Elliot Krane: The mystery of chronic pain

245,986 views ใƒป 2011-05-19

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shiri Lipinsky ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sigal Tifferet
00:15
I'm a pediatrician and an anesthesiologist,
0
15260
2000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืคื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•ืจื•ืคื ืžืจื“ื™ื,
00:17
so I put children to sleep for a living.
1
17260
2000
ืื– ืื ื™ ืžืจื“ื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืคืจื ืกืชื™.
00:19
(Laughter)
2
19260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:21
And I'm an academic, so I put audiences to sleep for free.
3
21260
3000
ื•ืื ื™ ื’ื ืืงื“ืžืื™, ื›ืš ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื“ื™ื ืงื”ืœ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื.
00:24
(Laughter)
4
24260
4000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:28
But what I actually mostly do
5
28260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ื‘ื“ืจืš-ื›ืœืœ ืขื•ืฉื”
00:30
is I manage the pain management service
6
30260
2000
ื–ื” ืžื ื”ืœ ืืช ืžืจืคืืช ื”ื›ืื‘
00:32
at the Packard Children's Hospital up at Stanford in Palo Alto.
7
32260
3000
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืœื“ื™ื ืคืืงืืจื“ ื‘ืกื˜ื ืคื•ืจื“ ืฉื‘ืคืืœื• ืืœื˜ื•.
00:35
And it's from the experience
8
35260
2000
ื•ืžืชื•ืš ื”ื ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”
00:37
from about 20 or 25 years of doing that
9
37260
2000
ืฉืœ 20-25 ืฉื ื™ื
00:39
that I want to bring to you the message this morning,
10
39260
2000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืกืจ ืฉืœื™ ื”ื‘ื•ืงืจ,
00:41
that pain is a disease.
11
41260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื”.
00:43
Now most of the time,
12
43260
2000
ืจื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ
00:45
you think of pain as a symptom of a disease,
13
45260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื›ืื‘ ื›ืขืœ ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื—ืœื”.
00:47
and that's true most of the time.
14
47260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืจื‘ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
00:49
It's the symptom of a tumor or an infection
15
49260
3000
ื–ื” ื”ืชืกืžื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ, ืื• ื–ื™ื”ื•ื
00:52
or an inflammation or an operation.
16
52260
2000
ืื• ื“ืœืงืช ืื• ื ื™ืชื•ื—.
00:54
But about 10 percent of the time,
17
54260
3000
ืื‘ืœ 10% ืžื”ืคืขืžื™ื,
00:57
after the patient has recovered from one of those events,
18
57260
3000
ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื—ืœื™ื ืžืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
01:00
pain persists.
19
60260
2000
ื”ื›ืื‘ ืžืžืฉื™ืš.
01:02
It persists for months
20
62260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื
01:04
and oftentimes for years,
21
64260
2000
ื•ืคืขืžื™ื ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื.
01:06
and when that happens,
22
66260
2000
ื•ื›ืฉื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”,
01:08
it is its own disease.
23
68260
2000
ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ื•ื ืžื—ืœื” ื‘ืคื ื™ ืขืฆืžื•.
01:10
And before I tell you about how it is that we think that happens
24
70260
3000
ื•ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงื•ืจื”
01:13
and what we can do about it,
25
73260
2000
ื•ืžื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”,
01:15
I want to show you how it feels for my patients.
26
75260
3000
ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืืช ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™.
01:18
So imagine, if you will,
27
78260
2000
ืื– ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•, ืื ืชืจืฆื•,
01:20
that I'm stroking your arm with this feather,
28
80260
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ืžืœื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช,
01:22
as I'm stroking my arm right now.
29
82260
3000
ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื™ ืžืœื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื•.
01:25
Now, I want you to imagine
30
85260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื•
01:27
that I'm stroking it with this.
31
87260
2000
ืฉืื ื™ ืžืœื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื–ื”.
01:29
Please keep your seat.
32
89260
2000
ื‘ื‘ืงืฉื” ืืœ ืชื–ื•ื–ื•.
01:31
(Laughter)
33
91260
2000
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:33
A very different feeling.
34
93260
2000
ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืื—ืจืช ืœื’ืžืจื™.
01:35
Now what does it have to do with chronic pain?
35
95260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืžื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืœื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ืื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™?
01:37
Imagine, if you will, these two ideas together.
36
97260
3000
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืืช ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื• ื™ื—ื“.
01:40
Imagine what your life would be like
37
100260
2000
ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืื™ืš ื™ืจืื• ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื
01:42
if I were to stroke it with this feather,
38
102260
3000
ืื ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืœื˜ืฃ ืืชื›ื ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช,
01:45
but your brain was telling you
39
105260
2000
ื”ืžื— ืฉืœื›ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื
01:47
that this is what you are feeling --
40
107260
2000
ืฉื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื --
01:49
and that is the experience of my patients with chronic pain.
41
109260
3000
ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืขื ื›ืื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™.
01:52
In fact, imagine something even worse.
42
112260
2000
ื‘ืขืฆื, ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข.
01:54
Imagine I were to stroke your child's arm with this feather,
43
114260
3000
ืชื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืœื˜ืฃ ืืช ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฆื” ื”ื–ืืช,
01:57
and their brain [was] telling them
44
117260
2000
ื•ื”ืžื— ืฉืœื”ื ืื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื
01:59
that they were feeling this hot torch.
45
119260
3000
ืฉืžื” ืฉื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืืช ื”ืœืคื™ื“ ื”ื‘ื•ืขืจ ื”ื–ื”.
02:02
That was the experience of my patient, Chandler,
46
122260
2000
ื–ืืช ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœืช ืฉืœื™, ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ,
02:04
whom you see in the photograph.
47
124260
2000
ืฉืื•ืชื” ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื”.
02:06
As you can see, she's a beautiful, young woman.
48
126260
2000
ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื ืขืจื” ื™ืคื” ื•ืฆืขื™ืจื”.
02:08
She was 16 years old last year when I met her,
49
128260
2000
ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืช ืฉืฉ-ืขืฉืจื” ื‘ืฉื ื” ืฉืขื‘ืจื” ื›ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื”,
02:10
and she aspired to be a professional dancer.
50
130260
3000
ื•ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจืงื“ื ื™ืช ืžืงืฆื•ืขื™ืช.
02:13
And during the course of one of her dance rehearsals,
51
133260
2000
ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืข ืื—ืช ืžื—ื–ืจื•ืช ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืฉืœื”,
02:15
she fell on her outstretched arm and sprained her wrist.
52
135260
3000
ื”ื™ื ื ืคืœื” ืขืœ ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื•ื—ื” ื•ื ืงืขื” ืืช ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“.
02:18
Now you would probably imagine, as she did,
53
138260
2000
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืืชื ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื™ืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื”,
02:20
that a wrist sprain is a trivial event
54
140260
2000
ืฉื ืงืข ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ื–ื” ืื™ืจื•ืข ืคืขื•ื˜
02:22
in a person's life.
55
142260
2000
ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื.
02:24
Wrap it in an ACE bandage,
56
144260
2000
ื—ื•ื‘ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื‘ื•ืฉืช ืืœืกื˜ื™ืช,
02:26
take some ibuprofen for a week or two,
57
146260
2000
ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืฉื›ืš ื›ืื‘ื™ื ืœืฉื‘ื•ืข ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
02:28
and that's the end of the story.
58
148260
2000
ื•ื–ื” ืกื•ืฃ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:30
But in Chandler's case, that was the beginning of the story.
59
150260
3000
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืจืง ืชื—ื™ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
02:34
This is what her arm looked like
60
154260
2000
ื›ื›ื” ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื” ื ืจืืชื”
02:36
when she came to my clinic about three months after her sprain.
61
156260
3000
ื›ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœืžืจืคืื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืขืจืš ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื ืงืข.
02:39
You can see that the arm is discolored,
62
159260
2000
ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื“ ืฉื™ื ืชื” ืฆื‘ืข,
02:41
purplish in color.
63
161260
2000
ืœืฆื‘ืข ืกื’ืœื’ืœ.
02:43
It was cadaverically cold to the touch.
64
163260
2000
ื”ื™ื“ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงืคื•ืื” ืœืžื’ืข ื›ืžื• ื’ื•ืคื”.
02:45
The muscles were frozen, paralyzed --
65
165260
2000
ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืงืคื•ืื™ื, ืžืฉื•ืชืงื™ื --
02:47
dystonic is how we refer to that.
66
167260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื–ื” ื“ื™ืกื˜ื•ื ื™ื” (ืœื™ืงื•ื™ ื‘ืžืชื— ื”ืฉืจื™ืจื™ื).
02:50
The pain had spread from her wrist to her hands,
67
170260
3000
ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ ืžืฉื•ืจืฉ ื›ืฃ ื”ื™ื“ ืœื™ื“ ืฉืœื”,
02:53
to her fingertips, from her wrist up to her elbow,
68
173260
3000
ืœืืฆื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉืœื”, ื•ื’ื ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื”ื–ืจื•ืข ืขื“ ืœืžืจืคืง ืฉืœื”,
02:56
almost all the way to her shoulder.
69
176260
2000
ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ืœื›ืชืฃ ืฉืœื”.
02:58
But the worst part was,
70
178260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ืจืื™ ื”ื™ื”,
03:00
not the spontaneous pain that was there 24 hours a day.
71
180260
3000
ืœื ื”ื›ืื‘ ื”ืขืฆืžื•ื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื” ืฉื ืขืฉืจื™ื ื•ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ื‘ื™ืžืžื”.
03:03
The worst part was that she had allodynia,
72
183260
3000
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื ื•ืจืื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื” ืืœื•ื“ื™ื ื™ื”,
03:06
the medical term for the phenomenon that I just illustrated
73
186260
3000
ื”ืžื•ื ื— ื”ืจืคื•ืื™ ืœืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืชื™ืืจืชื™
03:09
with the feather and with the torch.
74
189260
2000
ืขื ื”ื ื•ืฆื” ื•ื”ืœืคื™ื“.
03:11
The lightest touch of her arm --
75
191260
2000
ื‘ืžื’ืข ื”ื›ื™ ืขื“ื™ืŸ ืขื ื”ื™ื“ ืฉืœื” --
03:13
the touch of a hand,
76
193260
2000
ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ื™ื“,
03:15
the touch even of a sleeve, of a garment, as she put it on --
77
195260
3000
ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืœ ืฉืจื•ื•ืœ, ืฉืœ ื‘ื’ื“, ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ืชืœื‘ืฉื” --
03:18
caused excruciating, burning pain.
78
198260
4000
ื’ืจื ืœื” ืœื›ืื‘ ืขื– ื•ืฉื•ืจืฃ.
03:22
How can the nervous system get this so wrong?
79
202260
3000
ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ืžืฉืชื‘ืฉืช?
03:25
How can the nervous system
80
205260
2000
ืื™ืš ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื
03:27
misinterpret an innocent sensation
81
207260
2000
ืžืคืจืฉืช ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ืชืžื™ืžื”
03:29
like the touch of a hand
82
209260
2000
ื›ืžื• ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ื™ื“
03:31
and turn it into the malevolent sensation
83
211260
3000
ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื” ืœืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืจืื™ืช
03:34
of the touch of the flame?
84
214260
2000
ื›ืžื• ืžื’ืข ืฉืœ ืœื”ื‘ื”?
03:36
Well you probably imagine that the nervous system in the body
85
216260
3000
ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ ืืชื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ
03:39
is hardwired like your house.
86
219260
2000
ืžืจื•ืฉืชืช ื›ืžื• ื”ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื.
03:41
In your house, wires run in the wall,
87
221260
2000
ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ืจืฆื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจ,
03:43
from the light switch to a junction box in the ceiling
88
223260
3000
ืžืžืชื’ ื”ืื•ืจ ืœืชื™ื‘ืช ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ ื‘ืชืงืจื”
03:46
and from the junction box to the light bulb.
89
226260
3000
ื•ืžืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ืœื ื•ืจื”.
03:49
And when you turn the switch on, the light goes on.
90
229260
2000
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื“ืœื™ืงื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื’, ื”ืื•ืจ ื ื“ืœืง.
03:51
And when you turn the switch off, the light goes off.
91
231260
3000
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืžื›ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืชื’, ื”ืื•ืจ ื›ื‘ื”.
03:54
So people imagine the nervous system is just like that.
92
234260
4000
ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื“ืžื™ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ื›ื”.
03:58
If you hit your thumb with a hammer,
93
238260
2000
ืื ืชื›ื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื”ืŸ ืขื ืคื˜ื™ืฉ,
04:00
these wires in your arm -- that, of course, we call nerves --
94
240260
3000
ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ื™ื“ ืฉืœื›ื - ืฉื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืื ื—ื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื --
04:03
transmit the information into the junction box in the spinal cord
95
243260
3000
ื™ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืœืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”
04:06
where new wires, new nerves,
96
246260
2000
ืื™ืคื” ืฉื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื, ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
04:08
take the information up to the brain
97
248260
2000
ื™ื™ืฉืื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ืขื“ ืœืžื—
04:10
where you become consciously aware that your thumb is now hurt.
98
250260
4000
ื•ืืชื ืชื’ื™ืขื• ืœื”ื›ืจื” ืฉื”ื‘ื”ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ื•ืื‘ืช.
04:14
But the situation, of course, in the human body
99
254260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื”ื–ืืช, ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ื”ืื“ื,
04:16
is far more complicated than that.
100
256260
3000
ื”ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช ืžื–ื”.
04:19
Instead of it being the case
101
259260
2000
ื‘ืžืงื•ื
04:21
that that junction box in the spinal cord
102
261260
2000
ืฉืชื™ื‘ืช ื”ืคื™ืฆื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”
04:23
is just simple where one nerve connects with the next nerve
103
263260
3000
ืชื”ื™ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื”, ื•ืขืฆื‘ ืื—ื“ ื™ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืขืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™
04:26
by releasing these little brown packets
104
266260
2000
ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืฉื—ืจื•ืจ ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ื™ืœื•ืช ืงื˜ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืžื•ืช ื›ืืœื”
04:28
of chemical information called neurotransmitters
105
268260
3000
ืฉืœ ืื™ื ืคื•ืจืžืฆื™ื” ื›ื™ืžื™ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ืจ (ืžืขื‘ื™ืจ ืขืฆื‘ื™)
04:31
in a linear one-on-one fashion,
106
271260
3000
ื‘ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืœื™ื ืืจื™ ืฉืœ ืื—ื“ ืขืœ ืื—ื“,
04:34
in fact, what happens
107
274260
2000
ื‘ืขืฆื, ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
04:36
is the neurotransmitters spill out in three dimensions --
108
276260
2000
ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ืจื™ื ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžื™ืžื“ื™ื --
04:38
laterally, vertically, up and down in the spinal cord --
109
278260
3000
ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืจื•ื—ื‘ื™ืช, ื‘ืžืื•ื ืš, ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื•ื‘ืžื•ืจื“ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื” --
04:41
and they start interacting
110
281260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื”
04:43
with other adjacent cells.
111
283260
3000
ืขื ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืฉื‘ืงืจื‘ืชื.
04:46
These cells, called glial cells,
112
286260
2000
ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ืฉื ืงืจืื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ืœื™ื”
04:48
were once thought to be
113
288260
2000
ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืคืขื
04:50
unimportant structural elements of the spinal cord
114
290260
2000
ืœืืœืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื‘ื ื™ื™ื ื—ืกืจื™ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื˜ ื”ืฉื“ืจื”
04:52
that did nothing more than hold all the important things together,
115
292260
2000
ืฉื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื•ืื’ื™ื ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื—ื“,
04:54
like the nerves.
116
294260
2000
ื›ืžื• ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื.
04:56
But it turns out
117
296260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืกืชื‘ืจ
04:58
the glial cells have a vital role
118
298260
2000
ืฉืœืชืื™ ื’ืœื™ื” ื™ืฉ ืชืคืงื™ื“ ื—ื™ื•ื ื™
05:00
in the modulation, amplification
119
300260
2000
ื‘ื•ื•ื™ืกื•ืช, ื”ื’ื‘ืจื”
05:02
and, in the case of pain, the distortion
120
302260
3000
ื•ื‘ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘, ืขื™ื•ื•ืช
05:05
of sensory experiences.
121
305260
3000
ืฉืœ ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช.
05:08
These glial cells become activated.
122
308260
2000
ืชืื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืืœื” ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืคืขื™ืœื™ื.
05:10
Their DNA starts to synthesize new proteins,
123
310260
2000
ื”ื“ื™ ืืŸ ืื™ื™ ืฉืœื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื—ื“ืฉื™ื,
05:12
which spill out
124
312260
2000
ืฉื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
05:14
and interact with adjacent nerves,
125
314260
2000
ื•ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ื ื˜ืจืืงืฆื™ื” ืขื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื.
05:16
and they start releasing their neurotransmitters,
126
316260
3000
ื•ืื– ื”ื ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืืช ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
05:19
and those neurotransmitters spill out
127
319260
2000
ื•ื”ื ื™ื•ืจื•ื˜ืจื ืกืžื™ื˜ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
05:21
and activate adjacent glial cells, and so on and so forth,
128
321260
3000
ื•ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืชืื™ ื’ืœื™ื” ืฉื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื, ื•ื›ื•ืœื™ ื•ื›ื•ืœื™,
05:24
until what we have
129
324260
2000
ืขื“ ืฉืžื” ืฉืžืชืงื‘ืœ ื–ื”
05:26
is a positive feedback loop.
130
326260
2000
ืžืฉื•ื‘ ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™.
05:28
It's almost as if somebody came into your home
131
328260
2000
ื–ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื™ื’ื™ืข ืืœื™ื›ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื”
05:30
and rewired your walls
132
330260
2000
ื•ื™ืจืฉืช ืœื›ื ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื—ื•ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืงื™ืจื•ืช,
05:32
so that the next time you turned on the light switch,
133
332260
2000
ื›ืš ืฉื‘ืคืขื ื”ื‘ืื” ืฉืชื“ืœื™ืงื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจ,
05:34
the toilet flushed three doors down,
134
334260
2000
ื”ืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ื ื™ื™ืจื“ื•,
05:36
or your dishwasher went on,
135
336260
2000
ืื• ืฉื”ืžื“ื™ื— ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื™ืคืขืœ,
05:38
or your computer monitor turned off.
136
338260
2000
ืื• ืฉืฆื’ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืœื›ื ื™ื™ื›ื‘ื”.
05:40
That's crazy,
137
340260
2000
ื–ื” ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
05:42
but that's, in fact, what happens
138
342260
2000
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”
05:44
with chronic pain.
139
344260
2000
ื‘ื›ืื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™.
05:46
And that's why pain becomes its own disease.
140
346260
3000
ื•ื–ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœื” ื”ื›ืื‘ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืžื—ืœื”.
05:49
The nervous system has plasticity.
141
349260
2000
ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ืช.
05:51
It changes, and it morphs
142
351260
2000
ื”ื™ื ืžืฉืชื ื” ืžืŸ ื”ื™ืกื•ื“
05:53
in response to stimuli.
143
353260
2000
ื›ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœืชืžืจื™ืฅ.
05:55
Well, what do we do about that?
144
355260
2000
ืื– ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื–ื”?
05:57
What can we do in a case like Chandler's?
145
357260
3000
ืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื›ืžื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ?
06:00
We treat these patients in a rather crude fashion
146
360260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ื“ื™ ื’ืกื”
06:02
at this point in time.
147
362260
2000
ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ืืœื•.
06:04
We treat them with symptom-modifying drugs --
148
364260
3000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื”ื ื‘ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื --
06:07
painkillers --
149
367260
2000
ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื --
06:09
which are, frankly, not very effective
150
369260
2000
ืฉื”ื, ืื ืœื•ืžืจ ืืช ื”ืืžืช, ืœื ืžืื•ื“ ื™ืขื™ืœื™ื
06:11
for this kind of pain.
151
371260
2000
ืœืกื•ื’ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืื‘.
06:13
We take nerves that are noisy and active
152
373260
2000
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ื ืจื•ื—ืฉื™ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื™ื
06:15
that should be quiet,
153
375260
2000
ื•ืฉืืžื•ืจื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืงื˜ื™ื,
06:17
and we put them to sleep with local anesthetics.
154
377260
2000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืจื“ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ืขื ื”ืจื“ืžื” ืžืงื•ืžื™ืช.
06:19
And most importantly, what we do
155
379260
3000
ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื
06:22
is we use a rigorous, and often uncomfortable, process
156
382260
4000
ื–ื” ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืงืฉื™ื ื•ืœืขื™ืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื ื ืขื™ืžื™ื
06:26
of physical therapy and occupational therapy
157
386260
3000
ืฉืœ ืคื™ืกื™ื•ืชืจืคื™ื” ื•ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ื‘ืขื™ืกื•ืง
06:29
to retrain the nerves in the nervous system
158
389260
3000
ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืืœืฃ ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ืช
06:32
to respond normally
159
392260
3000
ืฉื™ื’ื™ื‘ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื•ืจืžืืœื™
06:35
to the activities and sensory experiences
160
395260
3000
ืœืคืขื™ืœื•ื™ื•ืช ื•ื—ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฉื™ื•ืช
06:38
that are part of everyday life.
161
398260
2000
ืฉื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื™ื•ื ื™ื•ื.
06:40
And we support all of that
162
400260
2000
ื•ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื’ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื”
06:42
with an intensive psychotherapy program
163
402260
3000
ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ืื™ื ื˜ื ืกื™ื‘ื™
06:45
to address the despondency, despair and depression
164
405260
3000
ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืช ืžืขื ื” ืœื“ื›ื“ื•ืš, ืœื“ื›ืื•ืŸ ื•ืœื™ื™ืื•ืฉ
06:48
that always accompanies
165
408260
2000
ืฉืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœื•ื•ื”
06:50
severe, chronic pain.
166
410260
2000
ื›ืื‘ ื›ืจื•ื ื™ ื—ืžื•ืจ.
06:52
It's successful,
167
412260
2000
ื–ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—,
06:54
as you can see from this video of Chandler,
168
414260
2000
ื›ืžื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืคื” ื‘ื•ื™ื“ืื• ืฉืœ ืฆ'ื ื“ืœืจ,
06:56
who, two months after we first met her,
169
416260
2000
ืฉื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ ืฉืคื’ืฉืชื™ ืื•ืชื”,
06:58
is now doings a back flip.
170
418260
2000
ืขืฉืชื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ืœื’ืœื•ืŸ ืœืื—ื•ืจ.
07:00
And I had lunch with her yesterday
171
420260
2000
ื•ืื›ืœืชื™ ืื™ืชื” ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ื™ื—ื“ ืืชืžื•ืœ,
07:02
because she's a college student studying dance at Long Beach here,
172
422260
3000
ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื•ืžื“ืช ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืœื•ื ื’ ื‘ื™ืฅ' ื‘ืžื›ืœืœื” ืœืจื™ืงื•ื“
07:05
and she's doing absolutely fantastic.
173
425260
2000
ื•ื”ื•ืœืš ืœื” ืžืžืฉ ื˜ื•ื‘.
07:07
But the future is actually even brighter.
174
427260
4000
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื”ื™ืจ.
07:11
The future holds the promise
175
431260
3000
ื”ืขืชื™ื“ ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืœื ื•
07:14
that new drugs will be developed
176
434260
2000
ืคื™ืชื•ื— ืฉืœ ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช
07:16
that are not symptom-modifying drugs
177
436260
3000
ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืชื•ืงืคื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืกืžื™ื ื™ื
07:19
that simply mask the problem,
178
439260
2000
ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืกืชื™ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
07:21
as we have now,
179
441260
2000
ื›ืžื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
07:23
but that will be disease-modifying drugs
180
443260
3000
ืืœื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช ืฉื™ืชืงืคื• ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื” ืขืฆืžื”
07:26
that will actually go right to the root of the problem
181
446260
2000
ื•ืžืžืฉ ื™ื™ื˜ืคืœื• ื‘ืฉื•ืจืฉ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”
07:28
and attack those glial cells,
182
448260
2000
ื•ื™ืชืงืคื• ืืช ืชืื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื” ื”ืืœื”,
07:30
or those pernicious proteins
183
450260
2000
ืื• ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื–ื™ืงื™ื ื”ืืœื”
07:32
that the glial cells elaborate,
184
452260
3000
ืฉืชืื™ ื”ื’ืœื™ื” ืžืกืคืงื™ื
07:35
that spill over and cause this central nervous system wind-up,
185
455260
3000
ืฉื’ื•ืœืฉื™ื ื•ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืฉื™ื‘ื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืขืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช,
07:38
or plasticity,
186
458260
2000
ืื• ื‘ืคืœืืกื˜ื™ื•ืช,
07:40
that so is capable
187
460260
2000
ืฉืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš
07:42
of distorting and amplifying
188
462260
2000
ืœืขื•ื•ืช ื•ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ
07:44
the sensory experience that we call pain.
189
464260
2000
ืืช ื”ื—ื•ื•ื™ื” ื”ื—ื•ืฉื™ืช ืฉืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื” ื›ืื‘.
07:46
So I have hope
190
466260
2000
ืื– ืื ื™ ื›ื•ืœื™ ืชืงื•ื•ื”
07:48
that in the future,
191
468260
2000
ืฉื‘ืขืชื™ื“ ื”ืงืจื•ื‘,
07:50
the prophetic words of George Carlin will be realized,
192
470260
3000
ื”ืžื™ืœื™ื ื”ื ื‘ื•ืื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’'ื•ืจื’' ืงืืจืœื™ืŸ ื™ื™ืชื’ืฉืžื•,
07:53
who said, "My philosophy:
193
473260
2000
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ: "ื”ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืคื™ื” ืฉืœื™ ื”ื™ื
07:55
No pain, no pain."
194
475260
3000
ืœืœื ื›ืื‘, ืื™ืŸ ื›ืื‘ื™ื.
07:59
Thank you very much.
195
479260
2000
ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
08:01
(Applause)
196
481260
6000
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7