:55
We looked at rooms that were naturally ventilated,
43
115260
3000
具有自然通风的房间
01:58
where the hospital let us turn off the mechanical ventilation
44
118260
2000
我们获准关闭了房间的机械通风设备
02:00
in a wing of the building
45
120260
2000
房间在大楼侧翼部分
02:02
and pry open the windows
46
122260
2000
并且撬开已经
02:04
that were no longer operable,
47
124260
2000
不再使用的窗户
02:06
but they made them operable for our study.
48
126260
2000
但是院方为了我们的研究打开了它们
02:08
And we also sampled the outdoor air.
49
128260
2000
然后我们又取样了室外空气
02:10
If you look at the x-axis of this graph,
50
130260
3000
如果你观察图表的横轴
02:13
you'll see that what we commonly want to do --
51
133260
3000
你会发现我们通常希望做的是--
02:16
which is keeping the outdoors out --
52
136260
2000
阻止室外空气进入--
02:18
we accomplished that with mechanical ventilation.
53
138260
3000
我们通过机械通风设备达到了这个目的
02:21
So if you look at the green data points,
54
141260
2000
如果你看一下绿色数据点
02:23
which is air that's outside,
55
143260
2000
它记录着室外空气数据
02:25
you'll see that there's a large amount of microbial diversity,
56
145260
3000
你可以发现庞大的微生物多样性
02:28
or variety of microbial types.
57
148260
2000
或者说各种不同种类的微生物
02:30
But if you look at the blue data points,
58
150260
2000
但是如果你看一下蓝色的数据点
02:32
which is mechanically ventilated air,
59
152260
2000
即代表着机械通风系统的点
02:34
it's not as diverse.
60
154260
3000
多样性就没那么强了
02:37
But being less diverse
61
157260
2000
但是较少的微生物种类
02:39
is not necessarily good for our health.
62
159260
2000
未必就对我们的健康有利
02:41
If you look at the y-axis of this graph,
63
161260
3000
如果我们看一下竖轴
02:44
you'll see that, in the mechanically ventilated air,
64
164260
3000
你会发现,在机械通风系统下
02:47
you have a higher probability
65
167260
2000
将会有更高的可能性
02:49
of encountering a potential pathogen,
66
169260
2000
遇到潜在的病原体
02:51
or germ,
67
171260
2000
或是病菌
02:53
than if you're outdoors.
68
173260
2000
相比于在室外的条件下
02:55
So to understand why this was the case,
69
175260
3000
因此,要去理解为什么是这样
02:58
we took our data
70
178260
2000
我们把获取的数据
03:00
and put it into an ordination diagram,
71
180260
2000
带入到统筹图中
03:02
which is a statistical map
72
182260
2000
即一个统计学的图标中
03:04
that tells you something
73
184260
2000
它可以显示出
03:06
about how related the microbial communities are
74
186260
2000
在不同的取样中微生物群是如何
03:08
in the different samples.
75
188260
2000
存在关联性的
03:10
The data points that are closer together
76
190260
2000
数据之间相似程度越高
03:12
have microbial communities that are more similar
77
192260
3000
表明了所代表微生物群之间的
03:15
than data points that are far apart.
78
195260
2000
相似程度就越高
03:17
And the first things that you can see from this graph
79
197260
2000
你可以明显的从这个图标中发现
03:19
is, if you look at the blue data points,
80
199260
2000
如果你看一下蓝色的数据点
03:21
which are the mechanically ventilated air,
81
201260
3000
即代表机械通风系统的点
03:24
they're not simply a subset of the green data points,
82
204260
3000
他们不仅仅是绿色数据点即代表着室外空气数据点
03:27
which are the outdoor air.
83
207260
2000
的一个简单的子集
03:29
What we've found is that mechanically ventilated air
84
209260
3000
我们发现的是机械通风系统的特点其实
03:32
looks like humans.
85
212260
2000
看上去像人类
03:34
It has microbes on it
86
214260
2000
它上面存在着微生物
03:36
that are commonly associated with our skin
87
216260
3000
通常这些微生物和我们的皮肤
03:39
and with our mouth, our spit.
88
219260
2000
嘴以及唾液有着联系
03:41
And this is because
89
221260
2000
这是因为
03:43
we're all constantly shedding microbes.
90
223260
2000
我们随时都在脱落着微生物
03:45
So all of you right now
91
225260
2000
因此在座的所有人
03:47
are sharing your microbes with one another.
92
227260
2000
现在都在和他人共享着微生物
03:49
And when you're outdoors,
93
229260
2000
当你在户外的时候
03:51
that type of air has microbes
94
231260
2000
空气中存在着各种微生物
03:53
that are commonly associated with plant leaves and with dirt.
95
233260
3000
它们通常都会和树叶、灰尘发生着联系
03:56
Why does this matter?
96
236260
2000
为什么这很重要?
03:58
It matters because the health care industry
97
238260
2000
因为卫生保健产业
04:00
is the second most energy intensive industry
98
240260
3000
在美国是第二大
04:03
in the United States.
99
243260
2000
能源密集型产业
04:05
Hospitals use two and a half times
100
245260
2000
医院消耗的能源
04:07
the amount of energy as office buildings.
101
247260
3000
是办公楼的2.5倍
04:10
And the model that we're working with
102
250260
2000
我们在工作中所合作的医院
04:12
in hospitals,
103
252260
2000
样板模型
04:14
and also with many, many different buildings,
104
254260
2000
以及许多许多不同的建筑
04:16
is to keep the outdoors out.
105
256260
2000
都是封闭式的
04:18
And this model
106
258260
2000
这种模式
04:20
may not necessarily be the best for our health.
107
260260
3000
也许未必是对我们健康最有利的选择
04:23
And given the extraordinary amount
108
263260
2000
大量的
04:25
of nosocomial infections,
109
265260
2000
院内感染
04:27
or hospital-acquired infections,
110
267260
3000
或在医院中的相互传染
04:30
this is a clue that it's a good time
111
270260
2000
这些都提示我们是时候
04:32
to reconsider our current practices.
112
272260
3000
去重新审视我们的现状了
04:35
So just as we manage national parks,
113
275260
3000
因此就像我们管理国家公园一样
04:38
where we promote the growth of some species
114
278260
2000
在某些地方要提高某些物种的数量
04:40
and we inhibit the growth of others,
115
280260
3000
同时要限制其他物种的数量
04:43
we're working towards thinking about buildings
116
283260
3000
我们正在致力于思考让建筑物
04:46
using an ecosystem framework
117
286260
2000
运用一套生态系统框架
04:48
where we can promote the kinds of microbes
118
288260
3000
从而让我们可以在某些区域促进一些有益于
04:51
that we want to have indoors.
119
291260
3000
人类室内生活的微生物数量
04:55
I've heard somebody say
120
295260
2000
我听有些人说过
04:57
that you're as healthy as your gut.
121
297260
2000
你的健康取决于你的肠道健康
04:59
And for this reason, many people eat probiotic yogurt
122
299260
3000
于是鉴于此原因,很多人都会去食用益生菌酸奶
05:02
so they can promote a healthy gut flora.
123
302260
3000
从而他们就可以促进健康的肠道菌群
05:05
And what we ultimately want to do
124
305260
2000
我们最终想做的是
05:07
is to be able to use this concept
125
307260
3000
可以运用这个概念
05:10
to promote a healthy group
126
310260
2000
去促进健康的
05:12
of microorganisms inside.
127
312260
2000
内部微生物群
05:14
Thank you.
128
314260
2000
谢谢
05:16
(Applause)
129
316260
3000
(掌声)
关于本网站

这个网站将向你介绍对学习英语有用的YouTube视频。你将看到来自世界各地的一流教师教授的英语课程。双击每个视频页面上显示的英文字幕,即可从那里播放视频。字幕会随着视频的播放而同步滚动。如果你有任何意见或要求,请使用此联系表与我们联系。

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7