What makes us feel good about our work? | Dan Ariely

1,085,748 views ใƒป 2013-04-10

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Timothy Covell Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Guy Sella
00:12
I want to talk a little bit today about labor and work.
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ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืžืขื˜
ืขืœ ืขืžืœ ื•ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
00:18
When we think about how people work,
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืื™ืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
00:21
the naive intuition we have
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ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ื”ื ืื™ื‘ื™ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
00:23
is that people are like rats in a maze --
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ืื•ืžืจืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื ื›ืžื• ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ื‘ืžื‘ื•ืš-
ืฉื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ,
00:26
that all people care about is money,
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00:28
and the moment we give them money,
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ื•ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืกืฃ,
00:29
we can direct them to work one way,
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื›ืš,
00:31
we can direct them to work another way.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื•ืชื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื—ืจืช.
00:33
This is why we give bonuses to bankers and pay in all kinds of ways.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื‘ื•ื ื•ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื ืงืื™ื ื•ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืฆื•ืจื•ืช.
ื•ื‘ืืžืช ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื”ืฉืงืคื” ืคืฉื˜ื ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“
00:37
And we really have this incredibly simplistic view
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00:40
of why people work, and what the labor market looks like.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื•ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ืจืื” ืฉื•ืง ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” .
00:44
At the same time, if you think about it,
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ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ื–ืืช, ืื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”,
00:47
there's all kinds of strange behaviors in the world around us.
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ื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ื–ืจื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื ื•.
00:50
Think about something like mountaineering and mountain climbing.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ื›ืžื• ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจื™ื,
ืื ืืชื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืกืคืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื˜ืคืกื™ ื”ืจื™ื, ื”ืจื™ื ืงืฉื™ื,
00:54
If you read books of people who climb mountains, difficult mountains,
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00:58
do you think that those books are full of moments of joy and happiness?
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ื ืจืื” ืœื›ื ืฉืกืคืจื™ื ืืœื” ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืจื’ืขื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื•ืื•ืฉืจ?
01:03
No, they are full of misery.
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ืœื, ื”ื ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืžืœืœื•ืช.
ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื›ื•ื•ื™ื•ืช ืงื•ืจ, ืงืฉื™ื™ ื”ืœื™ื›ื”
01:06
In fact, it's all about frostbite and having difficulty walking,
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01:09
and difficulty breathing --
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ื•ืงืฉื™ื™ ื ืฉื™ืžื”--
01:11
cold, challenging circumstances.
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ืงื•ืจ, ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืืชื’ืจื•ืช.
01:14
And if people were just trying to be happy,
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ืื™ืœื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืจืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื,
01:16
the moment they would get to the top,
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ืื– ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืœืคืกื’ื”,
01:18
they would say, "This was a terrible mistake.
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ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื™ื•ืžื”.
01:20
I'll never do it again."
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ืื ื™ ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืขืฉื” ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘."
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:22
(Laughter)
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01:23
"Instead, let me sit on a beach somewhere drinking mojitos."
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"ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืชื ื• ืœื™ ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื•ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืžื•ื—ื™ื˜ื•ืก."
01:27
But instead, people go down,
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ืืš ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืจื“ื™ื,
01:30
and after they recover, they go up again.
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ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืžืชืื•ืฉืฉื™ื, ื”ื ืฉื•ื‘ ืžื˜ืคืกื™ื.
01:33
And if you think about mountain climbing as an example,
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ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ื”ืจื™ื ื›ื“ื•ื’ืžื”,
01:36
it suggests all kinds of things.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืกื•ืฃ, ืœืคืกื’ื”.
01:39
It suggests that we care about reaching the end, a peak.
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ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืขืœ ื›ืš ืฉืื›ืคืช ืœื ื• ืžื”ืžืื‘ืง, ืžื”ืืชื’ืจ.
01:43
It suggests that we care about the fight, about the challenge.
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01:46
It suggests that there's all kinds of other things that motivate us
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ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืฉื™ืฉ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื
ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืื• ืœื”ืชื ื”ื’ ื‘ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ืจื›ื™ื.
01:50
to work or behave in all kinds of ways.
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ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื–ื”
01:54
And for me personally, I started thinking about this
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01:56
after a student came to visit me.
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืชืœืžื™ื“ ื‘ื ืœื‘ืงืจ ืื•ืชื™.
ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืื—ื“ ื”ืกื˜ื•ื“ื ื˜ื™ื ืฉืœื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
02:00
This was one of my students from a few years earlier,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืœืงืžืคื•ืก.
02:04
and he came one day back to campus.
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ื•ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื:
02:06
And he told me the following story:
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02:08
He said that for more than two weeks,
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ื”ื•ื ืกื™ืคืจ ืฉื‘ืžืฉืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฆื’ืช "ืคืื•ืืจ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜"
02:10
he was working on a PowerPoint presentation.
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02:13
He was working in a big bank,
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ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ.
02:15
and this was in preparation for a merger and acquisition.
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ื•ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื”ื›ื ื” ืœืงืจืืช ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื•ืจื›ื™ืฉื”.
02:19
And he was working very hard on this presentation --
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“ ืงืฉื” ืžืื•ื“ ืขืœ ืžืฆื’ืช ื–ื•-
02:21
graphs, tables, information.
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ื’ืจืคื™ื, ื˜ื‘ืœืื•ืช, ืžื™ื“ืข.
02:23
He stayed late at night every day.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ืฉืืจ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื.
02:27
And the day before it was due,
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ื•ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืœืคื ื™ ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ืžื™ื•ืขื“,
02:29
he sent his PowerPoint presentation to his boss,
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืœื— ืืช ืžืฆื’ืช ื”"ืคืื•ืืจ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜" ืœื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœื•,
ื•ื”ื‘ื•ืก ืฉืœื• ื”ืฉื™ื‘ ืœื• ื‘ืžื›ืชื‘ ืฉืืžืจ,
02:33
and his boss wrote him back and said,
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02:35
"Nice presentation, but the merger is canceled."
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"ืžืฆื’ืช ื ื—ืžื“ื”, ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื™ื–ื•ื’ ื‘ื•ื˜ืœ."
02:40
And the guy was deeply depressed.
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ื•ื”ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ื ื›ื ืก ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ ืขืžื•ืง.
02:42
Now at the moment when he was working,
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ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื•ื ืขื‘ื“,
02:44
he was actually quite happy.
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ื“ื™ ืžืื•ืฉืจ.
02:46
Every night he was enjoying his work,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืœื™ืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื ื”ื ื” ืžืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื•,
02:48
he was staying late, he was perfecting this PowerPoint presentation.
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ื ืฉืืจ ืขืจ ืขื“ ืžืื•ื—ืจ, ื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœืฉื›ืœืœ ืืช ืžืฆื’ืช ื”"ืคืื•ืืจ ืคื•ื™ื ื˜" ื”ื–ื•.
02:53
But knowing that nobody would ever watch it made him quite depressed.
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉื ื•ื“ืข ืœื• ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื™ืฆืคื” ื‘ื”, ื–ื” ื“ื™ื›ื ืื•ืชื• ืžืื“.
02:58
So I started thinking about how do we experiment
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ืื– ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ืš ืœืขืจื•ืš ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื
03:01
with this idea of the fruits of our labor.
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ืขื ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืคืจื™ ืขืžืœื ื•.
03:05
And to start with, we created a little experiment
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ื•ืœืฉื ื”ืชื—ืœื”, ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืงื˜ืŸ
03:09
in which we gave people Legos,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื‘ื ื™ "ืœื’ื•", ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืื™ืชืŸ.
03:12
and we asked them to build with Legos.
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03:15
And for some people, we gave them Legos and we said,
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ื•ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืžืกื•ื™ืžื™ื, ื ืชื ื• ืื‘ื ื™ "ืœื’ื•" ื•ืืžืจื ื•,
03:19
"Hey, would you like to build this Bionicle for three dollars?
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"ืžื” ื“ืขืชื›ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 'ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืœ' ืขื‘ื•ืจ 3 ื“ื•ืœืจ?
03:24
We'll pay you three dollars for it."
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืฉืœื ืœื›ื 3 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจื•."
03:26
And people said yes, and they built with these Legos.
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืขื ืื‘ื ื™ ื”"ืœื’ื•".
03:29
And when they finished, we took it, we put it under the table,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืžื•, ืœืงื—ื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื•ืฉืžื ื• ืื•ืชื• ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ,
03:33
and we said, "Would you like to build another one,
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ื•ืืžืจื ื•, "ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืคืขื ืขื‘ื•ืจ 2.70 ื“ื•ืœืจ?"
03:36
this time for $2.70?"
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03:38
If they said yes, we gave them another one,
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ืื ื”ื ืืžืจื• ื›ืŸ, ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“.
03:40
and when they finished, we asked them,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืžื•, ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื,
"ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“?" ืขื‘ื•ืจ 2.40, 2.10 ื“ื•ืœืจ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
03:42
"Do you want to build another one?" for $2.40, $2.10, and so on,
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03:46
until at some point people said,
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ืขื“ ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžืจื•, "ื“ื™. ื–ื” ืœื ืžืฉืชืœื ืœื™."
03:48
"No more. It's not worth it for me."
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™".
03:52
This was what we called the meaningful condition.
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03:54
People built one Bionicle after another.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื• "ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืœ" ื‘ื–ื” ืื—ืจ ื–ื”.
03:57
After they finished every one of them,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžื• ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ืฉืžื ื• ืื•ืชื ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ.
03:59
we put them under the table.
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ื•ืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
04:01
And we told them that at the end of the experiment,
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04:03
we will take all these Bionicles, we will disassemble them,
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ืฉื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืœื™ื ื”ืœืœื•, ื ืคืจืง ืื•ืชื,
04:06
we will put them back in the boxes,
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ื ื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืชื ืœืชื™ื‘ื•ืช, ื•ื ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืฃ ื”ื‘ื.
04:08
and we will use it for the next participant.
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04:11
There was another condition.
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ.
04:13
This other condition was inspired by David, my student.
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ืžืฆื‘ ืื—ืจ ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื”ืฉืจืืช ื“ื™ื™ื•ื•ื™ื“, ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืฉืœื™.
04:17
And this other condition we called the Sisyphic condition.
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ื•ืœืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ืงืจืื ื• "ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื™".
04:21
And if you remember the story about Sisyphus,
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ืื ืืชื ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืขืœ ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก,
04:23
Sisyphus was punished by the gods to push the same rock up a hill,
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ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื•ืก ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืขื•ื ืฉ ืžื”ืืœื™ื ืœื“ื—ื•ืฃ ืืช ืื•ืชื• ืกืœืข ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื’ื‘ืขื”,
04:28
and when he almost got to the end,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ืข ื›ืžืขื˜ ืขื“ ื”ืคืกื’ื”,
04:30
the rock would roll over, and he would have to start again.
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ื”ืกืœืข ื”ืชื’ืœื’ืœ, ื•ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื• ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืžื”ืชื—ืœื”.
04:33
And you can think about this as the essence of doing futile work.
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื‘ื›ืš ืืช ืžื”ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืขืงืจื”.
04:38
You can imagine that if he pushed the rock on different hills,
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ืืชื ืžืชืืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืื ื”ื™ื” ื“ื•ื—ืฃ ืืช ื”ืกืœืข ืขืœ ื’ื‘ืขื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
04:41
at least he would have some sense of progress.
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื• ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืงื“ืžื•ืช.
04:44
Also, if you look at prison movies,
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ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืจื•ืื™ื ืกืจื˜ื™ื ืขืœ ื‘ืชื™ ืกื•ื”ืจ,
ืœืคืขืžื™ื ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืกื•ื”ืจื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืืกื™ืจื™ื
04:47
sometimes the way that the guards torture the prisoners
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04:50
is to get them to dig a hole, and when the prisoner is finished,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื“ืจื•ืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื—ืคื•ืจ ื‘ื•ืจ
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืืกื™ืจ ืžืกื™ื™ื, ื“ื•ืจืฉื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืœืžืœื ืืช ื”ื‘ื•ืจ, ื•ืื– ืœืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืœื—ืคื•ืจ.
04:53
they ask him to fill the hole back up and then dig again.
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04:56
There's something about this cyclical version
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ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื•
04:59
of doing something over and over and over
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ืฉืœ ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘
05:01
that seems to be particularly demotivating.
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ื”ื•ืคืš ื–ืืช ืœืžื™ื™ืืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“.
05:04
So in the second condition of this experiment,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืขืฉื™ื ื•.
05:06
that's exactly what we did.
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ืฉืืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื, "ื”ืื ืชืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช 'ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืœ' ืื—ื“ ืขื‘ื•ืจ 3 ื“ื•ืœืจ?"
05:08
We asked people,
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05:09
"Would you like to build one Bionicle for three dollars?"
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05:12
And if they said yes, they built it.
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ื›ืŸ", ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื”.
ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื, "ืชืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“ ื‘-2.70 ื“ื•ืœืจ?"
05:15
Then we asked them, "Do you want to build another one for $2.70?"
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05:18
And if they said yes, we gave them a new one,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ื›ืŸ", ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืื—ื“ ื—ื“ืฉ,
05:21
and as they were building it,
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ื•ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
05:23
we took apart the one that they just finished.
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ืคื™ืจืงื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืฉืจืง ืกื™ื™ืžื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช.
ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืžื• ื–ืืช
05:27
And when they finished that,
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05:29
we said, "Would you like to build another one,
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ืฉืืœื ื•, "ืชืจืฆื• ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ืขื•ื“ ืื—ื“, ื”ืคืขื ืขื‘ื•ืจ 30 ืกื ื˜ ืคื—ื•ืช?"
05:31
this time for 30 cents less?"
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05:32
And if they said yes,
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ื•ืื ื”ื ืืžืจื• "ื›ืŸ", ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ื ื• ื•ืื ื• ืคื™ืจืงื ื•.
05:34
we gave them the one that they built and we broke.
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ื›ืš ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื’ืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืคื™
05:37
So this was an endless cycle of them building,
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื•ืื ื• ื”ื•ืจืกื™ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
05:40
and us destroying in front of their eyes.
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05:44
Now what happens when you compare these two conditions?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืžืฉื•ื•ื™ื ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ืืœื”?
05:48
The first thing that happened was that people built many more Bionicles --
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืงืจื”
ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืœื™ื-- ื”ื ื‘ื ื• 11 ืœืขื•ืžืช 7-
05:51
eleven in the meaningful condition,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื™.
05:54
versus seven in the Sisyphus condition.
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05:56
And by the way, we should point out that this was not big meaning.
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ื™ืฉ ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
ื”ื ืœื ืขืกืงื• ื‘ืจื™ืคื•ื™ ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืื• ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื’ืฉืจื™ื.
06:00
People were not curing cancer or building bridges.
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06:02
People were building Bionicles for a few cents.
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ืืœื ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืช ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืœื™ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืกื ื˜ื™ื.
06:06
And not only that, everybody knew
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ื•ืœื ืจืง ื–ื”, ื›ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืœื™ื ื™ื•ืฉืžื“ื• ื“ื™ ื‘ืงืจื•ื‘.
06:08
that the Bionicles would be destroyed quite soon.
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06:11
So there was not a real opportunity for big meaning.
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ืื– ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืืŸ ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืœืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
06:14
But even the small meaning made a difference.
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ืื‘ืœ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ืงื˜ื ื” ืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ.
06:18
Now we had another version of this experiment.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
06:20
In this other version of the experiment,
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ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ืื—ืจืช ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™,
06:22
we didn't put people in this situation,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืฉืžื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื˜ื•ืืฆื™ื” ื–ื•,
06:24
we just described to them the situation,
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืชืืจื ื• ืœื”ื ืืช ื”ืžืฆื‘, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชืืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
06:26
much as I am describing to you now,
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06:28
and we asked them to predict what the result would be.
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื ื‘ื ืžื” ืชื”ื™ื” ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”.
ืžื” ืงืจื”?
06:32
What happened?
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06:33
People predicted the right direction but not the right magnitude.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื–ื• ืืช ื”ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืš ืœื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
06:37
People who were just given the description of the experiment
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืจืง ืืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
06:41
said that in the meaningful condition,
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ืืžืจื• ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ื™ื‘ื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ื ื™ืงืœ ื ื•ืกืฃ ืื—ื“.
06:43
people would probably build one more Bionicle.
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06:45
So people understand that meaning is important,
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ืื– ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”,
ื”ื ืจืง ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ืกื“ืจ ื”ื’ื•ื“ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช,
06:48
they just don't understand the magnitude of the importance,
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06:50
the extent to which it's important.
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ื–ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘.
ื”ื™ืชื” ืคื™ืกืช ืžื™ื“ืข ื ื•ืกืคืช ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื•.
06:53
There was one other piece of data we looked at.
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”, ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœื’ื•" ื•ื™ืฉ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื.
06:56
If you think about it, there are some people who love Legos,
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06:59
and some people who don't.
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07:00
And you would speculate that the people who love Legos
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ื•ืืชื ืชื ื™ื—ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœื’ื•"
ื™ื‘ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ "ืœื’ื•", ืืคื™ืœื• ืชืžื•ืจืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ,
07:03
would build more Legos, even for less money,
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07:05
because after all, they get more internal joy from it.
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ื›ื™ ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืžื—ื” ืคื ื™ืžื™ืช .
07:08
And the people who love Legos less would build less Legos
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ื•ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื "ืœื’ื•" ื™ื‘ื ื• ืคื—ื•ืช "ืœื’ื•"
07:11
because the enjoyment that they derive from it is lower.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื”ื ืื” ืฉื”ื ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืžืžื ื• ืงื˜ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
07:14
And that's actually what we found in the meaningful condition.
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ืขืฆื ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืชื™.
07:17
There was a very nice correlation between the love of Legos
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ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืื ื ื—ืžื“ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื”ื‘ืช ื”"ืœื’ื•"
07:20
and the amount of Legos people built.
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ืœื›ืžื•ืช ื”"ืœื’ื•" ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•.
ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืกื™ื–ื™ืคื™?
07:23
What happened in the Sisyphic condition?
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07:25
In that condition, the correlation was zero --
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”, ื”ืžืชืื ื”ื™ื” ืืคืก.
07:28
there was no relationship between the love of Legos,
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ืงืฉืจ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืื”ื‘ื” ืœ"ืœื’ื•" ืœื›ืžื•ืช ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื ื•,
07:31
and how much people built,
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07:32
which suggests to me that with this manipulation
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ื•ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื™ ืฉืขื ืžื ื™ืคื•ืœืฆื™ื” ื–ื•
07:35
of breaking things in front of people's eyes,
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ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืกืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื•ืœ ื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื,
ืœืžืขืฉื” ืจื™ืกืงื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฉืžื—ื” ืฉื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ืคื™ืง ืžืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื–ื•.
07:38
we basically crushed any joy that they could get out of this activity.
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07:42
We basically eliminated it.
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื—ื™ืกืœื ื• ืื•ืชื”.
07:45
Soon after I finished running this experiment,
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ื–ืžืŸ ืงืฆืจ ืœืื—ืจ ืฉืกื™ื™ืžืชื™ ืืช ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”,
07:49
I went to talk to a big software company in Seattle.
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ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ.
07:53
I can't tell you who they were, but they were a big company in Seattle.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืืช ืฉืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื—ื‘ืจื” ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื‘ืกื™ืื˜ืœ.
ื•ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ื—ื‘ืจืช ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื–ื•, ืฉืžื•ืงืžื” ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืื—ืจ.
07:57
This was a group within the software company
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07:59
that was put in a different building,
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08:01
and they asked them to innovate,
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืชื‘ืงืฉื• ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ื•ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืฆืจ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื”ื‘ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื—ื‘ืจื” ื–ื•.
08:02
and create the next big product for this company.
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08:06
And the week before I showed up,
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ื•ืฉื‘ื•ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืฉื,
08:08
the CEO of this big software company went to that group, 200 engineers,
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ืžื ื› "ืœ ื—ื‘ืจืช ื”ืชื•ื›ื ื” ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ื”ื–ื• ื”ืœืš ืœืงื‘ื•ืฆื” ื–ื•, 200 ืžื”ื ื“ืกื™ื,
08:12
and canceled the project.
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ื•ื‘ื™ื˜ืœ ืืช ื”ืคืจื•ื™ืงื˜.
08:15
And I stood there in front of 200
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ื•ืขืžื“ืชื™ ืฉื ืžื•ืœ 200 ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžื“ื•ื›ืื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ื”ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ื‘ืคื ื™ื”ื.
08:17
of the most depressed people I've ever talked to.
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ื•ืชื™ืืจืชื™ ืœื”ื ื—ืœืง ืžื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”"ืœื’ื•" ื”ืœืœื•,
08:21
And I described to them some of these Lego experiments,
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08:23
and they said they felt like they had just been through that experiment.
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ื•ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ื ื—ืฉื• ื›ืื™ืœื• ื–ื” ืขืชื” ื—ื•ื• ืืช ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”.
ื•ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื, ืืžืจืชื™,
08:29
And I asked them, I said,
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08:30
"How many of you now show up to work later than you used to?"
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"ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ื›ืขืช ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ?"
08:33
And everybody raised their hand.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“.
08:35
I said, "How many of you now go home earlier than you used to?"
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžืงื“ื™ืžื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืœืœื›ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ืžืืฉืจ ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ?"
ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ื™ื“.
08:39
Everybody raised their hand.
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ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื: "ื›ืžื” ืžื›ื ืžื•ืกื™ืคื™ื ื›ืขืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื ื”ื›ื™ 'ื›ืฉืจื™ื' ืœื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื?"
08:41
I asked them, "How many of you now add
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08:43
not-so-kosher things to your expense reports?"
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08:46
And they didn't raise their hands,
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ื•ื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื™ื“ื™ื”ื,
08:48
but they took me out to dinner
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœืืจื•ื—ืช ืขืจื‘, ื•ื”ืจืื• ืœื™ ืžื” ื”ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ื”ื•ืฆืื•ืช.
08:50
and showed me what they could do with expense reports.
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ื•ืื– ืฉืืœืชื™ ืื•ืชื, ืืžืจืชื™,
08:54
And then I asked them, I said,
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"ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ?"
08:56
"What could the CEO have done to make you not as depressed?"
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09:00
And they came up with all kinds of ideas.
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ื•ื”ื ื”ืขืœื• ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
09:02
They said the CEO could have asked them to present to the whole company
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ื”ื ืืžืจื• ืฉื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื”ืจืฆื•ืช ื‘ืคื ื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื›ื•ืœื”
09:05
about their journey over the last two years
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ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื ืขื‘ืจื• ื‘ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื•ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
09:07
and what they decided to do.
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09:09
He could have asked them to think about which aspect of their technology
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ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืื™ื–ื” ื”ื™ื‘ื˜ ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื
ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืื™ื ืœื—ืœืงื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื’ื•ืŸ,
09:13
could fit with other parts of the organization.
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09:16
He could have asked them to build some next-generation prototypes,
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ืื• ืœื‘ืงืฉ ืžื”ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ืื‘ื•ืช-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก, ื›ืžื” ืื‘ื•ืช-ื˜ื™ืคื•ืก ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื•ืจ ื”ื‘ื,
09:19
and see how they would work.
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ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืš ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
09:21
But the thing is that any one of those would require some effort and motivation.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”
ืžืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืงืฆืช ืžืืžืฅ ื•ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
09:26
And I think the CEO basically did not understand the importance of meaning.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืžื ื›"ืœ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
ืื ื”ืžื ื›"ืœ, ื›ืžื• ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
09:31
If the CEO, just like our participants,
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09:33
thought the essence of meaning is unimportant,
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ื—ืฉื‘ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช
09:36
then he [wouldn't] care.
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ืื– [ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”] ืœื• ืื›ืคืช.
09:37
And he would say, "At the moment I directed you in this way,
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ื•ื”ื•ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื”ื, "ืงื•ื“ื ื›ื™ื•ื•ื ืชื™ ืืชื›ื ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœื›ืืŸ,
09:40
and now that I'm directing you in this way,
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"ื•ื›ืขืช ืื ื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืชื›ื ืœื›ืืŸ,
09:42
everything will be okay."
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"ื•ื”ื›ืœ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ".
09:44
But if you understood how important meaning is,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื™ืœื• ื”ื‘ื ืช ืขื“ ื›ืžื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
09:46
then you would figure out that it's actually important
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ืื– ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื—ืฉื•ื‘
09:49
to spend some time, energy and effort
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ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื–ืžืŸ, ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื•ืžืืžืฅ
ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื›ืš ืฉืœืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืื›ืคืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื” ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
09:51
in getting people to care more about what they're doing.
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ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื”ื‘ื ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช.
09:55
The next experiment was slightly different.
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09:57
We took a sheet of paper with random letters,
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ืœืงื—ื ื• ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ ืขื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืืงืจืื™ื•ืช,
ื•ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื–ื”ื•ืช ืกืžื•ื›ื•ืช.
10:00
and we asked people to find pairs of letters
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10:02
that were identical next to each other.
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10:04
That was the task.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
10:05
People did the first sheet,
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ื•ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฉื• ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
10:06
then we asked if they wanted to do another for a little less money,
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ื•ืื– ืฉืืœื ื• ืื•ืชื ืื ื”ื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ
ื•ืืช ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงืฆืช ืคื—ื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ, ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื” ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
10:10
the next sheet for a little bit less, and so on and so forth.
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืžืฆื‘ื™ื.
10:13
And we had three conditions.
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10:14
In the first condition, people wrote their name on the sheet,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืžื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ,
10:18
found all the pairs of letters,
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ืžืฆืื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช, ื ืชื ื• ื–ืืช ืœื ืกื™ื™ืŸ.
10:20
gave it to the experimenter,
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10:22
the experimenter would look at it,
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ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ื–ื”, ืขื•ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ืžืœืžืขืœื” ืœืžื˜ื”,
10:24
scan it from top to bottom,
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10:25
say "Uh huh," and put it on the pile next to them.
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ืื•ืžืจ "ืื”ื”" ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื™ืžื” ืœื™ื“ื•.
10:30
In the second condition, people did not write their name on it.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ื›ืชื‘ื• ืืช ืฉืžื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
10:33
The experimenter looked at it,
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ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœื™ื•,
10:36
took the sheet of paper, did not look at it, did not scan it,
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ืœืงื— ืืช ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ, ืœื ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื•, ืœื ืขื‘ืจ ืขืœื™ื•,
10:39
and simply put it on the pile of pages.
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ื•ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื”ื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ืขืœ ืขืจื™ืžืช ื“ืคื™ื.
10:42
So you take a piece, you just put it on the side.
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ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื•ืงื— ื“ืฃ-ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ืžื ื™ื— ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฆื“.
10:45
In the third condition,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™,
10:46
the experimenter got the sheet of paper,
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ื”ื ืกื™ื™ืŸ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ืืช ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื ื™ื™ืจ ื•ื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืื•ืชื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื•ืš ืžื’ืจืกื” .
10:49
and put it directly into a shredder.
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10:51
(Laughter)
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ืžื” ืงืจื” ื‘ืฉืœื•ืฉืช ื”ืžืฆื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื”?
10:55
What happened in those three conditions?
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10:57
In this plot I'm showing you at what pay rate people stopped.
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ื‘ืชืจืฉื™ื ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืจืื” ืœื›ื ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืจืžืช ืžื—ื™ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืฆืจื•.
11:02
So low numbers mean that people worked harder.
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ืžืกืคืจื™ื ื ืžื•ื›ื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:04
They worked for much longer.
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11:06
In the acknowledged condition,
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ื–ื›ืชื” ืœื”ืชื™ื™ื—ืกื•ืช, ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขื“ ืฉื”ืžื—ื™ืจ ื™ืจื“ ืœ-15 ืกื ื˜.
11:08
people worked all the way down to 15 cents.
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11:11
At 15 cents per page,
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ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื‘-15 ืกื ื˜ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื”ื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืืœื”.
11:13
they basically stopped these efforts.
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11:15
In the shredder condition, it was twice as much -- 30 cents per sheet.
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ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืจื™ืกื”, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ ืฉื ื™ื™ื: ื‘-30 ืกื ื˜ ืœื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ.
11:20
And this is basically the result we had before.
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ื•ื–ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉื”ื™ืชื” ืœื ื• ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืŸ.
11:22
You shred people's efforts, output --
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ืื ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืืžืฆื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ืืช ื”ืชืคื•ืงื”,
11:25
you get them not to be as happy with what they're doing.
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
11:28
But I should point out, by the way,
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ืื‘ืœ ืขืœื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ, ืื’ื‘,
ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื’ืจื™ืกื”, ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืจืžื•ืช.
11:30
that in the shredder condition, people could have cheated.
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11:32
They could have done not so good work,
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ื”ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืœื ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
11:34
because they realized people were just shredding it.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื ื”ื‘ื™ื ื• ืฉืคืฉื•ื˜ ื’ื•ืจืกื™ื ืื•ืชื.
11:37
So maybe the first sheet you'd do good work,
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ืื– ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื”,
11:39
but then you see nobody is really testing it,
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ืืš ืื– ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ืœื ื‘ื•ื“ืงื™ื ืื•ืชื•,
11:41
so you would do more and more and more.
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ืื– ืชืขืฉื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ.
11:43
So in fact, in the shredder condition,
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ืื– ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื‘ืชื ืื™ ื”ืžื’ืจืกื”,
11:45
people could have submitted more work and gotten more money,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืœืงื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ
ื•ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืืžืฅ .
11:48
and put less effort into it.
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11:50
But what about the ignored condition?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช?
11:52
Would the ignored condition be more like the acknowledged
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ื”ืื ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื™ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ืžืฆื‘ ื”ื”ื›ืจื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื’ืจืกื”,
11:55
or more like the shredder, or somewhere in the middle?
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ืื• ืื™ืคืฉื”ื• ื‘ืืžืฆืข?
11:58
It turns out it was almost like the shredder.
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ืžื’ืจืกื”.
12:01
Now there's good news and bad news here.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื•ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ืจืขื•ืช .
12:04
The bad news is that ignoring the performance of people
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื‘ื™ืฆื•ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื’ืจื™ืกืช ื”ืžืืžืฅ ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ื’ื“ ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื.
12:09
is almost as bad as shredding their effort in front of their eyes.
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12:13
Ignoring gets you a whole way out there.
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ื”ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ื™ื ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
12:17
The good news is that by simply looking at something that somebody has done,
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืžืกืคื™ืง ืœื”ืกืชื›ืœ ืขืœ ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืฉื”,
12:21
scanning it and saying "Uh huh,"
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืขืœ ื–ื” ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, "ืื”ื”",
12:23
that seems to be quite sufficient
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืžืกืคื™ืง
12:25
to dramatically improve people's motivations.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ืจืžื˜ื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
12:28
So the good news is that adding motivation
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ืื– ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ื”ื›ื™ ืงืฉื” ืœื”ื’ื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื”.
12:31
doesn't seem to be so difficult.
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12:33
The bad news is that eliminating motivations
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืจืขื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืช
12:36
seems to be incredibly easy,
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ื ืจืื™ืช ื›ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืงืœ ืžืื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืชื•,
12:37
and if we don't think about it carefully, we might overdo it.
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ื•ืื ืื™ื ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื” ื‘ื–ื”ื™ืจื•ืช, ืื ื• ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื–ื™ื ืขื ื–ื”.
12:41
So this is all in terms of negative motivation,
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ืื– ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช
12:45
or eliminating negative motivation.
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ืื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื™ืœื™ืช.
ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื‘ื ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ืจืื•ืช ืœื›ื ืขื•ืกืง ื‘ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื”ื—ื™ื•ื‘ื™ืช.
12:48
The next part I want to show you is something about positive motivation.
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12:52
So there is a store in the U.S. called IKEA.
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ื™ืฉ ื—ื ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”"ื‘ ืฉืฉืžื” "ืื™ืงืื”".
12:56
And IKEA is a store with kind of okay furniture
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ื•"ืื™ืงืื”" ื”ื™ื ื—ื ื•ืช ืขื ืจื”ื™ื˜ื™ื ืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืฉื ื“ืจืฉ ื–ืžืŸ ืจื‘ ืœื”ืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื•ืชื.
13:01
that takes a long time to assemble.
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13:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:05
I don't know about you,
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ื•ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืื™ืชื›ื, ืื‘ืœ ืชืžื™ื“ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ืžืืœื”,
13:06
but every time I assemble one of those,
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13:08
it takes me much longer, it's much more effortful,
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืจืฉ ืžืžื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื–ืžืŸ ื•ืžืืžืฅ, ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ืœื‘ืœ.
13:11
it's much more confusing, I put things in the wrong way --
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ืื ื™ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฆื•ืจื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”.
13:15
I can't say I enjoy those pieces.
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ื—ืœืงื™ื,
ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืื ื™ ื ื”ื ื” ืžื”ืชื”ืœื™ืš.
13:18
I can't say I enjoy the process.
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13:21
But when I finish it,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ืฉืื ื™ ืžืกื™ื™ื ืื•ืชื•, ื ืจืื” ืฉืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ืคืจื™ื˜ื™ ื”ืจื™ื”ื•ื˜ ื”ืืœื” ืฉืœ "ืื™ืงืื”"
13:22
I seem to like those IKEA pieces of furniture
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13:24
more than I like other ones.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคืจื™ื˜ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
13:26
(Laughter)
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13:27
And there's an old story about cake mixes.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื™ืฉืŸ ืขืœ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืขื•ื’ื•ืช.
13:31
So when they started cake mixes in the '40s,
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ื›ืฉื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืชืขืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืขื•ื’ื” ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”-40,
ื”ื™ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ืื‘ืงื” ื•ืฉืžื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืš ืงื•ืคืกื”,
13:35
they would take this powder and they would put it in a box,
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13:38
and they would ask housewives to basically pour it in,
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ื•ืขืงืจื•ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืขืฆื ื ื“ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืฉืคื•ืš ืœื‘ื—ื•ืฉ ืื•ืชื” ืขื ืžืขื˜ ืžื™ื,
13:41
stir some water in it,
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ืœืขืจื‘ื‘, ืœื”ื›ื ื™ืก ืœืชื ื•ืจ, ื•ื”ื ื” - ืขื•ื’ื”.
13:43
mix it, put it in the oven, and -- voila -- you had cake.
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13:47
But it turns out they were very unpopular.
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืžืื“ ืœื ืคื•ืคื•ืœืจื™ื•ืช.
13:49
People did not want them,
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื ืจืฆื• ืื•ืชืŸ.
13:51
and they thought about all kinds of reasons for that.
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ื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืš.
ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื˜ืขื ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘?
13:54
Maybe the taste was not good?
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13:55
No, the taste was great.
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ืœื, ื”ื˜ืขื ื”ื™ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ืŸ.
13:56
What they figured out was that there was not enough effort involved.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ืœื• ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžืขื•ืจื‘ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืžืืžืฅ.
14:01
It was so easy that nobody could serve cake to their guests
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ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ื” ืงืœ, ืฉืื™ืฉ ืœื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืฉ ืขื•ื’ื” ืœืื•ืจื—ื™ื,
14:05
and say, "Here is my cake."
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ื•ืœื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื ื” ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ืฉืœื™."
14:07
No, it was somebody else's cake, as if you bought it in the store.
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ืœื, ืœื, ืœื, ื–ื• ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ.
ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืื™ืœื• ืงื ื• ืื•ืชื” ื‘ื—ื ื•ืช.
14:10
It didn't really feel like your own.
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ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืืžืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื” ืฉื–ื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืžืฉืœืš.
14:13
So what did they do?
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ืื– ืžื” ื”ื ืขืฉื•?
14:15
They took the eggs and the milk out of the powder.
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ื”ื ื”ื•ืฆื™ืื• ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžื”ืื‘ืงื”.
14:18
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:20
Now you had to break the eggs and add them,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืฉื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื™ื ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืชืŸ.
14:23
you had to measure the milk and add it, mixing it.
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ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืืช ื”ื—ืœื‘ ื•ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ื•ืœืขืจื‘ื‘.
ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืขื•ื’ื” ืฉืœืš. ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืกื“ืจ.
14:27
Now it was your cake. Now everything was fine.
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14:29
(Laughter)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:32
(Applause)
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14:39
Now, I think a little bit like the IKEA effect,
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ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืงืฆืช ื›ืžื• ืืคืงื˜ "ืื™ืงืื”",
14:42
by getting people to work harder,
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ื‘ื›ืš ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ,
14:43
they actually got them to love what they're doing
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ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœื”ื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืื”ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
14:46
to a higher degree.
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ืื– ืื™ืš ืื ื• ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ื ื•ืฉื ื–ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™?
14:48
So how do we look at this question experimentally?
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ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ื ืœื‘ื ื•ืช ื›ืžื” ื“ื’ืžื™ ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™.
14:51
We asked people to build some origami.
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14:53
We gave them instructions on how to create origami,
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™,
14:56
and we gave them a sheet of paper.
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ื ืชื ื• ืœื”ื ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื ื™ื™ืจ.
14:57
And these were all novices,
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ื ื™ื, ื•ื”ื ื‘ื ื• ืžืฉื”ื• ื“ื™ ืžื›ื•ืขืจ--
14:59
and they built something that was really quite ugly --
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15:02
nothing like a frog or a crane.
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ืžืžืฉ ืœื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืฆืคืจื“ืข ืื• ืœืขื’ื•ืจ.
ืื‘ืœ ืื– ืืžืจื ื• ืœื”ื, "ื”ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™ ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœื ื•.
15:05
But then we told them, "Look, this origami really belongs to us.
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15:08
You worked for us, but I'll tell you what, we'll sell it to you.
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ืขื‘ื“ืชื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ื•, ืื‘ืœ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”? ืื ื• ื ืžื›ื•ืจ ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื•.
15:11
How much do you want to pay for it?"
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ื›ืžื” ืชืจืฆื• ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื–ื”?"
15:13
And we measured how much they were willing to pay for it.
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ื•ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื›ืžื” ื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื•.
15:16
And we had two types of people:
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื.
15:18
We had the people who built it,
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื,
15:20
and the people who did not build it,
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืœื ื‘ื ื• ืื•ืชื, ืืœื ืจืง ืฆืคื• ื›ืžืฉืงื™ืคื™ื ื—ื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื™ื.
15:21
and just looked at it as external observers.
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15:25
And what we found was that the builders thought
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžืฆืื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ื—ืฉื‘ื•
15:27
that these were beautiful pieces of origami --
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ืฉืืœื” ื”ืŸ ื™ืฆื™ืจื•ืช ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™ ื™ืคื•ืช,
15:30
(Laughter)
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ื•ื”ื™ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืฉืœื ืขื‘ื•ืจื ืคื™ ื—ืžืฉ
15:31
and they were willing to pay five times more for them
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15:33
than the people who just evaluated them externally.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืจืง ื”ืขืจื™ื›ื• ืื•ืชื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
15:36
Now you could say -- if you were a builder,
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื•ืžืจ ืฉืืชื” ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื‘ื•ื ื”,
15:39
do you think [you'd say], "Oh, I love this origami,
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ื”ืื ืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, "ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื—ืจ ืœื ื™ืื”ื‘ ืื•ืชื•."?
15:43
but I know that nobody else would love it?"
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15:46
Or "I love this origami, and everybody else will love it as well?"
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘, "ืื ื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™ ื”ื–ื”, ื•ื’ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืชืจ ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื•."?
15:51
Which one of those two is correct?
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ ืืœื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
15:54
Turns out the builders not only loved the origami more,
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ืžืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืื”ื‘ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™,
15:57
they thought that everybody would see the world in their view.
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ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืขื”.
ื”ื ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืฉื’ื ื›ื•ืœื ื™ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:01
They thought everybody else would love it more as well.
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ื‘ื’ืจืกื” ื”ื‘ืื” ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ืืคืงื˜ "ืื™ืงืื”".
16:04
In the next version, we tried to do the IKEA effect.
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16:06
We tried to make it more difficult.
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ื ื™ืกื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”.
ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื ืชื ื• ืื•ืชื” ืžืฉื™ืžื”.
16:09
So for some people, we gave the same task.
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16:11
For some people, we made it harder by hiding the instructions.
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ื•ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ื“ื™ื ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืข"ื™ ื”ืกืชืจืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช.
ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื• ืœื ื• ืชืจืฉื™ืžื™ื ืงื˜ื ื™ื ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจื™ื ืื™ืš ืžืงืคืœื™ื ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™.
16:16
At the top of the sheet, we had little diagrams
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16:18
of how you fold origami.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืกื™ืœืงื ื• ืื•ืชื.
16:20
For some people, we just eliminated that.
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ืื– ื›ืขืช ื–ื” ื ื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืฉื”. ืžื” ืงืจื”?
16:23
So now this was tougher.
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16:24
What happened?
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ืื•ื‘ื™ื™ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช, ื”ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™ ื”ื™ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ื•ืขืจ, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืงืฉื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:26
Well in an objective way,
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16:28
the origami now was uglier, it was more difficult.
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ื•ื›ืฉื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืื•ืจื™ื’ืžื™ ื”ืงืœ,
16:32
Now when we looked at the easy origami, we saw the same thing --
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ: ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ืคื—ื•ืช.
16:35
builders loved it more, evaluators loved it less.
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16:38
When you looked at the hard instructions,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ืงื‘ื•ืฆืช ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื•ืช,
16:40
the effect was larger.
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ื”ืืคืงื˜ ื”ื™ื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:43
Why?
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื›ื™ ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืื•ืชื ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
16:44
Because now the builders loved it even more.
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16:47
(Laughter)
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16:48
They put all this extra effort into it.
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ื›ืš ืžืืžืฅ ื ื•ืกืฃ.
ื•ื”ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื? ื”ื ืื”ื‘ื• ืืช ื–ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
16:51
And evaluators?
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16:53
They loved it even less.
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16:54
Because in reality, it was even uglier than the first version.
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ื›ื™ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื’ืจืกื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื”.
16:58
(Laughter)
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืจื™ื›ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
17:00
Of course, this tells you something about how we evaluate things.
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17:04
Now think about kids.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ื ื ื™ื— ืฉืื ื™ ืฉื•ืืœ ืืชื›ื, "ื‘ื›ืžื” ืชืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
17:07
Imagine I asked you, "How much would you sell your kids for?"
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17:11
Your memories and associations and so on.
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ืืช ื”ื–ื™ื›ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื, ื”ืืกื•ืฆื™ืืฆื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื›ื ื•ื›ื“ื•ืžื”?"
17:13
Most people would say for a lot, a lot of money.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ืืžืจื• ืฉืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ื›ืกืฃ--
17:16
(Laughter)
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17:17
On good days.
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ื‘ื™ืžื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื.
17:19
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:20
But imagine this was slightly different.
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ืื‘ืœ ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ืžืงืฆืช.
17:22
Imagine if you did not have your kids.
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ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื• ืœื›ื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื,
ื•ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ืืชื ื‘ืื™ื ืœืคืืจืง, ืคื•ื’ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื” ื™ืœื“ื™ื,
17:24
And one day you went to the park and you met some kids.
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17:26
They were just like your kids,
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ื•ื”ื ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœืš.
17:28
and you played with them for a few hours,
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ืืชื ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉืขื•ืช.
ื•ื›ืฉืืชื ืขื•ืžื“ื™ื ืœืœื›ืช, ื”ื”ื•ืจื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื,
17:30
and when you were about to leave, the parents said, "Hey, by the way,
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"ื”ื™ื™, ืื’ื‘, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืชืœื›ื•, ืื ืืชื ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ื ื™ื, ื”ื ืœืžื›ื™ืจื”."
17:33
just before you leave, if you're interested, they're for sale."
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17:36
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
17:38
How much would you pay for them now?
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ื›ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืชืžื•ืจืชื ืขื›ืฉื™ื•?
17:41
Most people say not that much.
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ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ืจื‘ื”.
ื•ื–ื” ื›ื™ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืจื‘ื™ ืขืจืš,
17:44
And this is because our kids are so valuable,
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17:48
not just because of who they are,
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ืœื ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืžื™ ืฉื”ื,
17:50
but because of us,
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ืืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœื ื•, ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ื ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•
17:52
because they are so connected to us,
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17:54
and because of the time and connection.
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ื•ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื•ื”ืงืฉืจ.
ื•ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘, ืื ืœื“ืขืชื›ื ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉืœ "ืื™ืงืื”" ืื™ื ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช,
17:57
By the way, if you think IKEA instructions are not good,
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18:00
what about the instructions that come with kids, those are really tough.
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
ืืœื” ื‘ืืžืช ืงืฉื•ืช.
18:03
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
18:04
By the way, these are my kids, which, of course, are wonderful and so on.
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ืื’ื‘, ืืœื” ื™ืœื“ื™, ืฉื”ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื ืคืœืื™ื ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”.
18:08
Which comes to tell you one more thing,
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ืžื” ืฉื‘ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืขื•ื“ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“,
18:10
which is, much like our builders,
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ื“ื™ ื‘ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื‘ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•,
18:13
when they look at the creature of their creation,
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ื›ืฉื”ื ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืคืจื™ ืขืžืœื ืฉืœื”ื,
ืื ื• ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœื ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื•.
18:17
we don't see that other people don't see things our way.
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ื”ืจืฉื• ืœื™ ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขืจื” ืื—ืช ืœืกื™ื•ื.
18:22
Let me say one last comment.
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ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช ืœืขื•ืžืช ืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก,
18:25
If you think about Adam Smith versus Karl Marx,
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18:28
Adam Smith had a very important notion of efficiency.
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ืœืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืžืื•ื“ ื‘ื ื•ืฉื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
18:32
He gave an example of a pin factory.
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ื”ื•ื ื ืชืŸ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืฉืœ ืžืคืขืœ ืกื™ื›ื•ืช.
18:35
He said pins have 12 different steps,
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ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ ืฉืœื™ื™ืฆื•ืจ ืกื™ื›ื•ืช ื™ืฉ 12 ืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื,
18:38
and if one person does all 12 steps, production is very low.
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ื•ืื ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ 12 ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื ืžื•ื›ื” ืžืื•ื“.
18:42
But if you get one person to do step one,
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืืชื” ื’ื•ืจื ืœืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
18:44
and one person to do step two and step three and so on,
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ื•ืœืื“ื ืฉื ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉื ื™, ื•ืœืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
18:47
production can increase tremendously.
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ื”ืชืคื•ืงื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืื•ื“.
18:50
And indeed, this is a great example,
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ื•ืื›ืŸ, ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื ืช ื•ื–ื• ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื•ืœื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช.
18:52
and the reason for the Industrial Revolution and efficiency.
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ืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก, ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช,
18:56
Karl Marx, on the other hand,
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18:57
said that the alienation of labor is incredibly important
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ืืžืจ ืฉื”ื–ืจืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืฉืœื ืชื™ืืžืŸ -
19:01
in how people think about the connection to what they are doing.
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืงืฉืจ ืœืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
19:04
And if you do all 12 steps, you care about the pin.
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ื•ืื ื‘ื™ืฆืขืช ืืช ื›ืœ 12 ื”ืฉืœื‘ื™ื, ืื›ืคืช ืœืš ืžื”ืกื™ื›ื”.
19:08
But if you do one step every time, maybe you don't care as much.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ืชืขืฉื” ืฉืœื‘ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื, ืื•ืœื™ ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืœืš ืื›ืคืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
ื•ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื‘ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช,
19:12
I think that in the Industrial Revolution,
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ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช ืฆื“ืง ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืงืจืœ ืžืจืงืก,
19:15
Adam Smith was more correct than Karl Marx.
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19:18
But the reality is that we've switched,
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ืืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ืขื‘ืจื ื• ืฉื™ื ื•ื™
ื•ืื ื• ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ื“ืข.
19:21
and now we're in the knowledge economy.
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19:23
You can ask yourself, what happens in a knowledge economy?
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื™ื“ืข?
19:26
Is efficiency still more important than meaning?
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ื”ืื ื”ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช?
19:29
I think the answer is no.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ืœื.
19:30
I think that as we move to situations
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืžืฆื‘ื™ื
19:33
in which people have to decide on their own
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ื‘ืขืฆืžื
19:36
about how much effort, attention, caring, how connected they feel to it,
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ื›ืžื” ืžืืžืฅ, ืชืฉื•ืžืช-ืœื‘, ืื›ืคืชื™ื•ืช, ื›ืžื” ื”ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ืžื—ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืœื–ื”,
ื”ืื ื”ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื“ืจืš ืืœื™ื”, ื‘ืžืงืœื—ืช ื•ื›ืŸ ื”ืœืื”,
19:40
are they thinking about labor on the way to work,
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19:42
and in the shower and so on,
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19:44
all of a sudden Marx has more things to say to us.
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ืคืชืื•ื ืœืžืจืงืก ื™ืฉ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ ืœื ื•.
19:48
So when we think about labor,
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ืื– ื›ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื ื• ื‘ื“"ื› ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ื•ืชืฉืœื•ื ื›ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ,
19:50
we usually think about motivation and payment as the same thing,
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19:53
but the reality is that we should probably add all kinds of things to it --
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ืืš ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืœื–ื” ื›ืœ ืžื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื--
19:57
meaning, creation, challenges, ownership, identity, pride, etc.
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ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื™ืฆื™ืจื”, ืืชื’ืจื™ื, ื‘ืขืœื•ืช, ื–ื”ื•ืช, ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ืขื•ื“.
20:01
The good news is that if we added all of those components
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ื”ื‘ืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืฉืื ื ื•ืกื™ืฃ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื•ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ื”ื,
20:04
and thought about them --
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช, ื”ื’ืื•ื•ื” ื•ื”ืžื•ื˜ื™ื‘ืฆื™ื” ืฉืœื ื•,
20:06
how do we create our own meaning, pride, motivation,
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20:09
and how do we do it in our workplace,
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ื•ืื™ืš ื ื•ื›ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื ื• ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
20:11
and for the employees --
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20:12
I think we could get people to be both more productive and happier.
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื ื•ื›ืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืคืจื•ื“ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื•ื’ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
20:16
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื”.
20:18
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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