Why do we sleep? | Russell Foster

2,854,273 views ใƒป 2013-08-14

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: meir gabay ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:12
What I'd like to do today is talk about one of my favorite subjects,
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ืื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื™ื•ื ืขืœ ืื—ื“
ื”ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื™ื ืขืœื™
00:16
and that is the neuroscience of sleep.
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ื•ื”ื•ื: ืžื“ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”
00:20
Now, there is a sound --
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื–ื”
00:23
(Alarm clock)
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(ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ)
00:25
Ah, it worked!
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ืื”ื”, ื–ื” ืขื‘ื“
00:27
A sound that is desperately familiar to most of us,
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ืฆืœืฆื•ืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ื” ื ื•ืืฉ ืžื•ื›ืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ื ื•,
00:30
and of course it's the sound of the alarm clock.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ.
00:33
And what that truly ghastly, awful sound does
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืฆืœื™ืœ ื”ื ื•ืจื, ื”ืื™ื•ื ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”
00:36
is stop the single most important behavioral experience
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคืกื™ืง ืืช ืื—ื“ ื”ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ื”ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
00:41
that we have, and that's sleep.
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ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ื•ื™ื, ื•ื–ื”ื• ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.
00:44
If you're an average sort of person,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ื›ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืžื•ืฆืขื™ื,
00:48
36 percent of your life will be spent asleep,
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36 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื™ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืœืฉื™ื ื”,
00:52
which means that if you live to 90,
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ืื ืชื—ื™ื• ืขื“ ื’ื™ืœ 90,
00:54
then 32 years will have been spent entirely asleep.
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ืื– 32 ืฉื ื™ื ืžื—ื™ื™ื›ื ื™ื•ืงื“ืฉื• ืจืง ืœืฉื™ื ื”.
01:01
Now what that 32 years is telling us is that sleep at some level is important.
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ืžื” ืฉ-32 ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืื•ืžืจื•ืช ืœื ื•
ื–ื” ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจืžื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
01:06
And yet, for most of us, we don't give sleep a second thought.
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ื ื”,
01:09
We throw it away.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืกืœื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืกืฃ.
01:11
We really just don't think about sleep.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื”.
01:14
And so what I'd like to do today is change your views,
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ื•ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื”
ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืงืคืชื›ื,
01:18
change your ideas and your thoughts about sleep.
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ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืคื™ืกื” ื•ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื”
01:21
And the journey that I want to take you on,
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ื•ื‘ืžืกืข ืืœื™ื• ืืงื— ืืชื›ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ื‘ื–ืžืŸ.
01:24
we need to start by going back in time.
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01:28
"Enjoy the honey-heavy dew of slumber."
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"ืชื”ื ื• ืžื”ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœ ืชืจื“ืžื”."
01:33
Any ideas who said that?
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ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ืฉ ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืžื™ ืืžืจ ืืช ื–ื”?
01:36
Shakespeare's Julius Caesar.
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"ื™ื•ืœื™ื•ืก ืงื™ืกืจ" ืฉืœ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ
01:38
Yes, let me give you a few more quotes.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืขื•ื“ ื›ืžื” ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ื™ื
01:42
"O sleep, O gentle sleep, nature's soft nurse,
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"ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื”, ื”ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ืขื“ื™ื ื”, ื”ืื•ืžื ืช ื”ืจื›ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข,
01:46
how have I frighted thee?"
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ืื™ืš ื”ืคื—ื“ืชื™ ืื•ืชืš?"
01:47
Shakespeare again, from -- I won't say it --
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ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื™ืงืกืคื™ืจ, ืž -- ืœื ืื•ืžืจ -
01:50
the Scottish play.
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"ื”ืžื—ื–ื” ื”ืกืงื•ื˜ื™" [ืชื™ืงื•ืŸ: ื”ื ืจื™ ื”-4 ื—ืœืง 2]
01:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:54
From the same time:
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ืžืื•ืชื” ืชืงื•ืคื”:
01:55
"Sleep is the golden chain that ties health and our bodies together."
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"ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืžื•ื–ื”ื‘ืช
ืฉืงื•ืฉืจืช ื™ื—ื“ ืืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื•ื’ื•ืคื ื•."
02:00
Extremely prophetic, by Thomas Dekker, another Elizabethan dramatist.
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ืžืื•ื“ ื ื‘ื•ืื™, ืžืืช ืชื•ืžืืก ื“ืงืจ,
ืžื—ื–ืื™ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืžืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืžืœื›ื” ืืœื™ื–ื‘ืช.
02:04
But if we jump forward 400 years,
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ืืš ืื ื ืงืคื•ืฅ 400 ืฉื ื” ืงื“ื™ืžื”,
02:07
the tone about sleep changes somewhat.
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ื˜ื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžืช.
ืฆื™ื˜ื•ื˜ ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ, ืžืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืื” ื”-20.
02:11
This is from Thomas Edison, from the beginning of the 20th century:
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02:14
"Sleep is a criminal waste of time and a heritage from our cave days."
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"ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ื–ืžืŸ ืคื•ืฉืข,
ื•ืžื•ืจืฉืช ืžื™ืžื™ ื”ืžืขืจื” ืฉืœื ื•". ื‘ืื ื’.
02:17
Bang!
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:19
(Laughter)
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02:21
And if we also jump into the 1980s, some of you may remember
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ื•ืื ื ืงืคื•ืฅ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-80, ื—ืœืงื›ื
ืื•ืœื™ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืช'ืืฆ'ืจ
02:26
that Margaret Thatcher was reported to have said,
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ืืฉืจ ืืžืจื”, "ืฉื™ื ื” ื–ื” ืœื ืžื•ืฉื•ืช."
02:29
"Sleep is for wimps."
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02:30
And of course the infamous -- what was his name? --
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœืฉืžืฆื” -- ืžื” ืฉืžื•? --
02:33
the infamous Gordon Gekko from "Wall Street" said,
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ื’ื•ืจื“ื•ืŸ ื’ืงื•, ืž-"ื•ื•ืœ ืกื˜ืจื™ื˜" ืืžืจ,
02:35
"Money never sleeps."
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"ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื• ื™ืฉืŸ ืœืขื•ืœื."
02:38
What do we do in the 20th century about sleep?
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ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื” ื”-20 ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื”?
02:41
Well, of course, we use Thomas Edison's light bulb
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ืชื•ืžืืก ืื“ื™ืกื•ืŸ
02:44
to invade the night, and we occupied the dark,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืคืœื•ืฉ ืืœ ื”ืœื™ืœื”, ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืื›ืœืกื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ื›ื”,
02:47
and in the process of this occupation,
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ื•ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื”ืื™ื›ืœื•ืก ื”ื–ื”,
ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื ื• ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื›ืžื—ืœื”, ื›ืžืขื˜.
02:50
we've treated sleep as an illness, almost.
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02:52
We've treated it as an enemy.
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ื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื ื• ืืœื™ื” ื›ืืœ ืื•ื™ื‘.
02:55
At most now, I suppose, we tolerate the need for sleep,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื˜ื•ื‘, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—, ืื ื—ื ื• ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ,
ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ืจืข ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืืชื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื ื”
03:01
and at worst perhaps many of us think of sleep
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03:03
as an illness that needs some sort of a cure.
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ื›ืขืœ ืžื—ืœื” ืืฉืจ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžืฆื•ื ืœื” ืชืจื•ืคื”.
03:06
And our ignorance about sleep is really quite profound.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื“ื™ ืจืฆื™ื ื™ืช.
03:10
Why is it? Why do we abandon sleep in our thoughts?
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ืœืžื” ื–ื” ? ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ื˜ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืชื™ื ื•?
03:13
Well, it's because you don't do anything much while you're asleep, it seems.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื”
ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”, ื›ืš ื ืจืื”.
ืืชื ืœื ืื•ื›ืœื™ื, ืืชื ืœื ืฉื•ืชื™ื,
03:18
You don't eat. You don't drink.
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03:21
And you don't have sex.
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ื•ืืชื ืœื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกืงืก.
03:22
Well, most of us anyway.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืจื•ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืงืจื”.
03:24
And so, therefore it's --
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื–ื” --
03:26
Sorry.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”. ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื‘ื•ื– ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืฉืœ ื–ืžืŸ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ? ื˜ืขื•ืช.
03:28
It's a complete waste of time, right?
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03:30
Wrong.
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03:31
Actually, sleep is an incredibly important part of our biology,
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ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืืžืช, ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื—ืœืง ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
03:35
and neuroscientists are beginning to explain
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ื•ืžื“ืขื ื™ ืžื•ื— ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืžื“ื•ืข
03:38
why it's so very important.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื›ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
03:40
So let's move to the brain.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื—.
03:43
Now, here we have a brain.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื ื” ืœื ื• ืžื•ื—.
03:48
This is donated by a social scientist,
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ื–ื” ื ืชืจื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ืขืŸ ืœืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ื–ื”,
03:51
and they said they didn't know what it was or indeed, how to use it, so --
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ืื• ืื™ืš ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื–ื”, ืื– --
03:55
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
03:58
Sorry.
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ืกืœื™ื—ื”.
04:00
So I borrowed it.
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ืื– ืœื•ื•ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืชื•. ืื ื™ ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื ืœื‘. ืื•ืงื™ื™.
04:02
I don't think they noticed. OK.
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
04:04
(Laughter)
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04:06
The point I'm trying to make is that when you're asleep,
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ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
04:09
this thing doesn't shut down.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื‘ื”.
04:11
In fact, some areas of the brain are actually more active
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืคืขื™ืœื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ
ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืขื™ืจื•ืช.
04:14
during the sleep state than during the wake state.
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04:17
The other thing that's really important about sleep
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ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”
04:19
is that it doesn't arise from a single structure within the brain,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืื™ื ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืจืง ื‘ืžื‘ื ื” ืื—ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื—,
ืืœื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืคื•ืขืœืช ื›ืžื• ืจืฉืช,
04:23
but is to some extent a network property.
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04:25
If we flip the brain on its back --
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ื•ืื ื ื”ืคื•ืš ืืช ื”ืžื•ื— ืขืœ ื’ื‘ื• --
04:27
I love this little bit of spinal cord here --
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ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืงืฆื” ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ --
04:30
this bit here is the hypothalamus,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก,
04:33
and right under there is a whole raft of interesting structures,
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ื•ืžืชื—ืชื™ื• ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ืžื‘ื ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื,
04:37
not least the biological clock.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืืจ ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™.
04:39
The biological clock tells us when it's good to be up,
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ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืžืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจื™ื,
04:41
when it's good to be asleep,
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ื•ืžืชื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ,
04:43
and what that structure does is interact
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ
ืขื ื›ืœ ืฉืืจ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก,
04:45
with a whole raft of other areas within the hypothalamus,
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04:48
the lateral hypothalamus, the ventrolateral preoptic nuclei.
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ื”ื”ื™ืคื•ืชืœืžื•ืก ื”ืฆื“ื™, ื”ื’ืจืขื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื˜ืจื•-ืœื˜ืจืœื™ ืคืจื”-ืื•ืคื˜ื™.
04:51
All of those combine,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื• ืžืฉืชืœื‘ื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื
04:52
and they send projections down to the brain stem here.
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ืœื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ื›ืืŸ.
04:55
The brain stem then projects forward
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ื’ื–ืข ื”ืžื•ื— ืžืชื—ื‘ืจ ื”ืœืื”
04:58
and bathes the cortex, this wonderfully wrinkly bit over here,
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ื•ืฉื•ื˜ืฃ ืืช ืงืœื™ืคืช ื”ืžื•ื—, ื”ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืžืงื•ืžื˜ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ,
05:02
with neurotransmitters that keep us awake
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ืขื ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืžืฉืื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืขืจื™ื
05:05
and essentially provide us with our consciousness.
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ื•ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ืฉืœื ื•.
ืื ื›ืš ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืชืจื—ืฉืช ืžืชื•ืš ื”ืจื‘ื”
05:08
So sleep arises from a whole raft
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05:10
of different interactions within the brain,
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ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—,
05:12
and essentially, sleep is turned on and off
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื ื“ืœืงืช ื•ื ื›ื‘ื™ืช
05:15
as a result of a range of interactions in here.
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ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื˜ื•ื•ื— ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ.
ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื– ืœืืŸ ื”ื’ืขื ื•?
05:18
OK. So where have we got to?
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05:19
We've said that sleep is complicated
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ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ืช
05:23
and it takes 32 years of our life.
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ื•ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ืงื—ืช 32 ืฉื ื” ืžืชื•ืš ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
05:28
But what I haven't explained is what sleep is about.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ืกื‘ืจืชื™ ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”,
05:31
So why do we sleep?
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ืื– ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื?
05:33
And it won't surprise any of you that, of course,
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ื™ืคืชื™ืข ืืชื›ื
05:35
as scientists, we don't have a consensus.
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ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ ื”ืžื“ืขื ื™ื, ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืงื•ื ืฆื ื–ื•ืก.
05:37
There are dozens of different ideas about why we sleep,
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ื™ืฉื ื ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื•ืกืงื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืฉื™ื ื”,
ืื ื™ ืืฆื™ื’ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื”ื.
05:41
and I'm going to outline three of those.
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05:43
The first is sort of the restoration idea,
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ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ืงื•ื,
05:46
and it's somewhat intuitive.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื“ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™.
05:48
Essentially, all the stuff we've burned up during the day,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืฉืจืคื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื
05:50
we restore, we replace, we rebuild during the night.
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ืื ื• ืžืฉื—ื–ืจื™ื, ืžื—ืœื™ืคื™ื ื•ืžืฉืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”.
05:54
And indeed, as an explanation, it goes back to Aristotle,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื›ื”ืกื‘ืจ,
ื”ื•ื ื—ื•ื–ืจ ืœืืจื™ืกื˜ื•,
05:57
so that's what -- 2,300 years ago.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื”, ืžื”, 2,300 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ื•ืจื”.
05:59
It's gone in and out of fashion.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื ืก ื•ื™ืฆื ืžื”ืื•ืคื ื”.
06:01
It's fashionable at the moment
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ื–ื” ืื•ืคื ืชื™ ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื• ื›ื™ ื ืžืฆื
06:02
because what's been shown is that within the brain,
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ืฉื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—, ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื’ื ื™ื
06:05
a whole raft of genes have been shown to be turned on only during sleep,
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ืฉืžื•ืคืขืœื™ื ืจืง ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”,
06:10
and those genes are associated with restoration and metabolic pathways.
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ื•ื’ื ื™ื ืืœื• ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ
ื•ืœืžืกืœื•ืœื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื™ื.
06:14
So there's good evidence for the whole restoration hypothesis.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืชืžื™ื›ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ื”ืฉื—ื–ื•ืจ.
06:18
What about energy conservation?
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ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืฉืžื™ืจืช ืื ืจื’ื™ื”?
06:20
Again, perhaps intuitive.
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ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช.
06:23
You essentially sleep to save calories.
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ืืชื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืกื•ืš ื‘ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
06:26
Now, when you do the sums, though, it doesn't really pan out.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
ื–ื” ืœื ืžืžืฉ ืขื•ื‘ื“.
06:29
If you compare an individual who has slept at night,
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ืื ืืชื ืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืื“ื
ืฉื™ืฉืŸ ื‘ืœื™ืœื”, ืื• ืฉื ืฉืืจ ืขืจ ื•ืœื ื–ื– ื”ืจื‘ื”,
06:34
or stayed awake and hasn't moved very much,
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ื—ืกื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืจืš 110 ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืœืœื™ืœื”.
06:38
the energy saving of sleeping is about 110 calories a night.
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06:42
Now, that's the equivalent of a hot dog bun.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืœื—ืžื ื™ื™ื” ืขื ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื™ื”.
06:45
Now, I would say that a hot dog bun
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืฉืœื—ืžื ื™ื” ืขื ื ืงื ื™ืงื™ื™ื”
06:49
is kind of a meager return
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ื–ื” ื”ื—ื–ืจ ื“ืœ ื™ื—ืกื™ืช ืœืชื”ืœื™ืš ื›ื”
06:51
for such a complicated and demanding behavior as sleep.
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ืžืกื•ื‘ืš ื•ืชื•ื‘ืขื ื™ ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ื ื”.
06:54
So I'm less convinced by the energy conservation idea.
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ืื– ืื ื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฉืชื›ื ืข ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื™ืžื•ืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”.
06:58
But the third idea I'm quite attracted to,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืื ื™ ื“ื™ ื ืžืฉืš,
07:00
which is brain processing and memory consolidation.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
07:04
What we know is that, if after you've tried to learn a task,
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื”ื•ื, ืฉืื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ื™ืกื™ืชื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืฉื™ืžื”,
ื•ืืชื ื‘ื—ืกืš ืฉื™ื ื”,
07:08
and you sleep-deprive individuals,
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07:09
the ability to learn that task is smashed.
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ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืืช ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื”ื–ื• ืžืชืจืกืงืช.
07:12
It's really hugely attenuated.
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ื–ื” ื‘ืืžืช ื ื—ืœืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืขื ืงื™ืช.
07:15
So sleep and memory consolidation is also very important.
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ืื– ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
07:18
However, it's not just the laying down of memory
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ืื•ืœื, ืื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ืŸ
07:21
and recalling it.
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ื•ืื– ืฉื•ืœืคื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
07:22
What's turned out to be really exciting
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ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืœื”ื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื
ืฉื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืคืชืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื™ื
07:25
is that our ability to come up with novel solutions to complex problems
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื‘ื›ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉื ืช ืœื™ืœื”.
07:29
is hugely enhanced by a night of sleep.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืคื™ ืฉืœื•ืฉื”.
07:32
In fact, it's been estimated to give us a threefold advantage.
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07:35
Sleeping at night enhances our creativity.
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ืฉื ืช ืœื™ืœื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ืืช ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื•.
07:38
And what seems to be going on is that, in the brain,
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ื•ืžื” ืฉื ืจืื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”, ื–ื” ืฉื‘ืžื•ื—
ื”ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
07:41
those neural connections that are important,
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07:43
those synaptic connections that are important,
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ื”ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืกื™ื ืคื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื,
07:45
are linked and strengthened,
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ืžืชื—ื‘ืจื™ื ื•ืžืชื—ื–ืงื™ื,
07:47
while those that are less important tend to fade away and be less important.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืืœื” ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื
ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื“ืขื•ืš ื•ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื.
07:52
OK.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืื– ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืขื“ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื”ืกื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžื” ืื ื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื,
07:53
So we've had three explanations for why we might sleep,
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07:56
and I think the important thing to realize is that the details will vary,
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
ืฉื”ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื™ื, ื•ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช.
08:00
and it's probable we sleep for multiple different reasons.
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08:03
But sleep is not an indulgence.
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ืืš ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืื™ื ื” ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช.
08:06
It's not some sort of thing that we can take on board rather casually.
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ืื™ ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืก ืืœื™ื” ื›ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘.
08:11
I think that sleep was once likened to an upgrade
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ืžืฉื•ืœื” ืœืฉื“ืจื•ื’
08:14
from economy to business class, you know, the equivalent of.
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ืžืžื—ืœืงืช ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืขืกืงื™ืช.
08:17
It's not even an upgrade from economy to first class.
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ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืฉื“ืจื•ื’ ืžืžื—ืœืงืช ืชื™ื™ืจื™ื ืœืžื—ืœืงื” ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
08:21
The critical thing to realize is that if you don't sleep,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ืฉื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื
ืฉืื ืืชื ืœื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืืชื ืœื ืขืคื™ื,
08:26
you don't fly.
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08:28
Essentially, you never get there.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืืชื ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉื,
08:30
And what's extraordinary about much of our society these days
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื• ื›ื™ื•ื
08:33
is that we are desperately sleep-deprived.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืกืš ืฉื™ื ื” ืžื™ื™ืืฉ.
08:36
So let's now look at sleep deprivation.
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ืื– ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื—ืกืš ืฉื™ื ื”.
ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืขื ืงื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ื—ืกืš ืฉื™ื ื”,
08:39
Huge sectors of society are sleep-deprived,
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ื•ื‘ื•ืื• ื ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ื“ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื ื•.
08:42
and let's look at our sleep-o-meter.
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08:44
So in the 1950s, good data suggests that most of us
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ืื– ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-50, ืžื™ื“ืข ืืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื•
08:48
were getting around eight hours of sleep a night.
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ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื›ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
08:51
Nowadays, we sleep one and a half to two hours less every night,
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ืฉื ื™ื ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืขื“ ืฉืขืชื™ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื–ื” ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”,
08:55
so we're in the six-and-a-half-hours every-night league.
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ืื– ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืœื™ื’ืช ื” "ืฉืฉ ื•ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”".
08:59
For teenagers, it's worse, much worse.
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ืœื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ, ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ, ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื—ืžื•ืจ.
09:02
They need nine hours for full brain performance,
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ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืชืฉืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืชืคืงื•ื“ ืžืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—,
09:05
and many of them, on a school night, are only getting five hours of sleep.
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ื•ืจื•ื‘ื, ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืœืคื ื™ ืœื™ืžื•ื“ื™ื,
ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืจืง ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”.
09:09
It's simply not enough.
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ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ืžืกืคื™ืง.
09:10
If we think about other sectors of society -- the aged;
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื’ื–ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื–ืงื ื™ื,
09:14
if you are aged, then your ability to sleep in a single block
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ืื ืืชื” ื–ืงืŸ, ืื– ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืจืฆืฃ
09:18
is somewhat disrupted, and many sleep, again,
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ื ืคื’ืขืช ื‘ืžื™ื“ืช ืžื”, ื•ืจื•ื‘ื ื™ืฉื ื™ื, ืฉื•ื‘,
09:21
less than five hours a night.
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ืคื—ื•ืช ืžื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
09:22
Shift work.
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ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช. ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
09:23
Shift work is extraordinary,
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09:25
perhaps 20 percent of the working population,
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ืื•ืœื™ 20 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช,
ื•ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื™ื ื• ืžืฉืชื ื” ื‘ื”ืชืื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช
09:28
and the body clock does not shift to the demands of working at night.
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ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
09:32
It's locked onto the same light-dark cycle as the rest of us.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืขื•ืœ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฉืš ื›ืžื• ืืฆืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื•.
ืื– ื›ืฉืขื•ื‘ื“ ื”ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ื”ืžืกื›ืŸ ื—ื•ื–ืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
09:35
So when the poor old shift worker is going home
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09:37
to try and sleep during the day, desperately tired,
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ื•ืžื ืกื” ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื, ืขื™ื™ืฃ ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช,
09:39
the body clock is saying, "Wake up. This is the time to be awake."
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ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื•ืžืจ - "ืชืชืขื•ืจืจ. ื–ื” ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืจ."
09:43
So the quality of sleep that you get as a night shift worker
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ืื– ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืืชื” ืžืงื‘ืœ ื›ืขื•ื‘ื“ ืžืฉืžืจื•ืช ืœื™ืœื”
09:46
is usually very poor, again in that sort of five-hour region.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืจื•ื“ื”, ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื”ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”.
09:49
And then, of course, tens of millions of people suffer from jet lag.
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ื•ื™ืฉ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ ืื ืฉื™ื
ืืฉืจ ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื’'ื˜-ืœื’.
09:53
So who here has jet lag?
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ืœืžื™ ื›ืืŸ ื™ืฉ ื’'ื˜-ืœื’?
09:56
Well, my goodness gracious.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ.
09:58
Well, thank you very much indeed for not falling asleep,
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉืืชื ืœื ื ืจื“ืžื™ื
10:01
because that's what your brain is craving.
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื—ื•ืฉืง ื‘ื•.
10:03
One of the things that the brain does is indulge in micro-sleeps,
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ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉื”ืžื•ื— ืขื•ืฉื” ื”ื•ื
ืœื”ืชืขื ื’ ืขืœ ืžื™ืงืจื•-ืฉื™ื ื”,
10:09
this involuntary falling asleep,
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืจื“ืžื•ืช ืœื ืžื›ื•ื•ื ืช,
10:11
and you have essentially no control over it.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ืฉื•ื ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืขืœื™ื”.
10:13
Now, micro-sleeps can be sort of somewhat embarrassing,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื™ืงืจื• ืฉื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืขื˜ ืžื‘ื™ื›ื”,
ืื‘ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ืงื˜ืœื ื™ืช.
10:16
but they can also be deadly.
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ืžื•ืขืจืš ื›ื™ 31 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ื ื”ื’ื™ื
10:18
It's been estimated that 31 percent of drivers
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10:21
will fall asleep at the wheel at least once in their life,
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ื ืจื“ืžื™ื ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื ืื—ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื,
ื•ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘, ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื•ืช ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช:
10:26
and in the US, the statistics are pretty good:
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10:28
100,000 accidents on the freeway have been associated with tiredness,
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100,000 ืชืื•ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื›ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื”ื™ืจ
ืงื•ืฉืจื• ืขื ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช,
10:33
loss of vigilance, and falling asleep -- a hundred thousand a year.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื™ืจื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื™ืจื“ืžื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ื”ื’ื”.
ืžืื” ืืœืฃ ื‘ืฉื ื”. ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื.
10:36
It's extraordinary.
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10:37
At another level of terror,
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ื‘ืจืžืช ืคื—ื“ ืื—ืจืช,
10:39
we dip into the tragic accidents at Chernobyl
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆื•ืœืœื™ื ืืœ ืชื•ืš ืืกื•ืŸ ืฆ'ืจื ื•ื‘ื™ืœ
10:43
and indeed the space shuttle Challenger,
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ื•ื’ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืœืžืขื‘ื•ืจืช ื”ื—ืœืœ ืฆ'ืœื ื’'ืจ,
10:45
which was so tragically lost.
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ืืฉืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ืจืื’ื™ ื”ืชืคืจืงื”.
10:47
And in the investigations that followed those disasters,
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ื•ื‘ื—ืงื™ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื‘ื•ืฆืขื• ืœืื—ืจ ื”ืืกื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•,
ื ืžืฆื ืฉืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื™ืจื•ื“ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืฉืขื•ืช ื ื•ืกืคื•ืช
10:51
poor judgment as a result of extended shift work
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10:54
and loss of vigilance and tiredness
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ื•ืžืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืขื™ืจื ื•ืช,
10:56
was attributed to a big chunk of those disasters.
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ื”ื™ื•ื• ื—ืœืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืืกื•ื ื•ืช ืืœื•.
ืื– ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื, ื•ืืชื ื—ืกืจื™ ืฉื™ื ื”,
11:02
When you're tired and you lack sleep,
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11:04
you have poor memory, you have poor creativity,
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ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ืจื•ื“, ื”ื™ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื“ืœื”,
ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช,
11:08
you have increased impulsiveness,
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11:10
and you have overall poor judgment.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืฉื™ืงื•ืœ ื“ืขืช ื™ืจื•ื“.
11:12
But my friends, it's so much worse than that.
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ื™, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข ืžื–ื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:16
(Laughter)
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11:18
If you are a tired brain,
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ืื ืืชื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืžื•ื— ืขื™ื™ืฃ,
ื”ืžื•ื— ื—ื•ืฉืง ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ื™ืขื™ืจื• ืื•ืชื•.
11:20
the brain is craving things to wake it up.
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ืื– ืกืžื™ื, ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื, ื•ืงืคืื™ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’
11:23
So drugs, stimulants.
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11:25
Caffeine represents the stimulant of choice
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ืืช ื”ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ื”ืžื•ืขื“ืฃ ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืขืจื‘ื™.
11:28
across much of the Western world.
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11:30
Much of the day is fueled by caffeine,
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื•ื ืืชื ืžืชื•ื“ืœืงื™ื ื‘ืงืคืื™ืŸ,
11:32
and if you're a really naughty tired brain, nicotine.
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ื•ืื ืืชื ืžื•ื— ืขื™ื™ืฃ ืžืžืฉ ืฉื•ื‘ื‘, ื ื™ืงื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
11:35
Of course, you're fueling the waking state with these stimulants,
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืืชื ืžืชื“ืœืงื™ื ืืช ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืขืจื ื•ืช
ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื ืืœื•,
11:38
and then, of course, it gets to 11 o'clock at night,
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ื•ืื– ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื›ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื”ืฉืขื” 11 ื‘ืœื™ืœื”,
ื•ืื– ื”ืžื•ื— ืื•ืžืจ ืœืขืฆืžื• "ืื”, ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžืขืฉื”,
11:41
and the brain says to itself,
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11:42
"Actually, I need to be asleep fairly shortly.
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ืžืขื˜.
11:44
What do we do about that when I'm feeling completely wired?"
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ืžื” ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื ื–ื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืขืจื ื™?"
11:47
Well, of course, you then resort to alcohol.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื– ื ื™ื’ืฉื™ื ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ.
11:50
Now alcohol, short-term, you know, once or twice,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ, ืœื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ, ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืคืขื ืื• ืคืขืžื™ื™ื,
11:54
to use to mildly sedate you, can be very useful.
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ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ืจื’ืขื” ืงืœื”,
11:56
It can actually ease the sleep transition.
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืงืœ ืืช ื”ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื™ื ื”.
11:59
But what you must be so aware of is that alcohol doesn't provide sleep.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืืชื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืœื™ื•
ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ืœื ืžืกืคืง ืฉื™ื ื”.
12:04
A biological mimic for sleep,
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ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืงื” ืฉื™ื ื”. ื”ื•ื ืžืจื’ื™ืข ืืชื›ื.
12:06
it sedates you.
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12:07
So it actually harms some of the neural processing
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืขื™ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ื ืขืฆื‘ื™
ืืฉืจ ืžืชืจื—ืฉ ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ืš ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ
12:11
that's going on during memory consolidation and memory recall.
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ื•ืฉืœื™ืคืช ื”ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ.
ืื– ื–ื” ืฆืขื“ ืืงื•ื˜ื™ ืœื˜ื•ื•ื—-ืงืฆืจ,
12:14
So it's a short-term acute measure,
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12:16
but for goodness sake,
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ืื‘ืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ื™ืฉืžื•ืจ, ืืœ ืชืชืžื›ืจื•
12:17
don't become addicted to alcohol
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ืœืืœื›ื•ื”ื•ืœ ื›ื“ืจืš ืœื”ื™ืจื“ื ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”.
12:19
as a way of getting to sleep every night.
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ื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื’ื ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ.
12:22
Another connection between loss of sleep is weight gain.
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12:25
If you sleep around about five hours or less every night,
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ืื ืืชื ื™ืฉื ื™ื ื—ืžืฉ ืฉืขื•ืช ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื”,
12:29
then you have a 50 percent likelihood of being obese.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื›ื ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ ืฉืœ 50 ืื—ื•ื– ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
ืžื” ื”ืงืฉืจ?
12:33
What's the connection here?
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12:34
Well, sleep loss seems to give rise to the release of the hormone ghrelin,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื ืจืื” ืฉื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ืฉื—ืจื•ืจื•
ืฉืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื’ื”ืจืœื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ื”ืจืขื‘.
12:39
the hunger hormone.
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12:40
Ghrelin is released.
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ื’ื”ืจืœื™ืŸ ืžืฉื•ื—ืจืจ. ืžื’ื™ืข ืœืžื•ื—.
12:41
It gets to the brain.
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12:43
The brain says, "I need carbohydrates,"
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืื•ืžืจ - "ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช"
12:45
and what it does is seek out carbohydrates and particularly sugars.
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ื•ืื– ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื•ืฉื” ื–ื” ืœื—ืคืฉ ืคื—ืžื™ืžื•ืช
ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื.
12:49
So there's a link between tiredness
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ืื– ื”ื ื” ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื™ื™ืคื•ืช
ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื”ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ.
12:52
and the metabolic predisposition for weight gain: stress.
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ืœื—ืฅ. ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ืœื—ื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™.
12:55
Tired people are massively stressed.
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12:58
And one of the things of stress, of course, is loss of memory,
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื ืœื—ืฅ, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ,
ื–ื” ืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ื–ื›ืจื•ืŸ,
13:02
which is what I sort of just then had a little lapse of.
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ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื.
ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื–ื”.
13:07
But stress is so much more.
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืืงื•ื˜ื™, ื–ื• ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื” ื—ืžื•ืจื”,
13:09
So, if you're acutely stressed, not a great problem,
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13:12
but it's sustained stress associated with sleep loss that's the problem.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืžืชืžืฉืš
ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœื—ื•ืกืจ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื” -- ื–ืืช ื›ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื”.
ืื– ืžืชื— ืžืชืžืฉืš ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™,
13:16
Sustained stress leads to suppressed immunity.
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13:20
And so, tired people tend to have higher rates of overall infection,
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ืื– ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื™ืฉ ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืื•ื“ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืœื™ื,
13:23
and there's some very good studies
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืืฉืจ ืžืจืื™ื
13:25
showing that shift workers, for example, have higher rates of cancer.
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ืฉืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ ืœื™ืœื”, ืœืžืฉืœ, ื™ืฉ ืฉื™ืขื•ืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืฉืœ ืกืจื˜ืŸ.
13:28
Increased levels of stress throw glucose into the circulation.
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ืจืžื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืœื—ืฅ ืžื–ืจื™ืžื•ืช ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ืœืชื•ืš ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ื“ื.
13:32
Glucose becomes a dominant part of the vasculature
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ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื– ื ื”ื™ื” ื—ืœืง ื“ื•ืžื™ื ื ื˜ื™ ื‘ื›ืœื™ ื”ื“ื
13:36
and essentially you become glucose intolerant.
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ื•ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืชื ืžืคืชื—ื™ื ืื™ ืกื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืœื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–.
13:39
Therefore, diabetes 2.
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ื•ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืกื›ืจืช ืžืกื•ื’ 2.
13:41
Stress increases cardiovascular disease as a result of raising blood pressure.
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ืžืชื— ืžื’ื“ื™ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ ื•ื›ืœื™ ื“ื
ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืขืœืืช ืœื—ืฅ ื”ื“ื.
13:47
So there's a whole raft of things associated with sleep loss
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืื•ืกืฃ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืฉืจ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื•ื‘ื“ืŸ ืฉื™ื ื”
13:50
that are more than just a mildly impaired brain,
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ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืžื•ื— ืžืขื˜ ืคื’ื•ืข,
13:54
which is where I think most people think that sleep loss resides.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืจื•ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื
ืฉื—ืกืš ืฉื™ื ื” ื ืžืฆื.
13:57
So at this point in the talk, this is a nice time to think,
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ืื– ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื™ื—ืชื ื•, ื–ื” ื–ืžืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘,
14:01
"Well, do you think on the whole I'm getting enough sleep?"
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ื›ืœืœื™ ืืชื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ื ื”?
14:04
So a quick show of hands.
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ื”ืจื™ืžื• ื™ื“ื™ื™ื.
ืžื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžืงื‘ืœ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืฉื™ื ื”?
14:06
Who feels that they're getting enough sleep here?
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ืื•. ื˜ื•ื‘ ื ื•, ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืจืฉื™ื.
14:09
Oh. Well, that's pretty impressive.
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14:11
Good. We'll talk more about that later, about what are your tips.
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ื˜ื•ื‘. ืื ื—ื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
14:14
So most of us, of course, ask the question,
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ื ื•, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”,
"ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืš ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื ืื ื™ ื™ืฉืŸ ืžืกืคื™ืง?"
14:17
"How do I know whether I'm getting enough sleep?"
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื–ื” ืœื ื›"ื› ืžืกื•ื‘ืš.
14:19
Well, it's not rocket science.
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14:20
If you need an alarm clock to get you out of bed in the morning,
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ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืžืขื•ืจืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฆืืช ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
14:23
if you are taking a long time to get up,
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ืื ืœื•ืงื— ืœื›ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื–ืžืŸ ืœืงื•ื ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื”,
14:25
if you need lots of stimulants,
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ืื ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืžืจื™ืฆื™ื,
14:27
if you're grumpy, if you're irritable,
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ืขืคื™ื, ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื,
14:29
if you're told by your work colleagues that you're looking tired and irritable,
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ืื ืงื•ืœื’ื•ืช ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœื›ื
ืฉืืชื ื ืจืื™ื ืขื™ื™ืคื™ื ื•ืขืฆื‘ื ื™ื™ื,
14:33
chances are you are sleep-deprived.
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ืื– ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืกื™ื›ื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืืชื ื‘ื—ืกืš ืฉื™ื ื”.
14:35
Listen to them. Listen to yourself.
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ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœื”ื. ืชืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื.
14:37
What do you do?
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ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช?
14:39
Well -- and this is slightly offensive --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ - ื–ื” ื“ื™ ืžืขืœื™ื‘ -
14:41
sleep for dummies.
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ืฉื™ื ื” ืœืžืคื’ืจื™ื:
14:42
(Laughter)
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14:44
Make your bedroom a haven for sleep.
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ื”ืคื›ื• ืืช ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœื’ืŸ ืขื“ืŸ ืœืฉื™ื ื”.
14:47
The first critical thing is make it as dark as you possibly can,
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืงืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื—ืฉื•ืš ื›ื›ืœ ื”ืืคืฉืจ,
14:51
and also make it slightly cool.
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ื•ื’ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื˜ ืฆื•ื ืŸ. ืžืื•ื“ ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
14:52
Very important.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืชืคื—ื™ืชื• ืืช ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื•ืจ
14:54
Actually, reduce your amount of light exposure
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14:56
at least half an hour before you go to bed.
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ื›ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืืชื ื ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœืžื™ื˜ื”.
14:59
Light increases levels of alertness and will delay sleep.
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ืื•ืจ ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืขื™ืจื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืžืขื›ื‘ ืฉื™ื ื”.
ืžื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”?
15:02
What's the last thing that most of us do before we go to bed?
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื‘ืื•ืจ ืžืืกื™ื‘ื™
15:05
We stand in a massively lit bathroom,
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ืžืกืชื›ืœื™ื ื‘ืžืจืื” ื•ืžืฆื—ืฆื—ื™ื ืฉื™ื ื™ื™ื.
15:07
looking into the mirror cleaning our teeth.
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15:09
It's the worst thing we can possibly do before we go to sleep.
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ื–ื” ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช
ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ.
ื›ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ื ื™ื ื”ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ื™ื. ื›ื‘ื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื™ื.
15:13
Turn off those mobile phones. Turn off those computers.
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15:15
Turn off all of those things that are also going to excite the brain.
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ื›ื‘ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืฉืžืขื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื•ื—.
ื ืกื• ืœื ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืงืคื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ืžื“ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ื,
15:20
Try not to drink caffeine too late in the day,
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15:22
ideally not after lunch.
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ื”ื›ื™ ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ ื–ื” ืœื ืื—ืจื™ ืืจื•ื—ืช ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื.
15:25
Now, we've set about reducing light exposure before you go to bed,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืžืจื ื• ืฉืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื•ืจ ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”
15:29
but light exposure in the morning
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื™ืคื” ืœืื•ืจ ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
15:30
is very good at setting the biological clock to the light-dark cycle.
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ืขื•ื–ืจ ืžืื•ื“ ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืฉืขื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืœืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฉืš
15:34
So seek out morning light.
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ืื– ื ืกื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื—ืฉื•ืคื™ื ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ.
15:35
Basically, listen to yourself.
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ื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื.
15:38
Wind down.
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ื”ืื˜ื•. ืชืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
15:39
Do those sorts of things
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15:40
that you know are going to ease you off
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ืฉื™ืจื’ื™ืขื• ืืชื›ื
15:42
into the honey-heavy dew of slumber.
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ืืœ ื”ื˜ืœ ื”ื›ื‘ื“ ื›ื“ื‘ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื“ืžื”.
15:46
OK.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ืืœื• ื”ื™ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช. ืื– ืžื” ืขื ื›ืžื” ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื?
15:47
That's some facts. What about some myths?
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15:49
Teenagers are lazy.
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ื‘ื ื™ ื ื•ืขืจ ื”ื ืขืฆืœื™ื. ืœื. ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื›ื ื™ื.
15:51
No. Poor things.
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15:52
They have a biological predisposition to go to bed late and get up late,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช
ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื•ืœืงื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ื, ืื– ืขื–ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉืงื˜.
15:56
so give them a break.
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15:57
We need eight hours of sleep a night.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื 8 ืฉืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืœื™ืœื”.
16:01
That's an average.
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ื–ื” ืžืžื•ืฆืข. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช.
16:02
Some people need more. Some people need less.
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16:04
And what you need to do is listen to your body.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ื” ืœื”ืงืฉื™ื‘ ืœื’ื•ืคื›ื.
16:07
Do you need that much or do you need more?
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ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื›ืžื•ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืื• ืฉืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ?
16:09
Simple as that.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ื• ื›ืžืฉืžืขื•.
16:10
Old people need less sleep.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื–ืงื ื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืคื—ื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”. ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
16:13
Not true.
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16:14
The sleep demands of the aged do not go down.
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ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืืฆืœ ื–ืงื ื™ื ืื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ื—ืชื•ืช.
16:17
Essentially, sleep fragments and becomes less robust,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื ืงื˜ืขืช ื•ื ืขืฉื™ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื”,
16:20
but sleep requirements do not go down.
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ืืš ื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืื™ื ืŸ ืคื•ื—ืชื•ืช.
16:23
And the fourth myth is early to bed, early to rise
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ื•ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืก ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื”ื•ื,
ืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ืœืš ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื•ืžืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื•ืงื“ื
16:27
makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.
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ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื“ื ื‘ืจื™ื, ืขืฉื™ืจ ื•ื—ื›ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:30
Well, that's wrong at so many different levels.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:33
(Laughter)
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16:35
There is no evidence that getting up early and going to bed early
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื, ื•ืœื• ืœื ืจืื™ื” ืื—ืช ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืฉืœืงื•ื ืžื•ืงื“ื
ื•ืœืœื›ืช ืœื™ืฉื•ืŸ ืžื•ืงื“ื ื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืฉื™ืจ.
16:39
gives you more wealth at all.
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16:41
There's no difference in socioeconomic status.
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ืื™ืŸ ืฉื•ื ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื•ืฆื™ื•ืืงื•ื ื•ืžื™.
16:44
In my experience,
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ืžื ืกื™ื•ื ื™, ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ
16:45
the only difference between morning people and evening people
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ืื ืฉื™ ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ืื ืฉื™ ืขืจื‘
ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœื” ื”ืงืžื™ื ืžื•ืงื“ื ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ
16:48
is that those people that get up in the morning early
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16:50
are just horribly smug.
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ื ื•ืจื ืžืจื•ืฆื™ื ืžืขืฆืžื.
16:51
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง ื•ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
16:53
(Applause)
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16:56
OK.
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ืื•ืงื™ื™. ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ, ื‘ื“ืงื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช,
16:57
So for the last few minutes,
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16:59
what I want to do is change gears
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื”ื•ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ืฃ ื”ื™ืœื•ืš
17:01
and talk about some really new, breaking areas of neuroscience,
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ื•ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืžื” ืชื—ื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—,
17:04
which is the association between mental health,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ืช,
17:07
mental illness and sleep disruption.
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ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”.
17:10
We've known for 130 years that in severe mental illness,
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ื›ื‘ืจ 130 ืฉื ื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช,
ืชืžื™ื“, ืชืžื™ื“ ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”,
17:14
there is always, always sleep disruption,
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17:17
but it's been largely ignored.
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ืืš ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืชืขืœืžื• ืžื›ืš.
17:19
In the 1970s, when people started to think about this again,
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-70, ื›ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื”,
17:21
they said, "Yes, well, of course you have sleep disruption in schizophrenia,
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• - "ื›ืŸ, ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”
ืœื—ื•ืœื™ ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื ืขืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืื ื˜ื™-ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
17:25
because they're on antipsychotics.
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17:27
It's the antipsychotics causing the sleep problems,"
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ืืœื• ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืื ื˜ื™-ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ืืœื•."
17:30
ignoring the fact that for a hundred years previously,
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ื•ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืžืื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ,
17:33
sleep disruption had been reported before antipsychotics.
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ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืขืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช.
17:37
So what's going on?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
17:39
Several groups are studying
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ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช, ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื•ืช
17:42
conditions like depression, schizophrenia and bipolar
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ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืžื• ื“ื›ืื•ืŸ, ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื” ื•ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
17:46
and what's going on in terms of sleep disruption.
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื‘ืžื•ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”.
17:48
We have a big study which we published last year on schizophrenia,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืืฉืจ ืคื™ืจืกืžื ื• ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืขืœ ืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”,
17:52
and the data were quite extraordinary.
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ื•ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืฆืื™ื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ.
17:55
In those individuals with schizophrenia,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”,
17:58
much of the time, they were awake during the night phase
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ, ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ืœื™ืœื”
18:02
and then they were asleep during the day.
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ื•ื™ืฉื ื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ื”ื™ื•ื.
ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืื• ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื”ื ื›ืœืœ ื“ืคื•ืกื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ื ื™ 24 ืฉืขื•ืช.
18:05
Other groups showed no 24-hour patterns whatsoever --
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18:07
their sleep was absolutely smashed.
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืจื•ืกืงื” ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ.
18:09
And some had no ability to regulate their sleep by the light-dark cycle.
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ื•ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ืœื ื”ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ืœื•ื•ืกืช ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื—ื–ื•ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ-ื—ื•ืฉืš.
18:13
They were getting up later and later and later and later each night.
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ื”ื ื”ืชืขื•ืจืจื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ื—ืจ
ืžืœื™ืœื” ืœืœื™ืœื”. ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืจื•ืกืงื”.
18:17
It was smashed.
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18:18
So what's going on?
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ืื– ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืคื”?
18:20
And the really exciting news
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ื•ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืŸ
18:22
is that mental illness and sleep are not simply associated,
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ืฉืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ื•ืฉื™ื ื” ืœื ืกืชื ืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช
18:27
but they are physically linked within the brain.
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ืืœื ื”ืŸ ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื•ืช ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
18:30
The neural networks that predispose you to normal sleep,
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ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื— ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
18:33
give you normal sleep,
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ื•ืืœื• ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช
18:34
and those that give you normal mental health, are overlapping.
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ื ืคืฉื™ืช - ื—ื•ืคืคื•ืช.
18:38
And what's the evidence for that?
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ื•ืžื” ื”ืจืื™ื” ืœื›ืš?
ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื” ื‘ื’ื ื™ื ื”ื—ื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
18:40
Well, genes that have been shown
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18:42
to be very important in the generation of normal sleep,
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ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื ื•ืจืžืœื™ืช,
18:45
when mutated, when changed,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉืœื”ื,
18:47
also predispose individuals to mental health problems.
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ืฉื ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช.
ื•ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ืคืจืกืžื ื• ืžื—ืงืจ
18:51
And last year, we published a study
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืจืื” ืฉื’ืŸ ื”ืงืฉื•ืจ ืœืกื›ื™ื–ื•ืคืจื ื™ื”
18:53
which showed that a gene that's been linked to schizophrenia,
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18:56
when mutated, also smashes the sleep.
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ื”ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื˜ืฆื™ื”, ืžืฉื‘ืฉ ื’ื ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.
18:59
So we have evidence of a genuine mechanistic overlap
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืจืื™ื” ืœืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ืœื—ืคื™ืคื” ื‘ื™ืŸ
19:03
between these two important systems.
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ืฉืชื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืืœื•.
19:05
Other work flowed from these studies.
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ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืขืœื• ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•.
19:07
The first was that sleep disruption
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืจืขืช ืฉื™ื ื” ืงื•ื“ืžืช
19:11
actually precedes certain types of mental illness,
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ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ื™ืžื•ืช.
19:14
and we've shown that in those young individuals
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ื•ืจืื™ื ื• ืฉืœืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื•ืช
19:17
who are at high risk of developing bipolar disorder,
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ื‘ืขืœื™ ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืœืคืชื— ื”ืคืจืขื” ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ืช,
19:20
they already have a sleep abnormality
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ื™ืฉ ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”
19:23
prior to any clinical diagnosis of bipolar.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืœ ืื‘ื—ื ื” ืฉืœ ื“ื•-ืงื•ื˜ื‘ื™ื•ืช.
19:27
The other bit of data was that sleep disruption
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ืžืžืฆื ื ื•ืกืฃ ืฉืขืœื” ืžื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื”
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืขืœื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื—ืžื™ืจ,
19:33
may actually exacerbate, make worse, the mental illness state.
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ื•ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช ืœื—ืžื•ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ.
19:37
My colleague Dan Freeman has used a range of agents
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ื”ืงื•ืœื’ื” ืฉืœื™ ื“ืŸ ืคืจื™ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื
ืืฉืจ ื™ื™ืฆื‘ื• ืฉื™ื ื” ื•ื”ืคื—ื™ืชื• ืคืจื ื•ื™ื”
19:40
which have stabilized sleep and reduced levels of paranoia
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19:43
in those individuals by 50 percent.
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ืœืื•ืชื ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื‘ื›-50%.
19:46
So what have we got?
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ืื– ืžื” ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•?
19:47
We've got, in these connections, some really exciting things.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื•, ื‘ืงืฉืจื™ื ื”ืืœื•, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืจื’ืฉื™ื ืžืื•ื“.
19:53
In terms of the neuroscience,
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ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื‘ื”ื‘ื ื”
19:55
by understanding these two systems,
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ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ืืœื•,
19:56
we're really beginning to understand how both sleep and mental illness
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื™ืš ื’ื ืฉื™ื ื”
ื•ื’ื ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ ื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื•ืžื•ื•ืกืชื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—.
20:00
are generated and regulated within the brain.
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20:03
The second area is that if we can use sleep
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืฉื™ื ื”
20:06
and sleep disruption as an early warning signal,
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ื•ื‘ื”ืคืจืขื•ืช ืฉื™ื ื” ื›ืกื™ืžื ื™ ืื–ื”ืจื” ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื,
20:09
then we have the chance of going in.
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ืื– ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื”ืชืขืจื‘.
20:11
If we know these individuals are vulnerable,
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื,
20:14
early intervention then becomes possible.
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืชืช ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืžื•ืงื“ืžืช.
20:16
And the third, which I think is the most exciting,
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ื•ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™, ืฉืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืžืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ,
20:19
is that we can think of the sleep centers within the brain
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืžื•ื—
20:21
as a new therapeutic target.
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ื›ืžื˜ืจื” ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ืช ื—ื“ืฉื”.
20:23
Stabilize sleep in those individuals who are vulnerable,
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ืœื™ื™ืฆื‘ ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื’ื™ืขื™ื,
ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ื”ื—ืœื˜ ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื,
20:26
we can certainly make them healthier,
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20:28
but also alleviate some of the appalling symptoms of mental illness.
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ื•ื’ื ืœื”ืงืœ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืžื—ืคื™ืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉ.
20:33
So let me just finish.
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ืื– ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืจืง ืœืกื™ื™ื.
20:34
What I started by saying is: Take sleep seriously.
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ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ื”ื•ื, ืงื—ื• ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื” ื‘ืจืฆื™ื ื•ืช.
20:37
Our attitudes toward sleep are so very different
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ื”ื’ื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœืคื™ ืฉื™ื ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
20:40
from a pre-industrial age,
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ืžืืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื™ื“ืŸ ื”ื˜ืจื•ื-ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™,
20:41
when we were almost wrapped in a duvet.
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ื›ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืฉืžื™ื›ืช ืคื•ืš.
20:43
We used to understand intuitively the importance of sleep.
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ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ื‘ื ื• ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื”.
20:47
And this isn't some sort of crystal-waving nonsense.
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ื•ื–ื• ืื™ื ื” ื”ืชื™ื™ืคื™ืคื•ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
20:50
This is a pragmatic response to good health.
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ื–ื” ื—ืœืง ืคืจื’ืžื˜ื™ ืœื‘ืจื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
20:53
If you have good sleep, it increases your concentration,
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ืื ืชื™ืฉื ื• ื˜ื•ื‘, ืชื—ื•ืœ ืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืจื™ื›ื•ื–,
20:56
attention, decision-making, creativity, social skills, health.
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ื‘ืงืฉื‘, ื‘ืงื‘ืœืช ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช, ื™ื‘ืฆื™ืจืชื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ื™ืฉื•ืจื™ื ื—ื”ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื ื•ื‘ื‘ืจื™ืื•ืชื›ื.
21:00
If you get sleep, it reduces your mood changes, your stress,
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ืฉื™ื ื” ืžืคื—ื™ืชื” ืืช ืžืฆื‘ื™ ื”ืจื•ื— ื•ืจืžืช ื”ืœื—ืฅ ืฉืœื›ื,
21:04
your levels of anger, your impulsivity,
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ืืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื›ืขืก ื•ื”ืื™ืžืคื•ืœืกื™ื‘ื™ื•ืช,
21:06
and your tendency to drink and take drugs.
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ืืช ื”ื ื˜ื™ื™ื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ื•ืœืงื—ืช ืกืžื™ื.
21:09
And we finished by saying
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ื•ื ืกื™ื™ื ื‘ืืžื™ืจื”
21:12
that an understanding of the neuroscience of sleep
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ืฉื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉืœ ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ืžื•ื— ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ื ื”
21:15
is really informing the way we think
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ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ
21:18
about some of the causes of mental illness,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ื ืคืฉื™ื•ืช,
21:20
and indeed is providing us new ways
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ื•ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžืกืคืงืช ืœื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
21:22
to treat these incredibly debilitating conditions.
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ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืฉื™ื ืืœื•.
21:27
Jim Butcher, the fantasy writer, said,
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ื’'ื™ื ื‘ื•ืฆ'ืจ, ืกื•ืคืจ ื”ืคื ื˜ื–ื™ื”, ืืžืจ,
21:31
"Sleep is God. Go worship."
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"ืฉื™ื ื” ื”ื™ื ืืœื•ื”ื™ื. ืœืš ืชืกื’ื•ื“."
21:33
And I can only recommend that you do the same.
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ื•ื•ืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœื”ืžืœื™ืฅ ืœื›ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
21:35
Thank you for your attention.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืงืฉื‘ื”.
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
21:37
(Applause)
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Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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