Mark Pagel: How language transformed humanity

261,512 views ใƒป 2011-08-03

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Hye Bin Ko ๊ฒ€ํ† : Woo Hwang
00:15
Each of you possesses
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ๊ฐœ๊ฐœ์ธ์€
00:17
the most powerful, dangerous and subversive trait
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์ž์—ฐ๋„ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ธ๊ฒƒ์ค‘
00:20
that natural selection has ever devised.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•˜๊ณ  ์œ„ํ—˜ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ์„ฑ์งˆ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:23
It's a piece of neural audio technology
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์ •์‹ ์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์–ด ๋†“์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š”
00:26
for rewiring other people's minds.
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์‹ ๊ฒฝ๊ณ„์  ์Œ์„ฑ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:28
I'm talking about your language, of course,
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:31
because it allows you to implant a thought from your mind
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
00:34
directly into someone else's mind,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ์ง์ ‘์ ์œผ๋กœ ์‹ฌ์–ด์ค„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:37
and they can attempt to do the same to you,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฑด ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ ์š”.
00:39
without either of you having to perform surgery.
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๋‘˜ ์ค‘ ์•„๋ฌด๋„ ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ํ•  ํ•„์š”์—†์ด ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
00:42
Instead, when you speak,
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๋Œ€์‹ ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•  ๋•Œ์—๋Š”
00:44
you're actually using a form of telemetry
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์ผ์ข…์˜ ์›๊ฒฉ ์ธก์ •์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:46
not so different
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ปจ๊ณผ ๋น„์Šทํ•œ
00:48
from the remote control device for your television.
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์›๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
00:50
It's just that, whereas that device
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๋งํ•˜์ž๋ฉด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ฝ˜์€
00:52
relies on pulses of infrared light,
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์ ์™ธ์„ ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ทœ์น™์ ์ธ ๋ฐ•์ž์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
00:54
your language relies on pulses,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š”
00:57
discrete pulses, of sound.
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์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋น„์—ฐ์†์ ์ธ ๋ฐ•์ž์— ์˜์กดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
00:59
And just as you use the remote control device
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๋˜ํ•œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋“ค์ด ๋ฆฌ๋ชจ์ฝ˜์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
01:02
to alter the internal settings of your television
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ธฐ๋ถ„๋Œ€๋กœ
01:04
to suit your mood,
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ํ…”๋ ˆ๋น„์ „ ์„ค์ •์„ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
01:06
you use your language
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
01:08
to alter the settings inside someone else's brain
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ด€์‹ฌ์‚ฌ์— ๋งž๋„๋ก
01:10
to suit your interests.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๋‡Œ ๋‚ด๋ถ€ ์„ค์ •์„ ๋ฐ”๊ฟ‰๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:12
Languages are genes talking,
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์ด ์›ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ป์œผ๋ ค๋Š”
01:14
getting things that they want.
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์œ ์ „์ž์™€ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:16
And just imagine the sense of wonder in a baby
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์•„๊ธฐ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ์ € ์–ด๋–ค ์†Œ๋ฆฌ๋กœ
01:19
when it first discovers that, merely by uttering a sound,
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๋ฌผ์ฒด๋“ค์„ ๋ฐฉ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์›€์ง์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„
01:22
it can get objects to move across a room
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๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ์˜ ๋†€๋ผ์›€์„ ์ƒ์ƒํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
01:24
as if by magic,
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋งˆ๋ฒ•์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:26
and maybe even into its mouth.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์ž… ์•ˆ๊นŒ์ง€๋„ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
01:29
Now language's subversive power
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์–ธ์–ด์˜ ํŒŒ๊ดด์ ์ธ ํž˜์€
01:31
has been recognized throughout the ages
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์˜ค๋žœ ์‹œ๊ฐ„์— ๊ฑธ์ณ ์ธ์ •๋˜์–ด ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:33
in censorship, in books you can't read,
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๊ฒ€์—ด ์ œ๋„, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์ฝ์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์ฑ…๋“ค,
01:35
phrases you can't use
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์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด๋‚˜
01:37
and words you can't say.
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๋งํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์•ˆ ๋  ๋‹จ์–ด๋“ค์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋“ฏ์ด ๋ง์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:39
In fact, the Tower of Babel story in the Bible
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์„ฑ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ฐ”๋ฒจํƒ‘ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:42
is a fable and warning
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์–ธ์–ด์˜ ํž˜์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
01:44
about the power of language.
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์šฐํ™”์ด์ž ๊ฒฝ๊ณ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:46
According to that story, early humans developed the conceit
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๊ทธ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์— ๋”ฐ๋ฅด๋ฉด, ์ดˆ๊ธฐ ์ธ๊ฐ„๋“ค์€
01:49
that, by using their language to work together,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ํ˜‘๋ ฅํ•˜๋ฉฐ
01:51
they could build a tower
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ํ•˜๋Š˜์— ๋„๋‹ฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ํƒ‘์„ ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ 
01:53
that would take them all the way to heaven.
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์ž๋งŒํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
01:55
Now God, angered at this attempt to usurp his power,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ์‹ ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ํž˜์„ ๊ฐ•ํƒˆํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ์‹œ๋„์— ํ™”๊ฐ€ ๋‚˜์„œ
01:58
destroyed the tower,
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ํƒ‘์„ ํŒŒ๊ดดํ–ˆ๊ณ 
02:01
and then to ensure
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๋‹ค์‹œ๋Š”
02:03
that it would never be rebuilt,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํƒ‘์ด ์ง€์–ด์งˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก
02:05
he scattered the people by giving them different languages --
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ ํฉ์–ด์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:08
confused them by giving them different languages.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ฃผ์–ด์„œ ํ˜ผ๋ž€์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:11
And this leads to the wonderful irony
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋กœ ํ•˜์—ฌ๊ธˆ ๋†€๋ž„ ๋งŒํ•œ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๋ฅผ ๊นจ๋‹ซ๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:13
that our languages exist to prevent us from communicating.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์†Œํ†ต์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ์กด์žฌํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
02:16
Even today,
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด ์˜ค๋Š˜๋‚ ๋„
02:18
we know that there are words we cannot use,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๋‹จ์–ด,
02:20
phrases we cannot say,
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๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ตฌ์ ˆ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:22
because if we do so,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ–ˆ๋‹ค๊ฐ„
02:24
we might be accosted, jailed,
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์œ„ํ˜‘๋‹นํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ฐ๊ธˆ๋‹นํ•˜๋ฉฐ
02:27
or even killed.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์ฃฝ๊ฒŒ ๋  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:29
And all of this from a puff of air
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์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ž…์—์„œ ํ›… ํ•˜๊ณ  ๋‚˜์˜ค๋Š”
02:31
emanating from our mouths.
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๊ณต๊ธฐ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ผ์–ด๋‚  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:33
Now all this fuss about a single one of our traits
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํŠน์ง•๋“ค์ค‘ ์ด ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€(์–ธ์–ด) ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ์ผ๋“ค์ด ๋ฒŒ์–ด์ง„๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€,
02:36
tells us there's something worth explaining.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ๊ทธ๋งŒํผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:38
And that is how and why
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์™œ
02:40
did this remarkable trait evolve,
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์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์„ฑ์งˆ์ด ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ ๋˜์—ˆ์œผ๋ฉฐ
02:42
and why did it evolve
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์™œ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด
02:44
only in our species?
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์œ ๋… ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…(็จฎ)์—๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋˜์—ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์˜๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
02:46
Now it's a little bit of a surprise
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์— ๋‹ตํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
02:48
that to get an answer to that question,
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ์‚ฌ์šฉ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด
02:50
we have to go to tool use
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๋จผ์ € ์•Œ์•„๋ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
02:52
in the chimpanzees.
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์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋†€๋ผ์šธ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:54
Now these chimpanzees are using tools,
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๋ณด์‹œ๋Š” ์ด ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋„๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:56
and we take that as a sign of their intelligence.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๋Šฅ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค€๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ฃ .
02:59
But if they really were intelligent,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:01
why would they use a stick to extract termites from the ground
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์™œ ๋•…์—์„œ ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ์‚ฝ ๋Œ€์‹ 
03:04
rather than a shovel?
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๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ• ๊นŒ์š”?
03:06
And if they really were intelligent,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ์— ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ •๋ง๋กœ ๋˜‘๋˜‘ํ•˜๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:09
why would they crack open nuts with a rock?
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์™œ ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ์—ด๊นŒ์š”?
03:11
Why wouldn't they just go to a shop and buy a bag of nuts
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ์ƒ์ ์— ๊ฐ€์„œ ์ด๋ฏธ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๊นŒ๋†“์€
03:14
that somebody else had already cracked open for them?
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๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅ˜ ํ•œ ๋ด‰์ง€๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
03:17
Why not? I mean, that's what we do.
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์™œ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์•ˆํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ ? ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:19
Now the reason the chimpanzees don't do that
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋กœ
03:21
is that they lack what psychologists and anthropologists call
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌํ•™์ž๋‚˜ ์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
03:24
social learning.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•™์Šต์ด ๋ถ€์กฑํ•ด์„œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:26
They seem to lack the ability
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ฒ ๋ผ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜ ๋”ฐ๋ผํ•˜๋ฉฐ,
03:28
to learn from others
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๋ƒฅ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ
03:30
by copying or imitating
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ๋Š” ๋Šฅ๋ ฅ์ด
03:32
or simply watching.
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๋ถ€์กฑํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:34
As a result,
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ,
03:36
they can't improve on others' ideas
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค ์ข‹์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๊ณ 
03:38
or learn from others' mistakes --
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์˜ ์‹ค์ˆ˜๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:40
benefit from others' wisdom.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด์˜ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
03:42
And so they just do the same thing
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„
03:44
over and over and over again.
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๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋‹ค์‹œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:46
In fact, we could go away for a million years and come back
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 100๋งŒ๋…„์ด ์ง€๋‚˜๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ์™€๋„
03:50
and these chimpanzees would be doing the same thing
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์นจํŒฌ์ง€๋“ค์€ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ํ–‰๋™์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
03:53
with the same sticks for the termites
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ๊ณ 
03:55
and the same rocks to crack open the nuts.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์€ ๋Œ๋กœ ๊ฒฌ๊ณผ๋ฅ˜์˜ ๊ป๋ฐ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์—ด์œผ๋ ค๊ณ  ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
03:58
Now this may sound arrogant, or even full of hubris.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์˜ค๋งŒํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์ž๋งŒ์‹ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋“์ฐฌ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ๋“ค๋ฆด ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๊ณ ์š”.
04:01
How do we know this?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊นŒ์š”?
04:03
Because this is exactly what our ancestors, the Homo erectus, did.
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์ธ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์ด๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋˜‘๊ฐ™๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:06
These upright apes
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์ด ์ง๋ฆฝ ์œ ์ธ์›๋“ค์€
04:08
evolved on the African savanna
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2๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์—
04:10
about two million years ago,
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์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด ๋Œ€์ดˆ์›์—์„œ ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚ฌ๊ณ 
04:12
and they made these splendid hand axes
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์†์— ๋งž๋Š”
04:14
that fit wonderfully into your hands.
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ํ›Œ๋ฅญํ•œ ์†๋„๋ผ๋“ค์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:16
But if we look at the fossil record,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํ™”์„์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด
04:18
we see that they made the same hand axe
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ™์€ ์†๋„๋ผ๋ฅผ
04:21
over and over and over again
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1๋ฐฑ๋งŒ๋…„ ๋™์•ˆ ๋ฐ˜๋ณต์ ์œผ๋กœ ๊ณ„์†ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:23
for one million years.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:25
You can follow it through the fossil record.
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ํ™”์„ ๊ธฐ๋ก์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์ฃ .
04:27
Now if we make some guesses about how long Homo erectus lived,
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์ด๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์˜ค๋žซ๋™์•ˆ ์‚ด์•˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ถ”์ธก์„ ํ•ด๋ณด๋ฉด
04:29
what their generation time was,
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์ฆ‰, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์„ธ๋Œ€๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ณธ๋‹ค๋ฉด
04:31
that's about 40,000 generations
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๋ถ€๋ชจ์—์„œ ํ›„์†๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ 4๋งŒ ์„ธ๋Œ€์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:34
of parents to offspring, and other individuals watching,
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๋“ค์ด ๋ณด๋Š” ๋™์•ˆ
04:37
in which that hand axe didn't change.
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์†๋„๋ผ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐ”๋€Œ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ๊ธฐ๊ฐ„์ด์ฃ .
04:39
It's not even clear
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š”
04:41
that our very close genetic relatives, the Neanderthals,
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์œ ์ „์ ์œผ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ๋“ค๋„
04:43
had social learning.
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์‚ฌํšŒ ํ•™์Šต์„ ํ–ˆ๋Š”๊ฐ€ ์กฐ์ฐจ ํ™•์‹ค์น˜ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:45
Sure enough, their tools were more complicated
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๋ฌผ๋ก  ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋„๊ตฌ๋Š”
04:48
than those of Homo erectus,
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ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์ด๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ–ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋” ์ •๊ตํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
04:50
but they too showed very little change
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ์•„์ฃผ ์ž‘์€ ๋ณ€ํ™”๋งŒ ์žˆ์—ˆ์„ ๋ฟ์ด์ฃ .
04:52
over the 300,000 years or so
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30๋งŒ๋…„ ์ •๋„์˜ ์„ธ์›” ๋™์•ˆ์— ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
04:55
that those species, the Neanderthals,
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์œ ๋ผ์‹œ์•„์— ์‚ด์•˜๋˜
04:57
lived in Eurasia.
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๊ทธ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ๋“ค ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
04:59
Okay, so what this tells us
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์ฆ‰ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ณ ์ž ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ”๋Š”
05:01
is that, contrary to the old adage,
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"๋ณธ๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ฐฐ์šด๋‹ค"๋ผ๋Š”
05:04
"monkey see, monkey do,"
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์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ์†๋‹ด๊ณผ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ
05:07
the surprise really is
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๋†€๋ž๊ฒŒ๋„
05:09
that all of the other animals
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๋ชจ๋“  ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์€
05:11
really cannot do that -- at least not very much.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--์ ์–ด๋„ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
05:14
And even this picture
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ์ง„์กฐ์ฐจ
05:16
has the suspicious taint of being rigged about it --
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์กฐ์ž‘ํ•œ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์€ ์˜์‹ฌ์Šค๋Ÿฌ์šด ํ”์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
05:19
something from a Barnum & Bailey circus.
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๋ฐ”๋„˜๊ณผ ๋ฒ ์ผ๋ฆฌ ์„œ์ปค์Šค ๊ฐ™์€๋ฐ์„œ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
05:21
But by comparison,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์™€ ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ
05:23
we can learn.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:25
We can learn by watching other people
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด๊ณ ,
05:28
and copying or imitating
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๋ฒ ๋ผ๊ณ  ํ‰๋‚ด๋‚ด๋ฉฐ
05:30
what they can do.
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๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:32
We can then choose, from among a range of options,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ต์…˜ ์ค‘์—
05:35
the best one.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ณ ๋ฅผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:37
We can benefit from others' ideas.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์— ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:39
We can build on their wisdom.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ์ฆ์ถ•์‹œํ‚ฌ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:41
And as a result, our ideas do accumulate,
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๋”ฐ๋ผ์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ถ•์ ๋˜๊ณ 
05:44
and our technology progresses.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์€ ๋ฐœ์ „ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
05:48
And this cumulative cultural adaptation,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ ์‘์€,
05:53
as anthropologists call
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์ธ๋ฅ˜ํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์†Œ์œ„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”
05:55
this accumulation of ideas,
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์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ์ถ•์ ์€,
05:57
is responsible for everything around you
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๋ถ์ ๊ฑฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ผ์ƒ ์ƒํ™œ์•ˆ์—์„œ
05:59
in your bustling and teeming everyday lives.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„ ์ฃผ์œ„์˜ ๋ชจ๋“ ๊ฒƒ์— ํฐ ์˜ํ–ฅ์„ ๋ฏธ์น˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:01
I mean the world has changed out of all proportion
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์ฆ‰ ์ œ ๋ง์€, ์„ธ์ƒ์ด ์ง€๋‚˜์น˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ณ€ํ™”ํ•ด์™”๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:03
to what we would recognize
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ 1000๋…„์ด๋‚˜ 2000๋…„์ „์—
06:05
even 1,000 or 2,000 years ago.
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๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๋น„๊ตํ–ˆ์„ ๋•Œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
06:08
And all of this because of cumulative cultural adaptation.
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์ด ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ ์‘ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ธ ๊ฑฐ๊ณ ์š”.
06:11
The chairs you're sitting in, the lights in this auditorium,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•‰์•„ ์žˆ๋Š” ์˜์ž๋“ค, ์ด ๊ด€๋žŒ์„์˜ ์กฐ๋ช…๋“ค,
06:13
my microphone, the iPads and iPods that you carry around with you --
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์ œ ๋งˆ์ดํฌ๋กœํฐ, ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋‹ˆ๋Š” ์•„์ดํŒจ๋“œ, ์•„์ดํŒŸ
06:16
all are a result
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๋ชจ๋‘๊ฐ€
06:18
of cumulative cultural adaptation.
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๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ ์‘์˜ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:20
Now to many commentators,
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๋งŽ์€ ํ•ด์„ค์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด์„œ
06:24
cumulative cultural adaptation, or social learning,
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๋ˆ„์ ๋˜๋Š” ๋ฌธํ™”์  ์ ์‘, ์ฆ‰ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•™์Šต์€
06:27
is job done, end of story.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:30
Our species can make stuff,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…(็จฎ)์€ ๋ฌด์—‡์ธ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์—
06:33
therefore we prospered in a way that no other species has.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…(็จฎ)๋“ค์ด ์ด๋ฃจ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:36
In fact, we can even make the "stuff of life" --
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด "์‚ถ์˜ ๋ฌผ์งˆ" ์กฐ์ฐจ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:39
as I just said, all the stuff around us.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ–ˆ๋“ฏ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
06:41
But in fact, it turns out
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค,
06:43
that some time around 200,000 years ago,
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ํ•œ 20๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์—
06:46
when our species first arose
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚˜๊ณ 
06:48
and acquired social learning,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•™์Šต์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์€
06:50
that this was really the beginning of our story,
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
06:52
not the end of our story.
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์ด์•ผ๊ธฐ์˜ ์‹œ์ž‘์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
06:54
Because our acquisition of social learning
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์™œ๋‚˜ํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•™์Šต์˜ ์Šต๋“์€
06:57
would create a social and evolutionary dilemma,
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์‚ฌํšŒ์ , ์ง„ํ™”์  ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋ฅผ ๋งŒ๋“ค๊ณ 
07:00
the resolution of which, it's fair to say,
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์ด ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์˜ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์€
07:03
would determine not only the future course of our psychology,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์‹ฌ๋ฆฌ ์ž‘์šฉ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜ ๋ฟ๋งŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
07:07
but the future course of the entire world.
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์ด ์„ธ์ƒ์˜ ๋ฏธ๋ž˜๊นŒ์ง€ ๊ฒฐ์ •ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:09
And most importantly for this,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•˜๊ฒŒ๋Š”
07:12
it'll tell us why we have language.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์„ค๋ช…ํ•ด ์ค„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:15
And the reason that dilemma arose
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๊ทธ ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ธด ์ด์œ ๋Š”
07:17
is, it turns out, that social learning is visual theft.
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์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•™์Šต์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋„๋‘‘์งˆ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:20
If I can learn by watching you,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ๋ด„์œผ๋กœ์จ ๋ฐฐ์šธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:23
I can steal your best ideas,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ›”์น  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ณ 
07:25
and I can benefit from your efforts,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐœ๋ฐœํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:28
without having to put in the time and energy that you did
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๋“ค์ธ ์‹œ๊ฐ„๋งŒํผ๊ณผ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์—†์ด
07:30
into developing them.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋…ธ๋ ฅ์œผ๋กœ ์ธํ•ด ์ด๋“์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
07:32
If I can watch which lure you use to catch a fish,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์žก๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด ์–ด๋–ค ๊ฐ€์งœ๋ฏธ๋ผ๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
07:35
or I can watch how you flake your hand axe
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์†๋„๋ผ๋ฅผ ๋” ์ข‹๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
07:37
to make it better,
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์กฐ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
07:39
or if I follow you secretly to your mushroom patch,
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ๋ฒ„์„ฏ ๋ฐญ์— ๋ชฐ๋ž˜ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ„๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:42
I can benefit from your knowledge and wisdom and skills,
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์ €๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€์‹, ์ง€ํ˜œ, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๋กœ ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ํ˜œํƒ์„ ์ž…์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
07:45
and maybe even catch that fish
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋ณด๋‹ค
07:47
before you do.
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๊ณ ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋” ๋จผ์ € ์žก์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด์ฃ .
07:49
Social learning really is visual theft.
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์ฆ‰, ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•™์Šต์€ ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋„๋‘‘์งˆ์ธ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
07:52
And in any species that acquired it,
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์–ด๋Š ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด๋“  ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•™์Šต์„ ์ตํ˜”๋‹ค๋ฉด
07:54
it would behoove you
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ด๊ฐ€ ํ›”์ณ๊ฐˆ ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋„๋ก
07:56
to hide your best ideas,
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ˆจ๊ธฐ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
07:58
lest somebody steal them from you.
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๋‹น์—ฐํ•œ ์ผ์ผ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:02
And so some time around 200,000 years ago,
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๋Œ€๋žต 20๋งŒ๋…„์ „์—,
08:05
our species confronted this crisis.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด ์ด ์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:08
And we really had only two options
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒ
08:11
for dealing with the conflicts
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์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋„๋‘‘์งˆ์ด ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด๋‚ผ ์ถฉ๋Œ์„ ์ฒ˜๋ฆฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
08:13
that visual theft would bring.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€ ์˜ต์…˜์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:15
One of those options
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š”
08:17
was that we could have retreated
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์ž‘์€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ ๋‹จ์œ„๋กœ
08:20
into small family groups.
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ํ›„ํ‡ดํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
08:22
Because then the benefits of our ideas and knowledge
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ์ง€์‹์€
08:25
would flow just to our relatives.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ๋‹ค ํ˜๋Ÿฌ๋‚˜๊ฐˆ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ .
08:27
Had we chosen this option,
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์•ฝ 20๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์—
08:29
sometime around 200,000 years ago,
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:32
we would probably still be living like the Neanderthals were
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„์ง๋„
08:35
when we first entered Europe 40,000 years ago.
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4๋งŒ๋…„ ์ „์— ์œ ๋Ÿฝ์— ์ง„์ถœํ–ˆ๋˜ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
08:38
And this is because in small groups
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์ž‘์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน ๋‚ด์—์„ 
08:40
there are fewer ideas, there are fewer innovations.
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์ ์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์™€ ์ ์€ ํ˜์‹ ๋ฐ–์— ์—†๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด์ฃ .
08:43
And small groups are more prone to accidents and bad luck.
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๋˜ํ•œ ์ž‘์€ ๊ทธ๋ฃน์€ ์‚ฌ๊ณ ์™€ ๋ถˆํ–‰์— ๋” ์•ฝํ•˜๊ธฐ๋„ ํ•˜๊ณ ์š”.
08:46
So if we'd chosen that path,
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ์•ฝ ๊ทธ ๊ธธ์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
08:48
our evolutionary path would have led into the forest --
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ง„ํ™”์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ˆฒ ์•ˆ์—์„œ ์‚ด๊ฒŒ ๋˜์—ˆ์„ ๊ฒƒ์ด๊ณ 
08:51
and been a short one indeed.
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์•„์ฃผ ์งง์€ ์‚ถ๋ฐ–์— ์‚ด์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ์„๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
08:53
The other option we could choose
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์„ ํƒํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์˜ต์…˜์€
08:55
was to develop the systems of communication
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ 
08:58
that would allow us to share ideas
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ํ˜‘๋™ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋„๋ก
09:00
and to cooperate amongst others.
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์˜์‚ฌ ์†Œํ†ต ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:03
Choosing this option would mean
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์ด ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์„ ํƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:05
that a vastly greater fund of accumulated knowledge and wisdom
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ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์กฑ์ด๋‚˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ์œผ๋กœ๋ถ€ํ„ฐ ์ƒ๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ณด๋‹ค
09:08
would become available to any one individual
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋งŽ๊ณ  ์ถ•์ ๋œ ์ง€์‹๊ณผ ์ง€ํ˜œ๊ฐ€
09:11
than would ever arise from within an individual family
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฐœ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ
09:14
or an individual person on their own.
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ํ†ต์šฉ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์˜๋ฏธํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:18
Well, we chose the second option,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜ต์…˜์„ ์„ ํƒํ–ˆ์ฃ .
09:21
and language is the result.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๊ฒฐ๊ณผ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:24
Language evolved to solve the crisis
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋„๋‘‘์งˆ์ด ๊ฐ€์ ธ๋‹ค ์ค„
09:26
of visual theft.
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์œ„๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ๊ฒจ๋‚œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
09:28
Language is a piece of social technology
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ํ˜‘๋™์˜ ์ด์ต์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด--
09:31
for enhancing the benefits of cooperation --
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ํ˜‘์•ฝ์„ ๋งบ๊ฑฐ๋‚˜, ํƒ€ํ˜‘์„ ๋ณด๊ฑฐ๋‚˜,
09:34
for reaching agreements, for striking deals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ์กฐ์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด
09:37
and for coordinating our activities.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ง„ ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ธ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
09:41
And you can see that, in a developing society
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๋ฐœ์ „ํ•ด ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์Šต๋“ํ•ด๊ฐ€๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ ์•ˆ์—์„œ
09:43
that was beginning to acquire language,
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์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
09:45
not having language
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๋งˆ์น˜ ๋‚ ๊ฐœ ์—†๋Š”
09:47
would be a like a bird without wings.
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์ƒˆ์™€ ๊ฐ™์€ ์…ˆ์ด์ฃ .
09:49
Just as wings open up this sphere of air
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊ฐ€ ์ƒˆ๋“ค์ด ๊ณต๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ํ™œ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
09:52
for birds to exploit,
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ์ค€ ๊ฒƒ์ฒ˜๋Ÿผ
09:54
language opened up the sphere of cooperation
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜‘๋™์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ
09:56
for humans to exploit.
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๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
09:58
And we take this utterly for granted,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งค์šฐ ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ์ฃ .
10:00
because we're a species that is so at home with language,
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์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ž์œ ์ž์žฌ๋กœ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:03
but you have to realize
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
10:05
that even the simplest acts of exchange that we engage in
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ๊ต๋ฅ˜์กฐ์ฐจ
10:08
are utterly dependent upon language.
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์–ธ์–ด์— ์˜์กดํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„์•ผํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:11
And to see why, consider two scenarios
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์™ ์ง€๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๋ ค๋ฉด
10:13
from early in our evolution.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง„ํ™” ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์˜ ๋‘ ๊ฒฝ์šฐ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:15
Let's imagine that you are really good
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰์„
10:17
at making arrowheads,
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๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ
10:19
but you're hopeless at making the wooden shafts
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๋‚ ๊ฐœ๊นƒ์ด ๋‹ฌ๋ฆฐ ํ™”์‚ด๋Œ€๋Š”
10:22
with the flight feathers attached.
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์ „ํ˜€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:25
Two other people you know are very good at making the wooden shafts,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์•„๋Š” ๋‘ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ํ™”์‚ด๋Œ€๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ง€๋งŒ
10:28
but they're hopeless at making the arrowheads.
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ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰์„ ์ „ํ˜€ ๋ชป๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•ด๋ด…์‹œ๋‹ค.
10:31
So what you do is --
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
10:33
one of those people has not really acquired language yet.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•œ๋ช…์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์•„์ง ์ตํžˆ์ง€ ๋ชปํ–ˆ๊ณ 
10:36
And let's pretend the other one is good at language skills.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ๋ช…์€ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งค์šฐ ์ž˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋ณด์ฃ .
10:38
So what you do one day is you take a pile of arrowheads,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰ ํ•œ ๋ฌด๋”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ 
10:41
and you walk up to the one that can't speak very well,
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๋ง์„ ์ž˜ ๋ชปํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒํ•œํ…Œ ๊ฐ€์„œ
10:43
and you put the arrowheads down in front of him,
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ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰์„ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ ์•ž์— ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“์„ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
10:45
hoping that he'll get the idea that you want to trade your arrowheads
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰์„ ํ™”์‚ด๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด
10:48
for finished arrows.
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์•Œ์•„์ฐจ๋ฆฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ๋ฉด์„œ ๋ง์ด์—์š”.
10:50
But he looks at the pile of arrowheads, thinks they're a gift,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š” ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰ ๋ฌด๋”๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ณด๋ฉด์„œ ์„ ๋ฌผ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
10:52
picks them up, smiles and walks off.
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์ง‘์–ด๋“ค๊ณ  ๋ฏธ์†Œ๋ฅผ ์ง“๊ณ ๋Š” ์ž๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋– ๋‚ ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
10:55
Now you pursue this guy, gesticulating.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ชธ์ง“์„ ํ•˜๋ฉฐ ๋”ฐ๋ผ๊ฐ€๊ฒ ์ฃ .
10:57
A scuffle ensues and you get stabbed
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๋‚œํˆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๊ณ  ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€
10:59
with one of your own arrowheads.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰์œผ๋กœ ์ฐ”๋ ค ์ฃฝ๊ฒ ์ฃ .
11:02
Okay, now replay this scene now, and you're approaching the one who has language.
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์ž ์ด์ œ๋Š” ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ตํžŒ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ”๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
11:05
You put down your arrowheads and say,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰์„ ๋‚ด๋ ค๋†“๊ณ ๋Š” ๋งํ• ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
11:07
"I'd like to trade these arrowheads for finished arrows. I'll split you 50/50."
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"์ด ํ™”์‚ด์ด‰๊ณผ ํ™”์‚ด์„ 50๋Œ€ 50์œผ๋กœ ๊ตํ™˜ํ•ฉ์‹œ๋‹ค."
11:10
The other one says, "Fine. Looks good to me.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ "์ข‹์•„์š”. ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜์ฃ ."
11:12
We'll do that."
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๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ• ๊ฑฐ๊ณ ์š”.
11:15
Now the job is done.
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์ž ์ด์ œ์•ผ ์ผ์€ ๋๋‚œ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
11:18
Once we have language,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด
11:20
we can put our ideas together and cooperate
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ•œ๋ฐ ๋ชจ์œผ๊ณ  ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜์—ฌ
11:22
to have a prosperity
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ตํžˆ๊ธฐ ์ „์—๋Š” ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ๋˜
11:24
that we couldn't have before we acquired it.
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๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๋ˆ„๋ฆด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:27
And this is why our species
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด
11:29
has prospered around the world
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๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€ ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์ด ๋™๋ฌผ์›์˜ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์— ๊ฐ‡ํ˜€
11:31
while the rest of the animals
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๊ดด๋กœ์šด ์ƒํ™œ์„ ํ•  ๋™์•ˆ์—
11:33
sit behind bars in zoos, languishing.
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๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:36
That's why we build space shuttles and cathedrals
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋ฐ”๋กœ ๋‚˜๋จธ์ง€๊ฐ€ ๋•…์— ๋‚˜๋ญ‡๊ฐ€์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ•์œผ๋ฉฐ
11:39
while the rest of the world sticks sticks into the ground
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ํฐ๊ฐœ๋ฏธ๋ฅผ ์ฐพ์œผ๋ ค ํ•  ๋™์•ˆ์—
11:41
to extract termites.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ์ฃผ์„ ๊ณผ ๋Œ€์„ฑ๋‹น์„ ์ง€์„ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋˜ ๊นŒ๋‹ญ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:43
All right, if this view of language
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์ž, ๋งŒ์•ฝ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด์™€
11:46
and its value
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์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋„๋‘‘์งˆ์ด ์ดˆ๋ž˜ํ•  ์œ„ํ—˜์„ ํ•ด๊ฒฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”
11:48
in solving the crisis of visual theft is true,
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์–ธ์–ด์˜ ๊ฐ€์น˜๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
11:51
any species that acquires it
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด๋“  ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์ตํžˆ๋ฉด
11:53
should show an explosion of creativity and prosperity.
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์ฐฝ์˜์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์•ผ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:56
And this is exactly what the archeological record shows.
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์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ๊ณ ๊ณ ํ•™์  ๊ธฐ๋ก์ด ์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
11:59
If you look at our ancestors,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:01
the Neanderthals and the Homo erectus, our immediate ancestors,
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๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ˜ธ๋ชจ ์ด๋ ‰ํˆฌ์Šค, ์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์šด ์กฐ์ƒ์„ ๋ณด๋ฉด,
12:04
they're confined to small regions of the world.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์ž‘์€ ์ง€์—ญ์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:07
But when our species arose
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด
12:09
about 200,000 years ago,
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์•ฝ 20๋งŒ๋…„์ „์— ์ถœํ˜„ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ,
12:11
sometime after that we quickly walked out of Africa
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์ฆ‰ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•„ํ”„๋ฆฌ์นด์—์„œ ๋น ๋ฅด๊ฒŒ ๋‚˜์˜จ์ง€ ์–ผ๋งˆํ›„์—
12:14
and spread around the entire world,
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์„ธ๊ณ„ ๊ฐ์ง€๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๊ณ 
12:17
occupying nearly every habitat on Earth.
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์ง€๊ตฌ ์ƒ์˜ ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋ชจ๋“  ์„œ์‹์ง€๋ฅผ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ–ˆ์„๋•Œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:20
Now whereas other species are confined
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€ ์ ์‘๋œ
12:23
to places that their genes adapt them to,
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์žฅ์†Œ์— ํ•œ์ •๋˜์–ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋ฉด
12:26
with social learning and language,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์  ํ•™์Šต๊ณผ ์–ธ์–ด๋กœ
12:28
we could transform the environment
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€ํ™˜๊ฒฝ์„
12:30
to suit our needs.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์š”๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์ถฉ์กฑ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋ฐ”๊ฟ€ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:32
And so we prospered in a way
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๋™๋ฌผ๋„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ
12:34
that no other animal has.
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๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:36
Language really is
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ
12:39
the most potent trait that has ever evolved.
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์—ฌํƒœ๊นŒ์ง€ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ๋œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์ค‘ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ•๋ ฅํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:42
It is the most valuable trait we have
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๋•…๊ณผ ์ž์›์„
12:45
for converting new lands and resources
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์œ ์ „์ž๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๋Š”
12:48
into more people and their genes
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์ž์—ฐ ๋„ํƒœ๊ฐ€ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด ๋‚ธ ๊ฒƒ์ค‘
12:51
that natural selection has ever devised.
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๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ค‘์š”ํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
12:53
Language really is
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์–ธ์–ด๋Š” ์ •๋ง๋กœ
12:55
the voice of our genes.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“ค ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ๋ชฉ์†Œ๋ฆฌ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
12:57
Now having evolved language, though,
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์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ์ง€๋งŒ
12:59
we did something peculiar,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ข€ ํŠน์ดํ•˜๊ณ 
13:01
even bizarre.
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์ด์ƒํ•˜๊ธฐ๊นŒ์ง€ ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:03
As we spread out around the world,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ธ๊ณ„๋กœ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด์„œ
13:05
we developed thousands of different languages.
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์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œ์ผฐ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:08
Currently, there are about seven or 8,000
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ํ˜„์žฌ ์ง€๊ตฌ์—์„œ ์‚ฌ์šฉ๋˜๋Š” ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์€
13:10
different languages spoken on Earth.
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7์ฒœ์—์„œ 8์ฒœ๊ฐœ ์ •๋„์— ์ด๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:13
Now you might say, well, this is just natural.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋‹น์—ฐํ•˜๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:15
As we diverge, our languages are naturally going to diverge.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํผ์ ธ๋‚˜๊ฐ€๋ฉด, ์–ธ์–ด๋„ ์ž์—ฐ์Šค๋Ÿฝ๊ฒŒ ๊ฐˆ๋ผ์ ธ๋‚˜์˜ค๊ฒ ์ฃ .
13:18
But the real puzzle and irony
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ง„์ •ํ•œ ์ˆ˜์ˆ˜๊ป˜๊ธฐ์™€ ์•„์ด๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ๋Š”
13:20
is that the greatest density of different languages on Earth
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์ง€๊ตฌ์ƒ์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ์ง€์—ญ์€
13:23
is found where people are most tightly packed together.
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ€๊น๊ฒŒ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ์‚ด๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ณณ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
13:27
If we go to the island of Papua New Guinea,
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ํŒŒํ‘ธ์•„ ๋‰ด๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์„ฌ์— ๊ฐ€๋ฉด
13:29
we can find about 800 to 1,000
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 800๊ฐœ์—์„œ 1000๊ฐœ์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š”
13:32
distinct human languages,
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๋ณ„๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:34
different human languages,
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์ด ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋Š”
13:36
spoken on that island alone.
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๊ทธ ์„ฌ์—์„œ๋งŒ ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ๊ฑฐ๊ณ ์š”.
13:38
There are places on that island
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๊ทธ ์„ฌ์—๋Š”
13:40
where you can encounter a new language
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2์—์„œ 3๋งˆ์ผ(์•ฝ 3.2 ~ 4.8km) ์•ˆ์—
13:42
every two or three miles.
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์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:44
Now, incredible as this sounds,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ๋ฏฟ๊ธฐ์ง€ ์•Š์„ ์ˆ˜ ๋„ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:46
I once met a Papuan man, and I asked him if this could possibly be true.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ํŒŒํ‘ธ์•„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ๋‚ฌ์„๋•Œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์ •๋ง ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ธ์ง€ ๋ฌผ์–ด๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:49
And he said to me, "Oh no.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งํ–ˆ์ฃ . "์•„๋‹ˆ์š”.
13:51
They're far closer together than that."
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ›จ์”ฌ ๊ฐ€๊นŒ์›Œ์š”."
13:54
And it's true; there are places on that island
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ทธ ์„ฌ์—๋Š”
13:56
where you can encounter a new language in under a mile.
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1๋งˆ์ผ(์•ฝ 1.6km) ์•ˆ์— ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์žฅ์†Œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
13:59
And this is also true of some remote oceanic islands.
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์ด ์‚ฌ์‹ค์€ ๋Œ€์–‘์— ์žˆ๋Š” ์™ธ์ง„ ์„ฌ๋“ค์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ๋„ ๋งž๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:03
And so it seems that we use our language,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋ณด์•„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ
14:05
not just to cooperate,
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ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ ๋ฟ๋งŒ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
14:07
but to draw rings around our cooperative groups
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ํ˜‘๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ฃน ์ฃผ์œ„์— ์„ ์„ ๊ธ‹๊ณ 
14:10
and to establish identities,
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์ •์ฒด์„ฑ์„ ํ™•๋ฆฝํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด(์ฆ‰, ๋™์ผ๋ฏผ์กฑ, ์ข…์กฑ ๋“ฑ์„ ๊ตฌ๋ถ„ํ•˜๋Š”),
14:12
and perhaps to protect our knowledge and wisdom and skills
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์•„๋งˆ๋„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ง€์‹, ์ง€ํ˜œ์™€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์„
14:15
from eavesdropping from outside.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋„์ฒญํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ง‰๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ์“ด๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:18
And we know this
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”
14:20
because when we study different language groups
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด ๊ทธ๋ฃน๋“ค๊ณผ
14:22
and associate them with their cultures,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ฌธํ™”๋ฅผ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ ์‹œ์ผœ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
14:24
we see that different languages
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด
14:26
slow the flow of ideas between groups.
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๊ทธ๋ฃน๊ฐ„์˜ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ํ๋ฆ„์„ ๋Šฆ์ถ˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:29
They slow the flow of technologies.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ
14:32
And they even slow the flow of genes.
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์‹ฌ์ง€์–ด๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž์˜ ํ๋ฆ„๋„ ๋Šฆ์ถฅ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:35
Now I can't speak for you,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์ง€๋งŒ
14:37
but it seems to be the case
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณดํ†ต ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ง์„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๊ณผ๋Š”
14:39
that we don't have sex with people we can't talk to.
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์„ฑ๊ตํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
14:43
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:45
Now we have to counter that, though,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ด์   ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์‚ฌ์‹ค์„
14:47
against the evidence we've heard
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ๊ณผ ๋ฐ๋‹ˆ์†Œ๋ฐ˜์ธ๊ณผ
14:49
that we might have had some rather distasteful genetic dalliances
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๋ถˆ์พŒํ•œ ์œ ์ „์  ๋†ํƒ•์งˆ์„ ํ–ˆ์„ ์ˆ˜๋„ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ฆ๊ฑฐ๋กœ
14:52
with the Neanderthals and the Denisovans.
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๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ๋˜์ง€๋งŒ์š”.
14:54
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
14:56
Okay, this tendency we have,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€,
14:58
this seemingly natural tendency we have,
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์ฆ‰ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๊ณผ ๋น„๋ฐ€์„ ์œ ์ง€ํ•˜๋ ค๋Š”
15:00
towards isolation, towards keeping to ourselves,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ž์—ฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ด ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€
15:03
crashes head first into our modern world.
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ๋Š” ์ž˜ ๋ณด์ด์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:06
This remarkable image
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์ด ๋†€๋ผ์šด ์ด๋ฏธ์ง€๋Š”
15:08
is not a map of the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ง€๋„๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:10
In fact, it's a map of Facebook friendship links.
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์‚ฌ์‹ค, ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„ ์ง€๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:14
And when you plot those friendship links
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์ด ์นœ๊ตฌ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ
15:16
by their latitude and longitude,
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์œ„๋„์™€ ๊ฒฝ๋„์— ๋”ฐ๋ผ ํ‘œ์‹œํ•˜๋ฉด
15:18
it literally draws a map of the world.
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ง€๋„๋ฅผ ๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
15:21
Our modern world is communicating
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๊ณผ๊ฑฐ์˜ ์–ด๋–ค ์‹œ๋Œ€๋ณด๋‹ค๋„
15:23
with itself and with each other
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์ž๊ธฐ ์ž์‹ ๊ณผ
15:25
more than it has
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๋˜ ์„œ๋กœ์™€
15:27
at any time in its past.
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์†Œํ†ตํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:29
And that communication, that connectivity around the world,
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๊ทธ ์†Œํ†ต, ์ฆ‰ ์„ธ๊ณ„์˜ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์„ฑ,
15:32
that globalization
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์ฆ‰ ์„ธ๊ณ„ํ™”๋Š”
15:34
now raises a burden.
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์ด์ œ ์ง์ด ๋  ์ •๋„์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:37
Because these different languages
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์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด
15:39
impose a barrier, as we've just seen,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋ฐฉ๊ธˆ ๋ณธ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ด
15:41
to the transfer of goods and ideas
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๋ฌผ์ž์™€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด, ๊ธฐ์ˆ ๊ณผ ์ง€ํ˜œ๋ฅผ ์šด๋ฐ˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐ์— ์žˆ์–ด
15:43
and technologies and wisdom.
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์žฅ๋ฒฝ์„ ์„ธ์šฐ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:45
And they impose a barrier to cooperation.
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ํ˜‘๋™์— ์žˆ์–ด ์žฅ์• ๋ฌผ์ด ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
15:48
And nowhere do we see that more clearly
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์„ ๋ณผ ๋•Œ
15:51
than in the European Union,
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ํ™•์‹คํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:53
whose 27 member countries
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์—์„œ๋Š” 27๊ฐœ๊ตญ์ด
15:56
speak 23 official languages.
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23๊ฐœ์˜ ์„œ๋กœ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ๊ณต์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
15:59
The European Union
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€
16:01
is now spending over one billion euros annually
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์ผ๋…„๋งˆ๋‹ค 23๊ฐœ์˜ ๊ณต์šฉ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ
16:05
translating among their 23 official languages.
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10์–ต ์œ ๋กœ๋ฅผ ์”๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:08
That's something on the order
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๋ฏธ๊ตญ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋กœ๋Š”
16:10
of 1.45 billion U.S. dollars
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ํ•œ 14์–ต 5์ฒœ๋งŒ ๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ(์•ฝ 1์กฐ6์ฒœ์–ต์›)๋ฅผ
16:12
on translation costs alone.
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๋ฒˆ์—ญํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ๋งŒ ์“ฐ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
16:15
Now think of the absurdity of this situation.
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์ด ์ƒํ™ฉ์ด ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์–ด์ฒ˜๊ตฌ๋‹ˆ ์—†๋Š”์ง€๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”.
16:17
If 27 individuals
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27๊ฐœ ๊ตญ์—์„œ ์˜จ
16:19
from those 27 member states
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27๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
16:21
sat around table, speaking their 23 languages,
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ํ…Œ์ด๋ธ”์— ๋‘˜๋Ÿฌ ์•‰์•„ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ 23๊ฐœ๊ตญ์–ด๋ฅผ ๋งํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๊ฐ€์ •ํ•˜๋ฉด
16:24
some very simple mathematics will tell you
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์•„์ฃผ ๊ฐ„๋‹จํ•œ ์ˆ˜ํ•™์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด
16:26
that you need an army of 253 translators
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253๋ช…์˜ ํ†ต์—ญ๊ด€์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:30
to anticipate all the pairwise possibilities.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒฝ์šฐ์˜ ์ง์„ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ดค์„๋•Œ์š”.
16:34
The European Union employs a permanent staff
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์œ ๋Ÿฝ ์—ฐํ•ฉ์€ 2500๋ช…์˜
16:37
of about 2,500 translators.
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์ƒ๊ทผ ํ†ต์—ญ๊ด€์„ ๊ณ ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:39
And in 2007 alone --
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2007๋…„ ํ•œ ํ•ด๋งŒ ํ•ด๋„
16:41
and I'm sure there are more recent figures --
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--๋ฌผ๋ก  ๋” ์ตœ๊ทผ ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ฒ ์ฃ --
16:43
something on the order of 1.3 million pages
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130๋งŒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ์ด๋ฅด๋Š” ์ž๋ฃŒ๊ฐ€
16:46
were translated into English alone.
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ฒˆ์—ญ๋์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
16:49
And so if language really is
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ
16:52
the solution to the crisis of visual theft,
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์‹œ๊ฐ์  ๋„๋‘‘์งˆ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ•ด๊ฒฐ์ฑ…์ด๊ณ ,
16:55
if language really is
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๋งŒ์•ฝ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์ •๋ง๋กœ
16:57
the conduit of our cooperation,
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ํ˜‘๋™์˜ ํ†ต๋กœ์ด๊ณ ,
16:59
the technology that our species derived
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ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ข…(็จฎ)์ด
17:02
to promote the free flow and exchange of ideas,
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์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜ ์ž์œ ๋กœ์šด ํ๋ฆ„๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜์„
17:06
in our modern world,
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์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ด๋ผ๋ฉด,
17:08
we confront a question.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์„ ๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:10
And that question is whether
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๊ทธ ๋ฌธ์ œ์ ์€
17:12
in this modern, globalized world
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๊ตญ์ œํ™”๋œ ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
17:14
we can really afford to have all these different languages.
416
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ณผ์—ฐ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ๋‚˜ ๋‹ค์–‘ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์„ ๊ฐ€์งˆ ์—ฌ๋ ฅ์ด ๋˜๋‚˜ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:17
To put it this way, nature knows no other circumstance
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๋‹ค์‹œ ๋งํ•ด์„œ, ์ž์—ฐ์—์„  ๊ธฐ๋Šฅ์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋™์ผํ•œ ์„ฑ์งˆ์€
17:20
in which functionally equivalent traits coexist.
418
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๋™์‹œ์— ์กด์žฌํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:25
One of them always drives the other extinct.
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๊ทธ ์ค‘ ํ•˜๋‚˜๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•˜๋‚˜๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ค์ฃ .
17:28
And we see this in the inexorable march
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ํ‘œ์ค€ํ™”๋ฅผ ํ–ฅํ•œ
17:30
towards standardization.
421
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์ง€์น  ์ค„ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๋Š” ์ง„๊ตฐ์—์„œ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:32
There are lots and lots of ways of measuring things --
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์„ธ์ƒ์—๋Š” ๋ฌผ๊ฑด์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ์— ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
17:35
weighing them and measuring their length --
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๋ฌด๊ฒŒ๋ฅผ ์žฌ๊ณ  ๊ธธ์ด๋ฅผ ์žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์—--
17:37
but the metric system is winning.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฏธํ„ฐ๋ฒ•์ด ์ด๊ธฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์ฃ .
17:39
There are lots and lots of ways of measuring time,
425
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์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ์žฌ๋Š”๋ฐ์—๋„ ์—„์ฒญ๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
17:42
but a really bizarre base 60 system
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์‹œ๊ฐ„, ๋ถ„, ์ดˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„
17:45
known as hours and minutes and seconds
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์ •๋ง ํŠน์ดํ•œ 60์ง„๋ฒ•์ด
17:47
is nearly universal around the world.
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์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์“ฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:50
There are many, many ways
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CD๋‚˜ DVD๋ฅผ ์ฐ์–ด๋‚ด๋Š” ๋ฐ๋„
17:52
of imprinting CDs or DVDs,
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์ •๋ง ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
17:54
but those are all being standardized as well.
431
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค๋„ ๋‹ค ๊ทœ๊ฒฉํ™”๋˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Œ์€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
17:57
And you can probably think of many, many more
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ
18:00
in your own everyday lives.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
18:02
And so our modern world now
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์ฆ‰, ํ˜„๋Œ€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ
18:05
is confronting us with a dilemma.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ์— ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:07
And it's the dilemma
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์ด ๋”œ๋ ˆ๋งˆ๋Š”
18:09
that this Chinese man faces,
437
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ๋ณด์ด๋Š” ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์ด ๋‹น๋ฉดํ•œ ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ฐ™์ฃ .
18:11
who's language is spoken
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์ด ์ค‘๊ตญ์ธ์ด ์“ฐ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด๋Š”
18:13
by more people in the world
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ด๋– ํ•œ ์–ธ์–ด๋ณด๋‹ค
18:15
than any other single language,
440
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์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŽ์ด ์“ฐ์ด๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์ž„์—๋„ ๋ถˆ๊ตฌํ•˜๊ณ 
18:18
and yet he is sitting at his blackboard,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๊ทธ์˜ ์น ํŒ ์•ž์— ์•‰์•„
18:22
converting Chinese phrases
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์ค‘๊ตญ์–ด ๋ฌธ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ
18:25
into English language phrases.
443
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์˜์–ด๋กœ ๋ฐ”๊พธ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ .
18:27
And what this does is it raises the possibility to us
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ˜‘๋™๊ณผ ๊ตํ™˜์„ ์ฆ์ง„์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ ์ž
18:30
that in a world in which we want to promote
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ํ•˜๊ณ  ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋•Œ๋ณด๋‹ค ํ˜‘๋™์— ์˜์กด์„ ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ 
18:32
cooperation and exchange,
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋ฅผ ์‚ด์•„๊ฐ€๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์žˆ์–ด
18:34
and in a world that might be dependent more than ever before
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์–ด๋– ํ•œ ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์„
18:37
on cooperation
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์ œ์‹œํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:39
to maintain and enhance our levels of prosperity,
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๊ทธ์˜ ํ–‰๋™์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ ์ œ์‹œํ•˜์ฃ .
18:42
his actions suggest to us
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋ฒˆ์˜์„ ์ง€์†์‹œํ‚ค๊ณ  ํ–ฅ์ƒ์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„ 
18:44
it might be inevitable
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šด๋ช…์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ•œ ๊ฐœ์˜ ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ด์„œ
18:46
that we have to confront the idea
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ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ์„ธ๊ณ„๊ฐ€ ๋˜์–ด์•ผ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ์ƒ๊ฐ์„
18:48
that our destiny is to be one world with one language.
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๋Œ€๋ฉดํ•ด์•ผ ๋œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„์š”.
18:51
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
18:53
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
19:01
Matt Ridley: Mark, one question.
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๋งคํŠธ ๋ฆฌ๋“ค๋ฆฌ: ๋งˆํฌ์”จ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ์งˆ๋ฌธํ• ๊ป˜์š”.
19:03
Svante found that the FOXP2 gene,
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์Šค๋ฐ˜ํ…Œ๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐ๋˜๋Š”
19:06
which seems to be associated with language,
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FOXP2 ์œ ์ „์ž๊ฐ€
19:08
was also shared in the same form
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์™€ ๋งˆ์ฐฌ๊ฐ€์ง€๋กœ
19:10
in Neanderthals as us.
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๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ๋“ค๋„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”.
19:12
Do we have any idea
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๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ๋„ ์–ธ์–ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด
19:14
how we could have defeated Neanderthals
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์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์ด๊ธธ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€
19:16
if they also had language?
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์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
19:18
Mark Pagel: This is a very good question.
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๋งˆํฌ ํŽ˜๊ฒ”: ์•„์ฃผ ์ข‹์€ ์งˆ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:20
So many of you will be familiar with the idea that there's this gene called FOXP2
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ƒ๋‹น์ˆ˜๋Š” ์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๊ด€๋ จ๋œ ์ •๋ฐ€ ์šด๋™์ œ์–ด์™€ ์—ฐ๊ด€๋˜์–ด ๋ณด์ด๋Š”
19:23
that seems to be implicated in some ways
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FOXP2๋ผ๋Š” ์œ ์ „์ž๋ฅผ
19:26
in the fine motor control that's associated with language.
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์ž˜ ์•„์‹ค ๊ฑฐ์—์š”.
19:29
The reason why I don't believe that tells us
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ๋“ค์ด
19:31
that the Neanderthals had language
469
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์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์–˜๊ธฐํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ 
19:33
is -- here's a simple analogy:
470
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š” ์ด์œ ๋Š”--์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์œ ์‚ฌํ•œ ์˜ˆ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์–ด๋ณด์ฃ :
19:36
Ferraris are cars that have engines.
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ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์—”์ง„์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์ž๋™์ฐจ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:39
My car has an engine,
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์ œ ์ฐจ๋Š” ์—”์ง„์ด ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
19:41
but it's not a Ferrari.
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ํŽ˜๋ผ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
19:43
Now the simple answer then
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์ด๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๊ฐ„๊ฒฐํ•œ ๋‹ต์€
19:45
is that genes alone don't, all by themselves,
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์œ ์ „์ž ํ™€๋กœ๋Š”
19:47
determine the outcome
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์–ธ์–ด์™€ ๊ฐ™์ด ๋งค์šฐ ๋ณต์žกํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ
19:49
of very complicated things like language.
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๊ฒฐ๊ณผ๋ฅผ ๊ฒฐ์ •์ง“์ง€ ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
19:51
What we know about this FOXP2 and Neanderthals
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ FOXP2์™€ ๋„ค์•ˆ๋ฐ๋ฅดํƒˆ์ธ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
19:53
is that they may have had fine motor control of their mouths -- who knows.
479
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ž…์— ์ •๋ฐ€ ์šด๋™์ œ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ•ด๋„--๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์•Œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”
19:57
But that doesn't tell us they necessarily had language.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์–ธ์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ์ง€๋Š” ๋ชปํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์ฃ .
19:59
MR: Thank you very much indeed.
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MR: ์ •๋ง ๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
20:01
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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