The art of choosing | Sheena Iyengar | TED

983,129 views ใƒป 2010-07-26

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Sigal Tifferet ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:22
Today, I'm going to take you
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื
00:24
around the world in 18 minutes.
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ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืขื•ืœื ื‘-18 ื“ืงื•ืช.
00:26
My base of operations is in the U.S.,
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ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื™ ื”ื•ื ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘
00:29
but let's start at the other end of the map,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ื‘ืฆื™ื“ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืคื”
00:31
in Kyoto, Japan,
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ื‘ืงื™ื•ื˜ื•, ื™ืคืŸ,
00:33
where I was living with a Japanese family
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ืฉื ื’ืจืชื™ ืืฆืœ ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื™ืคื ื™ืช
00:36
while I was doing part of my dissertational research
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื˜ ืฉืœื™
00:38
15 years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ 15 ืฉื ื™ื.
00:41
I knew even then that I would encounter
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื– ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืืชืงืœ
00:43
cultural differences and misunderstandings,
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ื‘ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื•ืื™-ื”ื‘ื ื•ืช
00:45
but they popped up when I least expected it.
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ืืš ื”ื ืงืจื• ื›ืฉืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื.
00:48
On my first day,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืžื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
00:50
I went to a restaurant,
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืžืกืขื“ื”,
00:52
and I ordered a cup of green tea with sugar.
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ื•ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ื›ื•ืก ืฉืœ ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ืขื ืกื•ื›ืจ.
00:54
After a pause, the waiter said,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืœืฆืจ ืืžืจ:
00:56
"One does not put sugar in green tea."
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"ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง."
01:00
"I know," I said. "I'm aware of this custom.
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"ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช". ืืžืจืชื™. "ืื ื™ ืžื•ื“ืขืช ืœืžื ื”ื’ ื”ื–ื”,
01:02
But I really like my tea sweet."
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืžืžืฉ ืื•ื”ื‘ืช ืชื” ืžืชื•ืง."
01:05
In response, he gave me an even more courteous version
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื”, ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื’ืจืกื” ืื“ื™ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
01:08
of the same explanation.
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ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื”ืกื‘ืจ
01:10
"One does not put sugar
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"ืœื ืฉืžื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจ
01:12
in green tea."
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ื‘ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง."
01:15
"I understand," I said,
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"ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”, " ืืžืจืชื™,
01:17
"that the Japanese do not put sugar in their green tea,
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"ืฉื”ื™ืคื ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืฉืžื™ื ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ืชื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœื”ื.
01:19
but I'd like to put some sugar
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื™ื ืงืฆืช ืกื•ื›ืจ
01:21
in my green tea."
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ื‘ืชื” ื”ื™ืจื•ืง ืฉืœื™."
01:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:25
Surprised by my insistence,
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ืžื•ืคืชืข ืžื”ื”ืชืขืงืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™,
01:27
the waiter took up the issue with the manager.
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ื”ืžืœืฆืจ ื”ืขืœื” ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ืฉืœื•.
01:29
Pretty soon,
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ืžื”ืจ ืžืื•ื“,
01:31
a lengthy discussion ensued,
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ื”ื—ืœ ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ืืจื•ืš,
01:33
and finally the manager came over to me and said,
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžื ื”ืœ ื ื™ื’ืฉ ืืœื™ ื•ืืžืจ ืœื™:
01:36
"I am very sorry. We do not have sugar."
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"ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ ืžืื•ื“. ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืกื•ื›ืจ."
01:39
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:41
Well, since I couldn't have my tea the way I wanted it,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชื” ื›ืคื™ ืฉืจืฆื™ืชื™,
01:44
I ordered a cup of coffee,
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ื”ื–ืžื ืชื™ ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”,
01:46
which the waiter brought over promptly.
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ืื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืœืฆืจ ื‘ื–ืจื™ื–ื•ืช.
01:48
Resting on the saucer
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ืขืœ ื™ื“ ื”ื›ื•ืก ื ื—ื• ืœื”ืŸ
01:50
were two packets of sugar.
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ืฉืชื™ ืฉืงื™ื•ืช ืกื•ื›ืจ.
01:53
My failure to procure myself
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ื”ื›ืฉืœื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืœืขืฆืžื™
01:56
a cup of sweet, green tea
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ื›ื•ืก ืชื” ื™ืจื•ืง ืžืชื•ืง
01:58
was not due to a simple misunderstanding.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื‘ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜,
02:01
This was due to a fundamental difference
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืžื”ื•ืชื™
02:03
in our ideas about choice.
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ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืขืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
02:06
From my American perspective,
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ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœื™,
02:08
when a paying customer makes a reasonable request
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ืื ืœืงื•ื—ื” ืžื‘ืงืฉืช ื‘ืงืฉื” ืกื‘ื™ืจื”
02:10
based on her preferences,
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ื”ืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืขืœ ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื”,
02:12
she has every right to have that request met.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื” ื›ืœ ื–ื›ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืงืฉื•ืชื™ื” ื™ืขื ื•.
02:15
The American way, to quote Burger King,
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช, ืื ืืฆื˜ื˜ ืืช ื‘ื•ืจื’ืจ ืงื™ื ื’,
02:17
is to "have it your way,"
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ื”ื™ื "ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื”,"
02:19
because, as Starbucks says,
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ื›ื™, ื›ืžื• ืฉืื•ืžืจื™ื ื‘ืกื˜ืจื‘ืงืก,
02:21
"happiness is in your choices."
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"ื”ืื•ืฉืจ ื ืžืฆื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœืš."
02:23
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:25
But from the Japanese perspective,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ืช,
02:28
it's their duty to protect those who don't know any better --
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื—ื•ื‘ืชื ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืืœื” ืฉืœื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืื™ืš ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’,
02:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:33
in this case, the ignorant gaijin --
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื”ื’ืื™ื–'ื™ืŸ (ื–ืจื”) ื”ื‘ื•ืจื”,
02:35
from making the wrong choice.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉื’ื•ื™ื”.
02:38
Let's face it: the way I wanted my tea
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ื ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืืžืช, ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชื”
02:40
was inappropriate according to cultural standards,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ื™ื,
02:43
and they were doing their best to help me save face.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืฉืชื“ืœื• ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื›ื‘ื•ื“ื™.
02:46
Americans tend to believe
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ
02:48
that they've reached some sort of pinnacle
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ืฉื”ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคืกื’ื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™
02:50
in the way they practice choice.
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื.
02:52
They think that choice, as seen through the American lens
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ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืจืื™ื™ื” ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช
02:55
best fulfills an innate and universal
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ืžื’ืฉื™ืžื” ืชืฉื•ืงื” ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื•ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™ืช
02:57
desire for choice in all humans.
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ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ื›ื•ืœื”.
03:00
Unfortunately,
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ืœืจื•ืข ื”ืžื–ืœ,
03:02
these beliefs are based on assumptions
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ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช
03:04
that don't always hold true
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
03:06
in many countries, in many cultures.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช, ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช.
03:09
At times they don't even hold true
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ื•ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ืŸ ื’ื ืื™ื ืŸ ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
03:11
at America's own borders.
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ื‘ืชื•ืš ื’ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช ืืจื”"ื‘.
03:13
I'd like to discuss some of these assumptions
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื“ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•
03:15
and the problems associated with them.
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ื•ื”ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืŸ.
03:18
As I do so, I hope you'll start thinking
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
03:20
about some of your own assumptions
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ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื
03:22
and how they were shaped by your backgrounds.
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ื•ืื™ืš ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฆื‘ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืจืงืข ืฉืœื›ื.
03:25
First assumption:
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ื”ื ื—ื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”:
03:27
if a choice affects you,
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ืื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืฉืคื™ืขื” ืขืœื™ื›ื,
03:29
then you should be the one to make it.
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ืื– ืืชื ืืœื” ืฉืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืื•ืชื”.
03:31
This is the only way to ensure
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืœื•ื•ื“ื
03:33
that your preferences and interests
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ืฉื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
03:35
will be most fully accounted for.
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ื™ืกื•ืคืงื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืœื.
03:38
It is essential for success.
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ื–ื” ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
03:41
In America, the primary locus of choice
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ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืžื•ืงื“ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ืขื™ืงืจื™
03:44
is the individual.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืคืจื˜.
03:46
People must choose for themselves, sometimes sticking to their guns,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื, ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืขืงืฉื ื•ืช,
03:49
regardless of what other people want or recommend.
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ืœืœื ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉืื—ืจื™ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืื• ืžืžืœื™ืฆื™ื.
03:52
It's called "being true to yourself."
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื "ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืš."
03:55
But do all individuals benefit
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืจื•ื•ื™ื—ื™ื
03:57
from taking such an approach to choice?
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ืžื’ื™ืฉื” ื›ื–ื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื”?
04:00
Mark Lepper and I did a series of studies
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ืžืจืง ืœืคืจ ื•ืื ื™ ื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื
04:02
in which we sought the answer to this very question.
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ื‘ื”ื ื—ื™ืคืฉื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื” ื”ื–ื•.
04:05
In one study,
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืื—ื“,
04:07
which we ran in Japantown, San Francisco,
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ืฉื‘ื™ืฆืขื ื• ื‘ืกืŸ ืคืจื ืกื™ืกืงื• ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื™ืคื ื™,
04:10
we brought seven- to nine-year-old Anglo- and Asian-American children
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ื”ื‘ืื ื• ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ื ื™ 7-9 ืžืžื•ืฆื ืื ื’ืœื™
04:13
into the laboratory,
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ื•ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืกื™ืืชื™
04:15
and we divided them up into three groups.
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ื•ื—ื™ืœืงื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืฉืœื•ืฉ ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช.
04:17
The first group came in,
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ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื ื›ื ืกื”
04:19
and they were greeted by Miss Smith,
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ื•ืืช ืคื ื™ื” ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ื’ื‘' ืกืžื™ืช
04:21
who showed them six big piles of anagram puzzles.
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ืฉื”ืจืืชื” ืœื”ื 6 ืขืจื™ืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
04:24
The kids got to choose which pile of anagrams they would like to do,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืคืชืจื•.
04:27
and they even got to choose which marker
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื‘ืื™ื–ื” ื˜ื•ืฉ
04:29
they would write their answers with.
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
04:31
When the second group of children came in,
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ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื”ื’ื™ืขื”,
04:33
they were brought to the same room, shown the same anagrams,
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ื”ื™ื ื ื›ื ืกื” ืœืื•ืชื• ื”ื—ื“ืจ ื•ื”ืจืื• ืœื” ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช,
04:36
but this time Miss Smith told them
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื ื’ื‘' ืกืžื™ืช ืืžืจื” ืœื”ื
04:38
which anagrams to do
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ืื™ืœื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืคืชื•ืจ
04:40
and which markers to write their answers with.
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ื•ืขื ืื™ืœื• ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืืช ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื.
04:43
Now when the third group came in,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ื’ื™ืขื”,
04:46
they were told that their anagrams and their markers
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ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช ื•ื”ื˜ื•ืฉื™ื
04:49
had been chosen by their mothers.
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ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืข"ื™ ืืžื ืฉืœื”ื.
04:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:53
In reality,
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
04:55
the kids who were told what to do,
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ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืžื” ืœืคืชื•ืจ,
04:57
whether by Miss Smith or their mothers,
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ืข"ื™ ื’ื‘' ืกืžื™ืช ืื• ืืžื”ื•ืชื™ื”ื,
04:59
were actually given the very same activity,
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืœืžืขืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืืช ืื•ืชืŸ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
05:01
which their counterparts in the first group
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ืฉื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”
05:03
had freely chosen.
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ื‘ื—ืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื.
05:05
With this procedure, we were able to ensure
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ื‘ืฉื™ื˜ื” ื–ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืœื•ื•ื“ื
05:07
that the kids across the three groups
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ืฉื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉ ื”ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช
05:09
all did the same activity,
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื›ื•ืœื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช,
05:11
making it easier for us to compare performance.
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ื•ื›ืš ื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ืงืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื”ื.
05:14
Such small differences in the way we administered the activity
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ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื›ืืœื” ื‘ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช
05:17
yielded striking differences
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ื™ืฆืจื• ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื ื ื™ื›ืจื™ื
05:19
in how well they performed.
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ื‘ืจืžืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื”ื.
05:21
Anglo-Americans,
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ืื ื’ืœื•-ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
05:23
they did two and a half times more anagrams
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ืคื™ 2.5 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ื™ื“ื•ืช
05:26
when they got to choose them,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืื•ืชืŸ,
05:28
as compared to when it was
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœืžืฆื‘ ื‘ื• ื”ืŸ
05:30
chosen for them by Miss Smith or their mothers.
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ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืข"ื™ ื’ื‘' ืกืžื™ืช ืื• ืืžื.
05:33
It didn't matter who did the choosing,
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื™ ื‘ื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
05:36
if the task was dictated by another,
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ืื ื”ืžื˜ืœื” ื”ื•ื›ืชื‘ื” ืข"ื™ ืื—ืจ,
05:38
their performance suffered.
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ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืฉืœื”ื ื ืคื’ืข.
05:40
In fact, some of the kids were visibly embarrassed
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ื‘ื›ื• ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ
05:43
when they were told that their mothers had been consulted.
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ื›ืฉื ืืžืจ ืœื”ื ืฉื”ืชื™ื™ืขืฆื ื• ืขื ืืžื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:46
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:48
One girl named Mary said,
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ื™ืœื“ื” ืื—ืช ื‘ืฉื ืžืืจื™ ืืžืจื”:
05:50
"You asked my mother?"
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"ืฉืืœืชื ืืช ืืžื ืฉืœื™?"
05:53
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
05:55
In contrast,
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
05:57
Asian-American children
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ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆื ืืกื™ืืชื™
05:59
performed best when they believed
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ื‘ื™ืฆืขื• ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
06:01
their mothers had made the choice,
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ืฉืืžื ืฉืœื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื,
06:04
second best when they chose for themselves,
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ืžืงื•ื ืฉื ื™ ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื,
06:07
and least well when it had been chosen by Miss Smith.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ ื›ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื ืขืฉืชื” ืข"ื™ ื’ื‘' ืกืžื™ืช.
06:10
A girl named Natsumi
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ื™ืœื“ื” ื‘ืฉื ื ื˜ืกื•ืžื™
06:12
even approached Miss Smith as she was leaving the room
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืชืงืจื‘ื” ืœื’ื‘' ืกืžื™ืช ื›ืฉื™ืฆืื” ืžื”ื—ื“ืจ,
06:14
and tugged on her skirt and asked,
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ืžืฉื›ื” ื‘ื—ืฆืื™ืชื” ื•ืฉืืœื”:
06:16
"Could you please tell my mommy
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"ืชื•ื›ืœื™ ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœืืžื ืฉืœื™
06:18
I did it just like she said?"
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ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืืžืจื”?"
06:22
The first-generation children were strongly influenced
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ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”
06:25
by their immigrant parents'
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ืžื’ื™ืฉืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœ
06:27
approach to choice.
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื”ื ื”ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื.
06:29
For them, choice was not just a way
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ืขื‘ื•ืจื, ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืื™ื ื” ืจืง ื“ืจืš
06:31
of defining and asserting
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ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื
06:33
their individuality,
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ื•ืœืขืžื•ื“ ืขืœ ืฉืœื”ื,
06:35
but a way to create community and harmony
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ืืœื ื“ืจืš ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืงื”ื™ืœื” ื•ื”ืจืžื•ื ื™ื”
06:37
by deferring to the choices
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ืข"ื™ ื”ื™ืขื ื•ืช ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
06:39
of people whom they trusted and respected.
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ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื•ืขืจื›ื™ื ื•ื ืืžื ื™ื.
06:42
If they had a concept of being true to one's self,
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ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ืžื•ืฉื’ ืฉืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืืžืŸ ืœืขืฆืžืš,
06:45
then that self, most likely,
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ืื– ื”ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื ืจืื”,
06:47
[was] composed, not of an individual,
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ื”ื™ื” ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืœื ืžืคืจื˜,
06:49
but of a collective.
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ืืœื ืžืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘.
06:51
Success was just as much about pleasing key figures
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืฉื‘ื™ืข ืืช ืจืฆื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืคืชื—
06:54
as it was about satisfying
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ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืกื™ืคื•ืง
06:56
one's own preferences.
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ืฆืจื›ื™ื”ื ื”ืื™ืฉื™ื™ื.
06:58
Or, you could say that
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ืื•, ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ
07:00
the individual's preferences were shaped
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ืฉื”ืขื“ืคื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืขื•ืฆื‘ื•
07:02
by the preferences of specific others.
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ืข"ื™ ื”ื”ืขื“ืคื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:06
The assumption then that we do best
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ืื ื›ืš, ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉืื ื• ื”ื›ื™ ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื
07:08
when the individual self chooses
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ื›ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื•ื—ืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืฆืžื•
07:10
only holds
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ื ื›ื•ื ื”
07:12
when that self
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ืจืง ื›ืืฉืจ ืื•ืชื• ืคืจื˜
07:14
is clearly divided from others.
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ื ืคืจื“ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืžืื—ืจื™ื.
07:17
When, in contrast,
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ืื, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
07:19
two or more individuals
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ืฉื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:21
see their choices and their outcomes
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ืชื•ืคืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ื”ืฉืœื›ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ
07:23
as intimately connected,
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ื›ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™,
07:25
then they may amplify one another's success
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ืื– ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ืฆืœื—ื” ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื–ื”
07:28
by turning choosing
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
07:30
into a collective act.
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ืœืฆืขื“ ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
07:32
To insist that they choose independently
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ืœื”ืชืขืงืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉื”ื ื™ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘ื ืคืจื“,
07:35
might actually compromise
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืœืคื’ื•ืข
07:37
both their performance
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืฉื ื™ื”ื
07:39
and their relationships.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
07:41
Yet that is exactly what
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง
07:43
the American paradigm demands.
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ืžื” ืฉื“ื•ืจืฉืช ื”ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช.
07:45
It leaves little room for interdependence
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืื™ืจื” ืžืขื˜ ืžืื•ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืœืชืœื•ืช ื”ื“ื“ื™ืช
07:48
or an acknowledgment of individual fallibility.
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ืื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจื˜ ืœืฉื’ื•ืช.
07:51
It requires that everyone treat choice
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ื”ื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉืช ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
07:54
as a private and self-defining act.
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ื›ืืœ ืฆืขื“ ืคืจื˜ื™ ื”ืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ืขืฆืžืš.
07:58
People that have grown up in such a paradigm
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื’ื“ืœื• ื‘ืชื•ืš ืคืจื“ื™ื’ืžื” ื›ื–ื•
08:00
might find it motivating,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืคื•ืก ืื•ืชื” ื›ืžื“ืจื‘ื ืช.
08:02
but it is a mistake to assume
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ืืช ื˜ืขื•ืช ืœื”ื ื™ื—
08:04
that everyone thrives under the pressure
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ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื™ื ืชื—ืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ
08:06
of choosing alone.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช.
08:09
The second assumption which informs the American view of choice
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ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
08:12
goes something like this.
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ื”ื™ื ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ื–ื”:
08:14
The more choices you have,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช,
08:16
the more likely you are
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ื›ืš ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™
08:18
to make the best choice.
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ืฉืชืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
08:20
So bring it on, Walmart, with 100,000 different products,
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ืื– ืงื“ื™ืžื” ื•ื•ืœืžืจื˜ ืขื 100,000 ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื”,
08:23
and Amazon, with 27 million books
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ืืžืื–ื•ืŸ ืขื 27 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืกืคืจื™ื
08:26
and Match.com with -- what is it? --
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ื•ืžืืฆ'.ืงื•ื ืขื - ื›ืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื•ื? -
08:28
15 million date possibilities now.
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15 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื“ื™ื™ื˜ื™ื.
08:32
You will surely find the perfect match.
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืชืžืฆืื• ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื•ื•ื’ ื”ืžื•ืฉืœื.
08:35
Let's test this assumption
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ื”ื–ื•
08:37
by heading over to Eastern Europe.
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ื‘ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคื”.
08:39
Here, I interviewed people
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ื›ืืŸ, ืจืื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
08:41
who were residents of formerly communist countries,
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ืฉื”ื™ื• ืชื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืงื•ืžื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื‘ืจ,
08:44
who had all faced the challenge
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ื•ืฉื›ื•ืœื ืขืžื“ื• ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ืืชื’ืจ
08:46
of transitioning to a more
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœื—ื‘ืจื”
08:48
democratic and capitalistic society.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ืžื•ืงืจื˜ื™ืช ื•ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ืกื˜ื™ืช.
08:51
One of the most interesting revelations
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ื•ืื—ืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
08:53
came not from an answer to a question,
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ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื ืžืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื”,
08:55
but from a simple gesture of hospitality.
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ืืœื ืžืžื—ื•ื•ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ื—.
08:58
When the participants arrived for their interview,
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ื›ืฉื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืจืื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
09:01
I offered them a set of drinks:
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ื”ืฆืขืชื™ ืœื”ื ืžืกืคืจ ืžืฉืงืื•ืช,
09:03
Coke, Diet Coke, Sprite --
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ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื”, ื“ื™ืื˜ ืงื•ืœื”, ืกืคืจื™ื™ื˜,
09:05
seven, to be exact.
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ืฉื‘ืขื”, ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื•ืง.
09:07
During the very first session,
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ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ืžืคื’ืฉ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
09:09
which was run in Russia,
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ื‘ืจื•ืกื™ื”,
09:11
one of the participants made a comment
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ืื—ื“ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื”ืขื™ืจ ื”ืขืจื”
09:13
that really caught me off guard.
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ืฉืœื ืฆื™ืคื™ืชื™ ืœื”.
09:16
"Oh, but it doesn't matter.
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"ืื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉื ื”.
09:18
It's all just soda. That's just one choice."
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ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ืกื•ื“ื”, ื–ื• ืจืง ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืื—ืช."
09:21
(Murmuring)
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(ืœื ื‘ืจื•ืจ)
09:23
I was so struck by this comment that from then on,
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ื”ื•ืคืชืขืชื™ ื›"ื› ืžื”ื”ืขืจื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉื”ื—ืœ ืžืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข
09:25
I started to offer all the participants
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ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ืœื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื
09:27
those seven sodas,
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ืืช 7 ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื” ื”ืืœื”.
09:29
and I asked them, "How many choices are these?"
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ื•ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื: "ื›ืžื” ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ?"
09:32
Again and again,
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘,
09:34
they perceived these seven different sodas,
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ื”ื ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื• ืœืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ืืœื”
09:37
not as seven choices, but as one choice:
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ืœื ื›ืืœ 7 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช, ืืœื ื›ืื—ืช:
09:40
soda or no soda.
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ืกื•ื“ื” ืื• ืœื ืกื•ื“ื”.
09:42
When I put out juice and water
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืกืคืชื™ ืžื™ื ื•ืžื™ืฅ
09:44
in addition to these seven sodas,
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ืœืฉื‘ืขืช ืžืฉืงืื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื”,
09:46
now they perceived it as only three choices --
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ื”ื ืชืคืกื• ืืช ื–ื” ื›ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช -
09:48
juice, water and soda.
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ืžื™ืฅ, ืžื™ื ื•ืกื•ื“ื”.
09:51
Compare this to the die-hard devotion of many Americans,
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ืชืฉื•ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืœืžืกื™ืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
09:54
not just to a particular flavor of soda,
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ืœื ืจืง ืœื˜ืขื ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ืกื•ื“ื”,
09:57
but to a particular brand.
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ืืœื ื’ื ืœืžื•ืชื’ ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™.
09:59
You know, research shows repeatedly
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืžืจืื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
10:02
that we can't actually tell the difference
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ
10:04
between Coke and Pepsi.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื” ืœืคืคืกื™.
10:06
Of course, you and I know
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื™ ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
10:08
that Coke is the better choice.
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ืฉืงื•ืงื” ืงื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื”.
10:10
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
10:16
For modern Americans who are exposed
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ืœืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ื™ื ืฉื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื
10:18
to more options and more ads associated with options
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ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจืกื•ืžื•ืช ืขื ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
10:21
than anyone else in the world,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
10:23
choice is just as much about who they are
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืงืฉื•ืจื” ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
10:25
as it is about what the product is.
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ืœื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ.
10:28
Combine this with the assumption that more choices are always better,
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ืฉืœื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืขื ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื–ื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
10:31
and you have a group of people for whom every little difference matters
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจื ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ืงื˜ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘
10:34
and so every choice matters.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
10:36
But for Eastern Europeans,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื–ืจื— ืื™ืจื•ืคืื™ื™ื,
10:39
the sudden availability of all these
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืคืชืื•ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื›ืœ
10:41
consumer products on the marketplace was a deluge.
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ื”ืžื•ืฆืจื™ื ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฉื•ืง ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืžื• ืžื‘ื•ืœ.
10:44
They were flooded with choice
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆืคื• ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช
10:46
before they could protest that they didn't know how to swim.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœืžื—ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœืฉื—ื•ืช.
10:50
When asked, "What words and images
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ื›ืฉืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื: "ืื™ืœื• ืžื™ืœื™ื ื•ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื
10:52
do you associate with choice?"
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ืืชื ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื”?"
10:54
Grzegorz from Warsaw said,
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ื’ืจื–ื’ื•ืจื– ืžื•ื•ืจืฉื” ืืžืจ:
10:57
"Ah, for me it is fear.
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"ืื”, ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™ ื–ื” ืคื—ื“.
10:59
There are some dilemmas you see.
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ื–ื” ื›ืจื•ืš ื‘ื›ืžื” ื“ื™ืœืžื•ืช.
11:01
I am used to no choice."
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ืื ื™ ืจื’ื™ืœ ืœื”ื™ืขื“ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”."
11:03
Bohdan from Kiev said,
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ื‘ื•ื“ื”ืŸ ืžืงื™ื™ื‘ ืืžืจ
11:05
in response to how he felt about
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ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืื™ืš ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ
11:07
the new consumer marketplace,
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ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื•ืง ื”ืฆืจื›ื ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉ:
11:09
"It is too much.
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"ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™.
11:11
We do not need everything that is there."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื–ืงื•ืงื™ื ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ."
11:13
A sociologist from
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ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืœื•ื’ ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื”ืกืงืจื™ื
11:15
the Warsaw Survey Agency explained,
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ื‘ื•ื•ืจืฉื” ื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ:
11:18
"The older generation jumped from nothing
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"ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื•ืชื™ืง ืงืคืฅ ืžื›ืœื•ื
11:21
to choice all around them.
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ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
11:23
They were never given a chance to learn
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื™ืชื ื” ืœื”ื ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœืœืžื•ื“
11:25
how to react."
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ืื™ืš ืœื”ื’ื™ื‘."
11:27
And Tomasz, a young Polish man said,
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ื•ื˜ื•ืžืืก, ืคื•ืœื ื™ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืืžืจ:
11:30
"I don't need twenty kinds of chewing gum.
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"ืื ื™ ืœื ืฆืจื™ืš 20 ืกื•ื’ื™ ืžืกื˜ื™ืง.
11:33
I don't mean to say that I want no choice,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœื›ืš ืฉืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื›ืœืœ,
11:36
but many of these choices are quite artificial."
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื“ื™ ืžืœืื›ื•ืชื™ื•ืช.
11:40
In reality, many choices are between things
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ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœื•ืคื•ืช
11:43
that are not that much different.
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ื›ื” ื ื‘ื“ืœื•ืช."
11:47
The value of choice
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ื”ืขืจืš ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
11:49
depends on our ability
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ืชืœื•ื™ ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื•
11:51
to perceive differences
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ืœืชืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื
11:53
between the options.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
11:55
Americans train their whole lives
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ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื™ื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
11:57
to play "spot the difference."
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ื‘ืžืฉื—ืง "ืžืฆื ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœื™ื."
12:00
They practice this from such an early age
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ื”ื ืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื‘ื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืœ ื›ื” ืฆืขื™ืจ,
12:02
that they've come to believe that everyone
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ืฉื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื›ื•ืœื
12:04
must be born with this ability.
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ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื•ืœื“ื• ืขื ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ื”ื–ื•.
12:06
In fact, though all humans share
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืจื•ื‘ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื
12:08
a basic need and desire for choice,
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ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืกื™ืก ื•ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
12:11
we don't all see choice in the same places
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ืœื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืชื ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช
12:14
or to the same extent.
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ืื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
12:16
When someone can't see how one choice
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ื›ืฉืื“ื ืœื ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ื ื™
12:18
is unlike another,
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉืชื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:20
or when there are too many choices to compare and contrast,
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ืื• ื›ืืฉืจ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉื•ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ,
12:23
the process of choosing can be
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ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช
12:25
confusing and frustrating.
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ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ ื•ืžืชืกื›ืœ.
12:28
Instead of making better choices,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ,
12:30
we become overwhelmed by choice,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื”ืžื•ืžื™ื ืžื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
12:32
sometimes even afraid of it.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืคื—ื“ื™ื ืžืžื ื”.
12:35
Choice no longer offers opportunities,
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ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžืคืกื™ืงื” ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ื™ื•ืช,
12:37
but imposes constraints.
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืžืฆื™ื‘ื” ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช.
12:39
It's not a marker of liberation,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ,
12:41
but of suffocation
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ืืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื ืง
12:43
by meaningless minutiae.
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืคืจื˜ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ืขืจืš.
12:45
In other words,
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช,
12:47
choice can develop into the very opposite
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ื™ืคืš
12:49
of everything it represents
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ืžื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ืช
12:51
in America
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช
12:53
when it is thrust upon those
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืฉืœื›ืช ืขืœ ืืœื”
12:55
who are insufficiently prepared for it.
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ืฉืื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืืœื™ื” ืžืกืคื™ืง.
12:58
But it is not only other people
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืจืง ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
13:00
in other places
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ืžืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืื—ืจื™ื
13:02
that are feeling the pressure
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ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ
13:04
of ever-increasing choice.
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ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื•ืœื›ื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืื•ืช.
13:06
Americans themselves are discovering
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ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื ืžื’ืœื™ื
13:08
that unlimited choice
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ืฉื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœืช
13:10
seems more attractive in theory
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ื ืจืื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื˜ืจืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื‘ืชื™ืื•ืจื™ื”
13:12
than in practice.
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ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
13:14
We all have physical, mental
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืžื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ื•ืช,
13:17
and emotional (Laughter) limitations
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ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืจื’ืฉื™ื•ืช
13:19
that make it impossible for us
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ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืืคืฉืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
13:21
to process every single choice we encounter,
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ืœืขื‘ื“ ื›ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื,
13:24
even in the grocery store,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื›ื•ืœืช,
13:26
let alone over the course of our entire lives.
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ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ื•ืœื.
13:29
A number of my studies have shown
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ืžืกืคืจ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืจืื•
13:32
that when you give people 10 or more options
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ืฉืื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื 10 ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
13:34
when they're making a choice, they make poorer decisions,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ืžื‘ืฆืขื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”, ื”ื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
13:37
whether it be health care, investment,
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ืื ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช, ื”ืฉืงืขื•ืช,
13:39
other critical areas.
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ืื• ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:41
Yet still, many of us believe
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
13:43
that we should make all our own choices
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื‘ื“
13:46
and seek out even more of them.
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ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื—ืคืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช.
13:49
This brings me to the third,
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ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื ื—ื” ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช,
13:52
and perhaps most problematic, assumption:
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื‘ืขื™ื™ืชื™ืช:
13:55
"You must never
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"ืœืขื•ืœื ืืœ ืชืืžืจ ืœื
13:57
say no to choice."
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ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื”."
14:00
To examine this, let's go back to the U.S.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืืจื”"ื‘,
14:02
and then hop across the pond to France.
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ื•ืื– ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ืœืฆืจืคืช.
14:05
Right outside Chicago,
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ืœื™ื“ ืฉื™ืงื’ื•,
14:08
a young couple, Susan and Daniel Mitchell,
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ื–ื•ื’ ืฆืขื™ืจ, ืกื•ื–ืŸ ื•ื“ื ื™ืืœ ืžื™ืฆ'ืœ,
14:10
were about to have their first baby.
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ืขืžื“ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื ืืช ื™ืœื“ืชื ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
14:13
They'd already picked out a name for her,
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ื”ื ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ืจื• ืขื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉื,
14:15
Barbara, after her grandmother.
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ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”, ืขืœ ืฉื ืกื‘ืชื”.
14:18
One night, when Susan was seven months pregnant,
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ืœื™ืœื” ืื—ื“, ื›ืฉืกื•ื–ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื™ ืœื”ืจื™ื•ื ื”,
14:21
she started to experience contractions
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื—ืœื” ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืฆื™ืจื™ื
14:23
and was rushed to the emergency room.
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ื•ื”ื•ื‘ื”ืœื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ.
14:26
The baby was delivered through a C-section,
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ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืงืช ื ื•ืœื“ื” ื‘ื ื™ืชื•ื— ืงื™ืกืจื™,
14:29
but Barbara suffered cerebral anoxia,
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื‘ืจื” ืกื‘ืœื” ืžืื™ ืืกืคืงืช
14:31
a loss of oxygen to the brain.
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ื—ืžืฆืŸ ืœืžื•ื—.
14:34
Unable to breathe on her own,
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ืœืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœื ืฉื•ื ื‘ืขืฆืžื”,
14:36
she was put on a ventilator.
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ื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื‘ืจื” ืœืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื ืฉืžื”.
14:38
Two days later,
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ื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
14:40
the doctors gave the Mitchells
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ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืœื–ื•ื’ ืžื™ื˜ืฉืœ
14:42
a choice:
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ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
14:44
They could either remove Barbara
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”
14:46
off the life support,
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ืžืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื”ื ืฉืžื”,
14:48
in which case she would die within a matter of hours,
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืชื” ืชื•ืš ืฉืขื•ืช,
14:51
or they could keep her on life support,
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ืื• ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจ ืื•ืชื” ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจืช ืœื”ื ืฉืžื”,
14:54
in which case she might still die
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืžื•ืช
14:56
within a matter of days.
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ืชื•ืš ื™ืžื™ื.
14:58
If she survived, she would remain
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ืื ื”ื™ื ืชืฉืจื•ื“, ื”ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื”
15:00
in a permanent vegetative state,
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ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ืฆืžื— ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข,
15:03
never able to walk, talk
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืœื›ืช, ืœื“ื‘ืจ,
15:06
or interact with others.
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ืื• ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:09
What do they do?
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ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•?
15:11
What do any parent do?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืœ ื”ื•ืจื” ืขื•ืฉื”?
15:17
In a study I conducted
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ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืขืจื›ืชื™
15:19
with Simona Botti and Kristina Orfali,
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ืขื ืกื™ืžื•ื ื” ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ ื•ืงืจื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื” ืื•ืจืคืœื™,
15:21
American and French parents
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื•ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื
15:23
were interviewed.
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ืจื•ืื™ื™ื ื•.
15:25
They had all suffered
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ื”ื ื›ื•ืœื ืกื‘ืœื•
15:27
the same tragedy.
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ืžืื•ืชื” ื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื”.
15:29
In all cases, the life support was removed,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืžืงืจื™ื ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ื ื•ืชืง ืžืžื›ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื”ื ืฉืžื”,
15:32
and the infants had died.
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ื•ืžืช.
15:34
But there was a big difference.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
15:36
In France, the doctors decided whether and when
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ื‘ืฆืจืคืช, ื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืื ื•ืžืชื™
15:39
the life support would be removed,
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ืœื ืชืง ืืช ื”ืชื™ื ื•ืง ืžื”ื”ื ืฉืžื”,
15:42
while in the United States,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืืจื”"ื‘,
15:44
the final decision rested with the parents.
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ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื”ืกื•ืคื™ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื.
15:48
We wondered:
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉืืœื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•:
15:50
does this have an effect on how the parents
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื
15:52
cope with the loss of their loved one?
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ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืงื™ืจื?
15:55
We found that it did.
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื›ืŸ.
15:58
Even up to a year later,
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉื ื” ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ,
16:00
American parents
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
16:02
were more likely to express negative emotions,
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ื”ื‘ื™ืขื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื™ืœื™ื™ื
16:04
as compared to their French counterparts.
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ื‘ื”ืฉื•ื•ืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื.
16:07
French parents were more likely to say things like,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฆืจืคืชื™ื™ื ืืžืจื• ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•:
16:10
"Noah was here for so little time,
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"ื ื•ื— ื”ื™ื” ื›ืืŸ ื›ื” ืžืขื˜ ื–ืžืŸ,
16:13
but he taught us so much.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื™ืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื”.
16:15
He gave us a new perspective on life."
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื."
16:19
American parents were more likely to say things like,
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ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืืžืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกื’ื ื•ืŸ:
16:22
"What if? What if?"
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"ืžื” ืื? ืžื” ืื?"
16:25
Another parent complained,
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ื”ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ ื”ืชืœื•ื ืŸ:
16:27
"I feel as if they purposefully tortured me.
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"ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื ืขื™ื ื• ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ื›ื•ื•ื ื”.
16:30
How did they get me to do that?"
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ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขืฉื• ืœื™ ืืช ื–ื”?"
16:33
And another parent said,
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื” ืื—ืจ ืืžืจ:
16:35
"I feel as if I've played a role
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"ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืชืคืงื™ื“
16:37
in an execution."
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ื‘ื”ื•ืฆืื” ืœื”ื•ืจื’."
16:40
But when the American parents were asked
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืฉื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื ืฉืืœื•
16:42
if they would rather have had
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ืื ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื
16:44
the doctors make the decision,
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ืฉื”ืจื•ืคืื™ื ื™ืงื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื”,
16:47
they all said, "No."
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ื›ื•ืœื ืืžืจื•: "ืœื."
16:49
They could not imagine
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ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
16:51
turning that choice over to another,
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ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ,
16:53
even though having made that choice
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื”ื–ื•
16:56
made them feel trapped,
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ื’ืจื ืœื”ื ืœื—ื•ืฉ ืœื›ื•ื“ื™ื,
16:58
guilty, angry.
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ืืฉืžื™ื, ื›ื•ืขืกื™ื.
17:00
In a number of cases
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ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ืžืงืจื™ื
17:02
they were even clinically depressed.
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ื”ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืงืœื™ื ื™.
17:05
These parents could not contemplate
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ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืœื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
17:07
giving up the choice,
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ืขืœ ื•ื™ืชื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
17:09
because to do so would have gone contrary
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ื›ื™ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืขื•ืžื“ ื‘ื ื™ื’ื•ื“
17:11
to everything they had been taught
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ืœื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœืžื“ื•
17:14
and everything they had come to believe
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ื•ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื”ืืžื™ื ื• ื‘ื•
17:16
about the power
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ื›ื•ื—
17:18
and purpose of choice.
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ื•ื”ื™ืขื“ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
17:21
In her essay, "The White Album,"
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ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ "ื”ืืœื‘ื•ื ื”ืœื‘ืŸ,"
17:24
Joan Didion writes,
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ื’'ื•ืืŸ ื“ื™ื“ื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช:
17:27
"We tell ourselves stories
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" ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื
17:29
in order to live.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช.
17:31
We interpret what we see,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืคืจืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื,
17:33
select the most workable
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ื‘ื•ื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืคืฉืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื™ืฉื™ืžื”
17:35
of the multiple choices.
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ืžืžื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืงื™ื™ื.
17:37
We live entirely by the imposition
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืขืœ ืคื™ ื”ืขื•ืœ
17:39
of a narrative line
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ืฉืœ ืงื• ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™
17:41
upon disparate images,
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ืขืœ ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื“ืœื™ื,
17:43
by the idea with which we have learned to freeze
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ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืื™ืชื ืœืžื“ื ื• ืœื”ืงืคื™ื
17:46
the shifting phantasmagoria,
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ืืช ืžืงืกื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื ื”ืžืฉืชื ื”
17:48
which is our actual experience."
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื•ื™ืชื ื• ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช."
17:53
The story Americans tell,
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืžืกืคืจื™ื,
17:55
the story upon which
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ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื• ืชืœื•ื™
17:57
the American dream depends,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ื ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™,
17:59
is the story of limitless choice.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืœืœื ื’ื‘ื•ืœ.
18:02
This narrative
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ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ื”ื–ื”
18:04
promises so much:
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ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›"ื› ื”ืจื‘ื”:
18:06
freedom, happiness,
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ื—ื•ืคืฉ, ืื•ืฉืจ,
18:08
success.
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื”.
18:10
It lays the world at your feet and says,
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ื”ื•ื ืžื ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœืจื’ืœื™ืš ื•ืื•ืžืจ:
18:13
"You can have anything, everything."
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"ืืชื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื”ื›ืœ."
18:17
It's a great story,
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ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื ื”ื“ืจ,
18:19
and it's understandable why they would be reluctant
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ื•ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืžื” ื”ื ื™ืกืชื™ื™ื’ื•
18:21
to revise it.
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ืžืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื•.
18:24
But when you take a close look,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืกืชื›ืœื• ืžืงืจื•ื‘,
18:26
you start to see the holes,
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ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืจื™ื,
18:28
and you start to see that the story
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ื•ืชืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืกืคืจ
18:30
can be told in many other ways.
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ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ื•ืื—ืจื•ืช.
18:33
Americans have so often tried to
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ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื ืกื™ื ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื
18:35
disseminate their ideas of choice,
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ืœื”ืคื™ืฅ ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
18:38
believing that they will be, or ought to be,
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ืชื•ืš ืืžื•ื ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ืชืงื‘ืœื•, ืื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœืงื‘ืœื,
18:41
welcomed with open hearts and minds.
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ื‘ื‘ืจื›ื” ื‘ืœื‘ ื•ืจืืฉ ืคืชื•ื—ื™ื.
18:44
But the history books and the daily news tell us
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ืืš ืกืคืจื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืœื ื•
18:47
it doesn't always work out that way.
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ืฉืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื–ื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื›ืš.
18:50
The phantasmagoria,
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ืžืงืกื ื”ืฉื•ื•ื,
18:52
the actual experience that we try to understand
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ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืื•ืชื” ืื ื™ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ
18:54
and organize through narrative,
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ื•ืœืืจื’ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘,
18:57
varies from place to place.
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ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืžืงื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื.
19:00
No single narrative serves the needs
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ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืจืช
19:02
of everyone everywhere.
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ืืช ื”ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื.
19:06
Moreover, Americans themselves
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ื™ืชืจื” ืžื›ืš, ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืขืฆืžื
19:09
could benefit from incorporating
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžื”ื›ื ืกื”
19:12
new perspectives into their own narrative,
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ืฉืœ ืคืจืกืคืงื˜ื™ื‘ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืœื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื”ื,
19:15
which has been driving their choices
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ืฉืžื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื
19:17
for so long.
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ืžื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘.
19:20
Robert Frost once said that,
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ืจื•ื‘ืจื˜ ืคืจื•ืกื˜ ืืžืจ ืคืขื ืฉ:
19:23
"It is poetry that is lost in translation."
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"ืฉื™ืจื” ื ืื‘ื“ืช ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื."
19:27
This suggests that
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžื– ืœื›ืš
19:29
whatever is beautiful and moving,
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ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื™ืคื” ื•ืžืจื’ืฉ,
19:31
whatever gives us a new way to see,
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ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”,
19:34
cannot be communicated to those
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืืœื”
19:36
who speak a different language.
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ื”ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืคื” ืฉื•ื ื”.
19:39
But Joseph Brodsky said that,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืจื•ื“ืฆืงื™ ืืžืจ ืฉ:
19:41
"It is poetry
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"ืฉื™ืจื”
19:43
that is gained in translation,"
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ืžืงื‘ืœืช ืขืจืš ืžื•ืกืฃ ื‘ืชืจื’ื•ื."
19:45
suggesting that translation
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ื”ื•ื ืจื•ืžื– ืœื›ืš ืฉืชืจื’ื•ื
19:47
can be a creative,
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ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœื”
19:49
transformative act.
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ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ืช ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจืช.
19:52
When it comes to choice,
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ื›ืฉื–ื” ืžื’ื™ืข ืœื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
19:54
we have far more to gain than to lose
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื” ืœื”ืจื•ื•ื™ื— ืžืืฉืจ ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“
19:57
by engaging in the many
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ืื ื ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกืคืจ
20:00
translations of the narratives.
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ืชืจื’ื•ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื.
20:03
Instead of replacing
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ
20:05
one story with another,
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ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืื—ื“ ื‘ืื—ืจ,
20:07
we can learn from and revel in
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“
20:09
the many versions that exist
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ืžืžืกืคืจ ื’ืจืกืื•ืช ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช
20:12
and the many that have yet to be written.
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ื•ืžืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื˜ืจื ื ื›ืชื‘ื•.
20:15
No matter where we're from
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื•,
20:18
and what your narrative is,
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื ืจื˜ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื›ื,
20:20
we all have a responsibility
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื™ื•ืช
20:22
to open ourselves up to a wider array
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ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืœืชืคื™ืกื” ืจื—ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
20:24
of what choice can do,
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ืขืœ ืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
20:27
and what it can represent.
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ื•ืžื” ื”ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื™ื™ืฆื’.
20:30
And this does not lead to
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ื•ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ
20:32
a paralyzing moral relativism.
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ืœื™ื—ืกื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ืช ืžืฉืชืงืช.
20:35
Rather, it teaches us when
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ืืœื ื–ื” ืžืœืžื“ ืื•ืชื ื• ืžืชื™
20:37
and how to act.
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ื•ืื™ืš ืœืคืขื•ืœ.
20:39
It brings us that much closer
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ื–ื” ืžืงืจื‘ ืื•ืชื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ
20:41
to realizing the full potential of choice,
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ืœืžื™ืžื•ืฉ ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”,
20:44
to inspiring the hope
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ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ืชืงื•ื•ื”
20:46
and achieving the freedom
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืคืฉ
20:48
that choice promises
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ืฉื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ืœื ื•
20:50
but doesn't always deliver.
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ืืš ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืงื™ื™ืžืช.
20:52
If we learn to speak to one another,
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ืื ื ืœืžื“ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื–ื” ืขื ื–ื”,
20:55
albeit through translation,
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ืื ื›ื™ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื’ื•ื,
20:58
then we can begin to see choice
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ืื– ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”
21:00
in all its strangeness,
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ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื•ื–ืจื™ื•ืชื”,
21:02
complexity
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ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืชื”,
21:05
and compelling beauty.
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ื•ื™ื•ืคื™ื” ื”ืžืจืฉื™ื.
21:07
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
21:09
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
21:20
Bruno Giussani: Thank you.
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ื‘ืจื•ื ื• ื’'ื™ื•ืกืื ื™: ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
21:23
Sheena, there is a detail about your biography
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ืฉื™ื ื”, ื™ืฉ ืคืจื˜ ื‘ื‘ื™ื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ืฉืœืš
21:26
that we have not written in the program book.
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ืฉืœื ื›ืชื‘ื ื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ื”.
21:28
But by now it's evident to everyone in this room. You're blind.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื›ืืŸ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ. ืืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจืช.
21:31
And I guess one of the questions on everybody's mind is:
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ื•ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื—ืช ื”ืฉืืœื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืขื•ืœื•ืช ืืฆืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื:
21:34
How does that influence your study of choosing
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื‘ื—ื™ืจื” ืฉืœืš?
21:37
because that's an activity
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ื›ื™ ื–ืืช ืคืขื•ืœื”
21:39
that for most people is associated with visual inputs
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ืฉืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืงืฉืจื™ื ืขื ืงืœื˜ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™
21:42
like aesthetics and color and so on?
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ื›ืžื• ืืกืชื˜ื™ืงื” ื•ืฆื‘ืข ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
21:46
Sheena Iyengar: Well, it's funny that you should ask that
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ืฉื™ื ื” ืื™ื™ื ื’ืืจ: ื–ื” ืžืฆื—ื™ืง ืฉืืชื” ืฉื•ืืœ,
21:48
because one of the things that's interesting about being blind
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ื›ื™ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื™ื•ื•ืจ
21:51
is you actually get a different vantage point
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžืงื‘ืœ ื ืงื•ื“ืช ืชืฆืคื™ืช ืฉื•ื ื”
21:53
when you observe the way
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ื›ืฉืืชื” ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ืืช ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื”
21:55
sighted people make choices.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื•ืื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช.
21:57
And as you just mentioned, there's lots of choices out there
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ื•ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืช, ื™ืฉื ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื™ื•ื
21:59
that are very visual these days.
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ื•ื™ื–ื•ืืœื™ื•ืช.
22:01
Yeah, I -- as you would expect --
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ื›ืŸ, ืื ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืฆืคื•ืช,
22:03
get pretty frustrated by choices
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ื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื“ื™ ืžืชื•ืกื›ืœืช ืžื‘ื—ื™ืจื•ืช
22:05
like what nail polish to put on
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ื›ืžื• ืื™ื–ื” ืœืง ืœืฉื™ื,
22:07
because I have to rely on what other people suggest.
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ื›ื™ ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืกืžื•ืš ืขืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
22:09
And I can't decide.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜.
22:11
And so one time I was in a beauty salon,
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ื•ืคืขื ืื—ืช ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืžื›ื•ืŸ ื™ื•ืคื™,
22:13
and I was trying to decide between two very light shades of pink.
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ื•ื ื™ืกื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ื’ื•ื•ื ื™ ื•ืจื•ื“ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
22:16
And one was called "Ballet Slippers."
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงืจื "ื ืขืœื™ ื‘ืœื˜."
22:18
And the other one was called "Adorable."
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื ืงืจื "ืžืงืกื™ื."
22:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
22:23
And so I asked these two ladies,
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืฉืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื.
22:25
and the one lady told me, "Well, you should definitely wear 'Ballet Slippers.'"
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ื•ืื—ืช ืืžืจื” ืœื™: "ืืช ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช 'ื ืขืœื™ ื‘ืœื˜'."
22:27
"Well, what does it look like?"
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"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”?"
22:29
"Well, it's a very elegant shade of pink."
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"ื˜ื•ื‘, ื–ื” ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื“ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™ ืฉืœ ื•ืจื•ื“."
22:31
"Okay, great."
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"ืื•ืงื™ื™, ื™ื•ืคื™."
22:33
The other lady tells me to wear "Adorable."
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ื•ื”ืืฉื” ื”ืฉื ื™ื” ืืžืจื” ืœื™ ืœืงื—ืช ืืช "ืžืงืกื™ื."
22:35
"What does it look like?"
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"ืื™ืš ื–ื” ื ืจืื”?"
22:37
"It's a glamorous shade of pink."
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"ื–ื” ื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื•ื”ืจ ืฉืœ ื•ืจื•ื“."
22:41
And so I asked them, "Well, how do I tell them apart?
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ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื: "ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื?
22:43
What's different about them?"
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ืžื” ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื?"
22:45
And they said, "Well, one is elegant, the other one's glamorous."
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื•: "ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื—ื“ ืืœื’ื ื˜ื™, ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ ื–ื•ื”ืจ."
22:47
Okay, we got that.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
22:49
And the only thing they had consensus on:
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื”ื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืขืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื”:
22:51
well, if I could see them, I would
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™
22:53
clearly be able to tell them apart.
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงืœื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
22:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
22:57
And what I wondered was whether they were being affected
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืื ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืฉืคืขื•
23:00
by the name or the content of the color,
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ืžื”ืฉื ืื• ืžื”ืชื•ื›ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืข.
23:02
so I decided to do a little experiment.
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ืื– ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ.
23:05
So I brought these two bottles of nail polish into the laboratory,
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ ื”ืœืง ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
23:08
and I stripped the labels off.
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ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื™ ืžื”ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช.
23:10
And I brought women into the laboratory,
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ื•ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืขื‘ื“ื”,
23:12
and I asked them, "Which one would you pick?"
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ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชืŸ: "ื‘ืžื™ ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื•ื—ืจืช?"
23:14
50 percent of the women accused me of playing a trick,
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50% ืžื”ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืฉื™ืžื• ืื•ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช ืขืœื™ื”ื,
23:17
of putting the same color nail polish
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉืฉืžืชื™ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืฆื‘ืข ืœืง
23:19
in both those bottles.
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ ื”ื‘ืงื‘ื•ืงื™ื.
23:21
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
23:23
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
23:27
At which point you start to wonder who the trick's really played on.
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ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื”ื–ื” ืืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื” ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžื™.
23:30
Now, of the women that could tell them apart,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื,
23:33
when the labels were off, they picked "Adorable,"
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ืกืจื• ื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘"ืžืงืกื™ื,"
23:36
and when the labels were on,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื”ืชื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื ื•ืชืจื•,
23:38
they picked "Ballet Slippers."
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ื”ืŸ ื‘ื—ืจื• ื‘"ื ืขืœื™ ื‘ืœื˜."
23:41
So as far as I can tell,
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ืื– ื›ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื ื”,
23:43
a rose by any other name
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ื•ืจื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืฉื ืื—ืจ
23:45
probably does look different
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ื›ื ืจืื” ื ืจืื” ืื—ืจืช
23:47
and maybe even smells different.
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ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ืžืจื™ื— ืื—ืจืช.
23:50
BG: Thank you. Sheena Iyengar. Thank you Sheena.
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ื‘"ื’: ืชื•ื“ื”. ืฉื™ื ื” ืื™ื™ืื ื’ืจ. ืชื•ื“ื” ืฉื™ื ื”.
23:53
(Applause)
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ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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