The most Martian place on Earth | Armando Azua-Bustos

61,070 views ใƒป 2017-10-05

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
This is a picture of a sunset on Mars
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ื–ืืช ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืงื™ืขื” ื‘ืžืื“ื™ื
00:15
taken by NASA's Curiosity rover in 2013.
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ืฉืฆื•ืœืžื” ืข"ื™ ืจื›ื‘ "ืกืงืจื ื•ืช" ืฉืœ ื ืืก"ื ื‘-2013.
00:19
Mars is a very cold planet,
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ืžืื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ืงืจ ืžืื“,
00:21
flooded with high levels of UV radiation
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ืฉื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจื™ื ืช ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ
00:24
and extremely dry.
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ื•ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
00:26
In fact, Mars is considered to be too dry for life as we know it.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืื“ื™ื ื ื—ืฉื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืžื›ื“ื™ ืœืงื™ื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื ื•.
00:30
I'm an astrobiologist.
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ืื ื™ ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’.
00:32
I try to understand the origin of life on Earth
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ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื• ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:35
and the possibilities of finding life
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ื•ืืช ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื
00:37
elsewhere in the universe.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
00:39
People sometimes ask me,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœืคืขืžื™ื,
00:40
how can you be an astrobiologist
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ืื™ืš ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืกื˜ืจื•ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’
00:42
if you don't have your own spaceship?
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ืื ืื™ืŸ ืœืš ื—ืœืœื™ืช ืžืฉืœืš?
00:45
Well, what I do is that I study life
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ
00:47
in those environments on Earth
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00:49
that most closely resemble other interesting places in the universe.
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ืฉื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื‘ื”ื ื”ื›ื™ ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
00:54
All life on Earth requires water,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœืžื™ื,
00:56
so in my case I focus on the intimate relationship
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ืื– ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื™, ืื ื™ ืžืชืžืงื“ ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื”ื”ื“ื•ืงื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื
00:59
between water and life
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01:00
in order to understand
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ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื•ื›ื‘-ืœื›ืช ื™ื‘ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžืื“ื™ื.
01:02
if we could find life in a planet as dry as Mars.
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01:06
But since I do not have the 2.5 billion dollars
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื™ 2.5 ืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ ื“ื•ืœืจ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืœื•ื— ืจื•ื‘ื•ื˜ ืžืฉืœื™ ืœืžืื“ื™ื,
01:10
to send my own robot to Mars,
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01:12
I study the most Martian place on Earth,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืงืจ ืืช ื”ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื›ื™ ืžืื“ื™ืžื™ืช ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:15
the Atacama Desert.
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ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืื˜ืงืืžื”.
01:16
Located in northern Chile,
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ื”ื•ื ื ืžืฆื ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืฆ'ื™ืœื”,
01:18
it is the oldest and driest desert on Earth.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืงื“ื•ื ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ืขืœื™ ืื“ืžื•ืช.
01:22
To give you an idea of how dry it is,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ื›ืžื” ื™ื‘ืฉ ืฉื,
01:24
consider here in Vancouver it rains over 1,000 millimeters of rain every year.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื›ืืŸ, ื‘ื•ื•ื ืงื•ื‘ืจ,
ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื ืžืขืœ 1,000 ืž"ืž ื’ืฉื ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ื”.
01:29
In the Atacama, there are places with no reported rains
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ื‘ืื˜ืงืืžื”, ื™ืฉ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื‘ื”ื ืœื ืชื•ืขื“ ื’ืฉื
01:33
in the last 400 years.
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ืžื–ื” 400 ืฉื ื”.
01:36
How do I know this?
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ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื–ืืช?
01:38
Well, because I was born and raised in the Atacama --
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืื˜ืงืืžื” --
01:42
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:43
So I had a unique advantage
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื™ืชืจื•ืŸ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™
01:45
when I started studying this desert.
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
01:48
So let me tell you guys a few fantastic examples
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ื”ื‘ื” ื•ืืชืืจ ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ืžื•ืคืœืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื” ืžืฆื,
01:52
he has found
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01:54
on how life has adapted to live with almost no water at all.
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ืฉืœ ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืกื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืœืœื ืžื™ื ื›ืžืขื˜.
01:58
One of my first findings was in the entrance of a cave
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืขืจื”
02:01
facing the Pacific Ocean.
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ืฉืžืฉืงื™ืคื” ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื”ืฉืงื˜.
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื” ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ื ื• ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ืืฆื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”
02:03
In this place, we reported a new type of microalgae
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02:06
that grew only on top of the spiderwebs that covered the cave entrance.
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ืฉืฆื•ืžื—ืช ืจืง ืขืœ ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืฉืžื›ืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ื ื™ืกื” ืœืžืขืจื”.
02:11
Have you ever seen a spiderweb early in the morning?
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ื”ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืื™-ืคืขื ืงื•ืจื™ ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ?
02:15
It's covered with dew,
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ื”ื ืžื›ื•ืกื™ื ื‘ื˜ืœ,
02:16
so this microalgae learned that in order to carry photosynthesis
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ื•ื”ืืฆื” ื”ื–ืขื™ืจื” ื”ื–ืืช ืœืžื“ื” ืฉื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื–ื”
02:20
in the coast of the driest desert on Earth,
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ื‘ื—ื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
02:23
they could use the spiderwebs.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืงื•ืจื™ ื”ืขื›ื‘ื™ืฉ.
02:24
So here they may access the water from the fogs
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ื›ืืŸ ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืชืขื‘ื•ืช ื”ืขืจืคืœ
02:27
that regularly cover these areas in the morning.
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ืฉืžื›ืกื” ืชืžื™ื“ ืืช ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ืงืจื™ื.
02:30
In another cave, we found a different type of microalgae.
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ื‘ืžืขืจื” ืื—ืจืช ืžืฆืื ื• ืกื•ื’ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ืืฆื” ื–ืขื™ืจื”.
02:34
This one is able to use ocean mist as a source of water,
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ื•ื–ืืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ืจืกืก ื”ืื•ืงื™ื™ื ื•ืก ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืžื™ื,
02:38
and strikingly lives in the very bottom of a cave,
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื” ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืงืจืงืขื™ืช ืžืขืจื”,
02:41
so it has adapted to live with less than 0.1 percent
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื”ื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื” ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืขื ืคื—ื•ืช ืž-0.1 ืื—ื•ื–
02:44
of the amount of light that regular plants need.
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ืžื›ืžื•ืช ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉื ื—ื•ืฆื” ืœืฆืžื—ื™ื ืจื’ื™ืœื™ื.
02:49
These type of findings suggest to me that on Mars,
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ืžืžืฆืื™ื ื›ืืœื” ืžืจืžื–ื™ื ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืžืื“ื™ื
02:52
we may find even photosynthetic life inside caves.
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ืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื—ื™ื™ื ืคื•ื˜ื•ืกื™ื ืชื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื•ืช.
02:54
And by the way, that's me.
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ืื’ื‘, ื–ื” ืื ื™.
02:56
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:59
Now, for almost 15 years this region of Yungay, discovered by NASA,
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ืžื–ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ 15 ืฉื ื”, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’ืื™, ืฉื”ืชื’ืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื ืืก"ื,
03:04
was thought to be the driest place of this desert,
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ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื”,
03:07
but I knew that it was not.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื›ืš.
03:09
How? You already know the answer.
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ืื™ืš? ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืœื›ื:
03:12
Because I was born and raised in this desert.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™ ื•ื’ื“ืœืชื™ ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื”.
03:14
So I remembered that I usually see fogs in Yungay,
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ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉื‘ื“"ื› ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืื” ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื’ืื™,
03:19
so after setting sensors in a number of places,
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ืื– ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ืฆื‘ืชื™ ื—ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช,
03:21
where I remember never seeing fogs or clouds,
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ื‘ื”ื ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืจืื™ืชื™ ืขืจืคื™ืœื™ื ืื• ืขื ื ื™ื,
03:24
I reported four other sites much drier than Yungay,
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ื“ื™ื•ื•ื—ืชื™ ืขืœ ืืจื‘ืขื” ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ื•ื ื’ืื™,
03:28
with this one, Marรญa Elena South,
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ื•ื–ื”, ื“ืจื•ื ืžืจื™ื” ืืœื ื”,
03:31
being the truly driest place on Earth,
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ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื›ื™ ื™ื‘ืฉ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
03:34
as dry as Mars,
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ื™ื‘ืฉ ื›ืžื• ืžืื“ื™ื,
03:36
and amazingly, just a 15-minute ride
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ื•ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืจื•ื—ืง ืจื‘ืข ืฉืขืช ื ืกื™ืขื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“
03:38
from the small mining town where I was born.
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ืžืขื™ืจ ื”ื›ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืฉื‘ื” ื ื•ืœื“ืชื™.
03:42
Now, in this search, we were trying to actually find the dry limit
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื’ื‘ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื‘ืฉ ืœื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
03:45
for life on Earth,
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03:46
a place so dry that nothing was able to survive in it.
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ืžืงื•ื ื›ื” ื™ื‘ืฉ ืขื“ ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ื™ืฉืจื•ื“ ื‘ื•.
03:50
But even here, well hidden underground,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืืŸ, ื—ื‘ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืžืง ื”ืงืจืงืข,
03:53
we found a number of different microorganisms,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืžืกืคืจ ืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื,
03:55
which suggested to me that similarly dry places, like Mars,
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืฉืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ื™ื‘ืฉื™ื ื“ื•ืžื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืžืื“ื™ื,
03:59
may be inhabited.
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ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ื›ืœืกื™ื.
04:01
We even have some preliminary evidences
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื•ืช
04:03
that these microorganisms may still be active
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ืœื›ืš ืฉืื•ืจื’ื ื™ื–ืžื™ื ื–ืขื™ืจื™ื ืืœื” ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
04:06
in the desiccated state,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ-ื—ื™ื•ืช,
04:08
like walking mummies all around us,
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ื›ืžื• ืžื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื”ืœื›ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•,
04:12
and that they may be using UV radiation as a source of energy.
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ื•ืฉื”ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื ืฆืœ ืงืจื™ื ืช ืขืœ-ืกื’ื•ืœ ื›ืžืงื•ืจ ืœืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
04:16
If confirmed, this would have a huge impact on our definition of life,
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ืื ื–ื” ื™ื–ื›ื” ืœืื™ืฉื•ืจ,
ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื›ืš ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื“ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ืœ"ื—ื™ื™ื",
04:21
on how we look for life elsewhere in the universe.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื™ืงื•ื.
04:24
Due to its clear skies, by 2020,
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ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœืฉืžื™ื™ื ื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื, ื”ืจื™ ืฉืขื“ 2020,
04:27
60 percent of the biggest telescopes on Earth
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60% ืžื”ื˜ืœืกืงื•ืคื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื
04:30
will be located in the Atacama,
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ื™ื•ืฆื‘ื• ื‘ืื˜ืงืืžื”,
04:32
and while everyone else will be looking among the stars
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื‘ื™ื˜ื• ืืœ ื”ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™ื
04:35
to answer the question, "Are we alone?"
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฉืืœื”, "ื”ืื ืื ื• ืœื‘ื“ื ื•?"
04:38
I will be looking down to the ground
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ืื ื™ ืื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืžื˜ื”, ืืœ ื”ืงืจืงืข,
04:40
searching for this same answer
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ื‘ื—ื™ืคื•ืฉ ืื—ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”
04:43
in my own backyard.
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ื‘ื—ืฆืจ ื”ืื—ื•ืจื™ืช ืฉืœื™.
04:44
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
04:46
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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