Pete Alcorn on the world in 2200

33,261 views ใƒป 2009-06-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Tom Bielik ืžื‘ืงืจ: Yafim Simanovsky
00:12
I used to be a Malthusian.
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืœืชื•ืกื™ืื ื™ (ืชื•ืžืš ื‘ื”ืฉืงืคื•ืชื™ื• ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืก ืžืœืชื•ืก)
00:15
This was my mental model of the world:
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื•ื“ืœ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœื™
00:18
exploding population, small planet;
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ืคื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”, ื›ื“ื•ืจ ืืจืฅ ืงื˜ืŸ
00:21
it's going to lead to ugly things.
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ื–ื” ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื›ื•ืขืจื™ื
00:23
But I'm moving past Malthus,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ืžืชืงื“ื ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืžืœืชื•ืก
00:25
because I think that we just might be about 150 years
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืžืจื—ืง 150 ืฉื ื™ื
00:28
from a kind of new enlightenment.
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ืžืกื•ื’ ื—ื“ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื”
00:30
Here's why.
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ื•ื”ื ื” ืœืžื”
00:32
This is the U.N.'s population data,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืžื™ื“ืข ืฉืœ ื”ืื•"ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
00:34
you may have seen, for the world.
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ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจืื™ืชื, ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื
00:37
And the world's population expected to top out
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ื•ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื™ื
00:39
at something hopefully a bit less than 10 billion, late this century.
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ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืžืขื˜ ื ืžื•ืš ืž-10 ืžืœื™ืืจื“, ืœืงืจืืช ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืžืื”
00:43
And after that, most likely it's going to begin to decline.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉื”ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœืจื“ืช
00:47
So what then?
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ืื– ืžื”?
00:50
Most of the economic models are built around scarcity and growth.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื“ืœื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ื ื‘ื ื™ื ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืœืฆืžื™ื—ื” ื•ื’ื“ื™ืœื”
00:53
So a lot of economists
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื
00:55
look at declining population
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ืžื‘ื™ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช
00:57
and expect to see stagnation, maybe depression.
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ื•ืžืฆืคื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืžื”, ืื•ืœื™ ื™ืจื™ื“ื”
01:00
But a declining population is going to have
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ืืš ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช ื”ื•ืœื›ืช ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ
01:03
at least two very beneficial economic effects.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืžืื“ ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื
01:07
One: fewer people on a fixed amount of land
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ืื—ื“, ืžืขื˜ ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืžื•ืช ืฉื˜ื— ืงื‘ื•ืขื”
01:12
make investing in property a bad bet.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ืฉืงืขื” ื‘ื ื›ืกื™ื ืœื”ื™ืžื•ืจ ื’ืจื•ืข
01:16
In the cities, a lot of the cost of property
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ื‘ืขืจื™ื, ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื›ืกื™ื
01:20
is actually wrapped up in its speculative value.
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ืœืžืขืฉื” ื˜ื‘ื•ืข ื‘ืขืจื›ื ื”ืžืฉื•ืขืจ
01:24
Take away land speculation,
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ืชืชืขืœืžื• ืžืกืคืงื•ืœืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงืจืงืข
01:26
price of land drops.
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ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืงืจืงืข ื™ื•ืจื“
01:28
And that begins to lift a heavy burden
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ื•ื–ื” ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื“ ื ื˜ืœ ื›ื‘ื“
01:30
off the world's poor.
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ืขืœ ืขื ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื
01:33
Number two: a declining population
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ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื ื™, ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช
01:37
means scarce labor.
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื” ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื
01:39
Scarce labor drives wages.
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ื›ื•ื— ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ืžื‘ื™ื ืœืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืฉื›ืจ
01:41
As wages increase
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืฉื›ืจ ืขื•ืœื”
01:43
that also lifts the burden on the poor and the working class.
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ื–ื” ื’ื ื›ืŸ ืžื•ืจื™ื“ ืžื”ื ื˜ืœ ืขืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื•ืžืขืžื“ ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื
01:48
Now I'm not talking about a radical drop in population like we saw in the Black Death.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช ื‘ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืจืื™ื ื• ื‘ืžื’ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื•ืช ื”ืฉื—ื•ืจ
01:52
But look what happened in Europe
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ืื‘ืœ ืชืจืื• ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืื™ืจื•ืคื”
01:54
after the plague:
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ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื”
01:56
rising wages,
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ื”ืžืฉื›ื•ืจื•ืช ืขืœื•
01:58
land reform,
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ืจืคื•ืจืžื•ืช ื‘ืงืจืงืขื•ืช
02:00
technological innovation,
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ื”ืžืฆืื•ืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช
02:03
birth of the middle class;
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ืœื™ื“ืชื• ืฉืœ ืžืขืžื“ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื™ื™ื
02:05
and after that, forward-looking social movements
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืžืชืงื“ืžื•ืช
02:09
like the Renaissance,
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ื›ืžื• ื”ืจื ืกื ืก
02:11
and later the Enlightenment.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ื”ืืจื”
02:14
Most of our cultural heritage has tended to look backward,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžืกื•ืจืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื ื˜ืชื” ืœื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ
02:17
romanticizing the past.
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ืžื™ื™ืคื” ืืช ื”ืขื‘ืจ
02:20
All of the Western religions begin with the notion of Eden,
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ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ื‘ืžื™ืชื•ืก ืฉืœ ื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ
02:23
and descend through a kind of profligate present
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ื•ืฆื ื™ื—ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ื•ื•ื” ืžื“ื›ื“ืš
02:26
to a very ugly future.
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ืืœ ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื›ื•ืขืจ
02:29
So human history is viewed
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื ืจืื™ืช
02:31
as sort of this downhill slide
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ื›ืžื• ืžื’ืœืฉื” ื™ื•ืจื“ืช
02:33
from the good old days.
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ืžื”ื™ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘
02:35
But I think we're in for another change,
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ืืš ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืคื ื™ ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ
02:38
about two generations after the top of that curve,
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ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื” ืขืงื•ืžื”
02:41
once the effects of a declining population
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืืคืงื˜ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ืžืฆื˜ืžืฆืžืช
02:44
start to settle in.
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ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืฉืงื•ืข
02:46
At that point, we'll start romanticizing the future again,
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ื‘ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื–ื•, ื ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืฉื•ื‘
02:50
instead of the nasty, brutish past.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืก ื•ื”ืžืœื•ื›ืœืš
02:53
So why does this matter?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžืฉื ื”?
02:55
Why talk about social-economic movements
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ืœืžื” ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช-ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
02:57
that may be more than a century away?
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ืฉื‘ืžืจื—ืง ืฉืœ ืื•ืœื™ ืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื?
02:59
Because transitions are dangerous times.
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ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ื”ืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื™ื
03:03
When land owners start to lose money,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืงืจืงืขื•ืช ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ื“ ื›ืกืฃ
03:06
and labor demands more pay,
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ื•ื”ืคื•ืขืœื™ื ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืขื•ื“ ืฉื›ืจ
03:08
there are some powerful interests that are going to fear for the future.
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ื™ืฉื ื ื›ืžื” ื‘ืขืœื™ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืกื˜ ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืฉื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืœื‘ื•ื
03:12
Fear for the future leads to some rash decisions.
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ื—ืฉืฉ ืฉื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืคื–ื™ื–ื•ืช
03:16
If we have a positive view about the future
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ืื ืชื”ื™ื” ืœื ื• ื“ืขื” ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“
03:19
then we may be able to accelerate through that turn,
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ืื– ืื ื• ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืื™ืฅ ื“ืจืš ืื•ืชื” ืชืคื ื™ืช
03:22
instead of careening off a cliff.
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฆื•ืง
03:25
If we can make it through the next 150 years,
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ืื ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืฉืจื•ื“ ืืช 150 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื‘ืื•ืช
03:28
I think that your great great grandchildren
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื›ื“ื™ ื”ื ื›ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
03:30
will forget all about Malthus.
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ื™ืฉื›ื—ื• ืžืžืœืชื•ืก
03:32
And instead, they'll be planning for the future
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ื•ื‘ืžืงื•ื, ื”ื ื™ืชื›ื ื ื• ืืช ื”ืขืชื™ื“
03:36
and starting to build the 22nd Century Enlightenment.
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ื•ื™ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-22 ื”ื ืื•ืจื”
03:39
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื
03:41
(Applause)
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[ ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื ]

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ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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