The way we think about work is broken | Barry Schwartz

526,732 views ใƒป 2015-09-29

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Ido Dekkers ืžื‘ืงืจ: Tal Dekkers
00:12
Today I'm going to talk about work.
0
12200
2030
ื”ื™ื•ื ืื ื™ ืื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”.
00:15
And the question I want to ask and answer is this:
1
15130
3050
ื•ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืื•ืœ ื•ืœืขื ื•ืช ืขืœื™ื” ื”ื™ื ื–ื•:
00:18
"Why do we work?"
2
18190
1930
"ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื?"
00:21
Why do we drag ourselves out of bed every morning
3
21140
3920
ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ื’ื•ืจืจื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ
00:25
instead of living our lives
4
25070
2030
ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•
00:27
just filled with bouncing from one TED-like adventure to another?
5
27110
5070
ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ืงืคื™ืฆื•ืช ืžื”ืจืคืชืงืช TED ืื—ืช ืœืฉื ื™ื”?
00:32
(Laughter)
6
32190
1820
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
00:34
You may be asking yourselves that very question.
7
34010
3070
ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืืช ืื•ืชื” ืฉืืœื”.
00:37
Now, I know of course, we have to make a living,
8
37090
2110
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื”ืชืคืจื ืก.
00:39
but nobody in this room thinks that that's the answer to the question,
9
39210
3840
ืื‘ืœ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื” ืœื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื• ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืฉืืœื”,
00:43
"Why do we work?"
10
43060
1040
"ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื?"
00:44
For folks in this room, the work we do is challenging,
11
44110
3990
ืœื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžืืชื’ืจืช,
00:48
it's engaging, it's stimulating, it's meaningful.
12
48110
3900
ื”ื™ื ืžืขืจื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื ืžืขื•ืจืจืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ืขืœืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
00:52
And if we're lucky, it might even be important.
13
52020
3050
ื•ืื ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืžื–ืœ, ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื”.
00:55
So, we wouldn't work if we didn't get paid,
14
55160
2000
ืื–, ืœื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืื ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืžืฉืœืžื™ื ืœื ื•,
00:57
but that's not why we do what we do.
15
57170
2870
ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ืœื ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
01:00
And in general,
16
60050
1040
ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™,
01:01
I think we think that material rewards are a pretty bad reason
17
61100
3060
ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉืชื’ืžื•ืœ ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ื”ื•ื ืกื™ื‘ื” ื“ื™ ื’ืจื•ืขื”
01:04
for doing the work that we do.
18
64170
1920
ืœืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
01:06
When we say of somebody that he's "in it for the money,"
19
66100
4030
ื›ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืขืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื”ื•ื "ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ,"
01:10
we are not just being descriptive.
20
70140
2870
ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ืจืง ืžืชืืจื™ื.
01:13
(Laughter)
21
73020
1070
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:14
Now, I think this is totally obvious,
22
74100
2020
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
01:16
but the very obviousness of it raises what is for me
23
76130
2980
ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื–ื” ืžืขืœื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื™
01:19
an incredibly profound question.
24
79120
2100
ืฉืืœื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืžืฉ ืขืžื•ืงื”.
01:21
Why, if this is so obvious,
25
81230
2810
ืœืžื”, ืื ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
01:24
why is it that for the overwhelming majority of people on the planet,
26
84050
5080
ืœืžื” ื–ื” ืฉืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืคื ื™ ื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ,
01:30
the work they do has none of the characteristics
27
90060
3950
ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืžืืคื™ื™ื ื™ื
01:34
that get us up and out of bed and off to the office every morning?
28
94020
4180
ืฉืžืงื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืžื”ืžื™ื˜ื” ื‘ื‘ื•ืงืจ ื•ื‘ื“ืจืš ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื›ืœ ื‘ื•ืงืจ?
01:38
How is it that we allow the majority of people on the planet
29
98210
3890
ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžืืคืฉืจื™ื ืœืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืคืœื ื˜ื”
01:42
to do work that is monotonous, meaningless and soul-deadening?
30
102110
4990
ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื•ื ื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืช ื—ืกืจืช ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื’ืช ื ืฉืžื”?
01:47
Why is it that as capitalism developed,
31
107110
2960
ืœืžื” ื›ืฉื”ืงืคื™ื˜ืœื™ื–ื ื”ืชืคืชื—,
01:50
it created a mode of production, of goods and services,
32
110080
3040
ื”ื•ื ื™ืฆืจ ืžื•ื“ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ืฉืœ ืกื—ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ืฉืจื•ืชื™ื,
01:53
in which all the nonmaterial satisfactions that might come from work were eliminated?
33
113130
5960
ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ื”ืœื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื’ื™ืข ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžื ื•ื˜ืจืœ?
02:00
Workers who do this kind of work,
34
120090
2010
ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ืฉืขื•ืฉื™ื ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”,
02:02
whether they do it in factories, in call centers,
35
122110
2950
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืคืขืœื™ื, ื‘ืžืจื›ื–ื™ ืฉืจื•ืช,
02:05
or in fulfillment warehouses,
36
125070
2110
ืื• ื‘ืžื—ืกื ื™ ืžื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ืžื ื•ืช,
02:07
do it for pay.
37
127190
1990
ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
02:09
There is certainly no other earthly reason to do what they do except for pay.
38
129190
5810
ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืกื™ื‘ื” ืื—ืจืช ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื—ื•ืฅ ืžืชืฉืœื•ื.
02:15
So the question is, "Why?"
39
135010
2060
ืื– ื”ืฉืืœื” ื”ื™ื "ืœืžื”?"
02:18
And here's the answer:
40
138000
1220
ื•ื”ื ื” ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”:
02:20
the answer is technology.
41
140160
2940
ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”.
02:23
Now, I know, I know --
42
143110
1080
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข --
02:24
yeah, yeah, yeah, technology, automation screws people, blah blah --
43
144200
3880
ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ื›ืŸ, ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”, ืื•ื˜ื•ืžืฆื™ื” ื“ื•ืคืงืช ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื, ื‘ืœื” ื‘ืœื” --
02:28
that's not what I mean.
44
148090
1110
ื–ื” ืœื ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ.
02:29
I'm not talking about the kind of technology
45
149210
2910
ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ืกื•ื’ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”
02:32
that has enveloped our lives, and that people come to TED to hear about.
46
152130
3990
ืฉืขื˜ืคื” ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื ื•, ื•ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืื™ื ืœ TED ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืขืœื™ื”.
02:36
I'm not talking about the technology of things,
47
156130
2980
ืื ื™ ืœื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื,
02:39
profound though that is.
48
159120
1980
ื›ืžื” ืขืžื•ืง ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื”.
02:41
I'm talking about another technology.
49
161110
1980
ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืื—ืจืช.
02:43
I'm talking about the technology of ideas.
50
163100
2980
ืื ื™ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
02:47
I call it, "idea technology" --
51
167050
2090
ืื ื™ ืงื•ืจื ืœื”, "ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช" --
02:49
how clever of me.
52
169140
1070
ื›ืžื” ื—ื›ื ืžืฆื™ื“ื™.
02:50
(Laughter)
53
170220
1810
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
02:52
In addition to creating things, science creates ideas.
54
172030
4110
ื‘ื ื•ืกืฃ ืœืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืžื“ืข ื™ื•ืฆืจ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช.
02:56
Science creates ways of understanding.
55
176150
2970
ืžื“ืข ื™ื•ืฆืจ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื”.
02:59
And in the social sciences,
56
179130
1940
ื•ื‘ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื”,
03:01
the ways of understanding that get created are ways of understanding ourselves.
57
181080
4980
ื”ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ื” ืฉื ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ื”ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื ืช ืขืฆืžื ื•.
03:06
And they have an enormous influence on how we think, what we aspire to,
58
186070
4060
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืขืฆื•ืžื” ืขืœ ืื™ืš ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื, ืœืžื” ืื ื—ื ื• ืฉื•ืืคื™ื,
03:10
and how we act.
59
190140
1890
ื•ืื™ืš ืื ื—ื ื• ืคื•ืขืœื™ื.
03:12
If you think your poverty is God's will, you pray.
60
192040
3160
ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ืจืฆื•ืŸ ื”ืืœ, ืืชื ืžืชืคืœืœื™ื.
03:16
If you think your poverty is the result of your own inadequacy,
61
196050
4110
ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืกืจ ื”ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืฉืœื›ื,
03:20
you shrink into despair.
62
200170
2940
ืืชื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืฆื™ื ืœื“ื™ื›ืื•ืŸ.
03:23
And if you think your poverty is the result of oppression and domination,
63
203120
4090
ื•ืื ืืชื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื ื”ื•ื ื”ืชื•ืฆืื” ืฉืœ ื“ื™ื›ื•ื™ ื•ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”,
03:27
then you rise up in revolt.
64
207220
2000
ืืชื ืžืชืงื•ืžืžื™ื ื•ืžืชืžืจื“ื™ื.
03:29
Whether your response to poverty is resignation or revolution,
65
209230
4790
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืฉืœื›ื ืœืขื•ื ื™ ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืœืžื” ืื• ืžื”ืคื›ื”,
03:34
depends on how you understand the sources of your poverty.
66
214030
3170
ืชืœื•ื™ื” ื‘ืื™ืš ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืœืขื•ื ื™ ืฉืœื›ื.
03:37
This is the role that ideas play in shaping us as human beings,
67
217210
5890
ื–ื” ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉื—ืงื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ื ื• ื›ืื ืฉื™ื,
03:43
and this is why idea technology may be the most profoundly important technology
68
223110
5930
ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื•ืขืžื•ืงื”
03:49
that science gives us.
69
229050
1510
ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื ื•ืชืŸ ืœื ื•.
03:51
And there's something special about idea technology,
70
231100
3920
ื•ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช,
03:55
that makes it different from the technology of things.
71
235120
2910
ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื” ืœืฉื•ื ื” ืžื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
03:58
With things, if the technology sucks,
72
238040
3140
ืขื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื, ืื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื”,
04:01
it just vanishes, right?
73
241190
2040
ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ืขืœืžืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:04
Bad technology disappears.
74
244000
2110
ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื’ืจื•ืขื” ื ืขืœืžืช.
04:06
With ideas --
75
246120
1890
ืขื ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช --
04:08
false ideas about human beings will not go away
76
248020
5030
ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช ืœื ื ืขืœืžื™ื
04:13
if people believe that they're true.
77
253060
2420
ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
04:16
Because if people believe that they're true,
78
256230
2870
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื,
04:19
they create ways of living and institutions
79
259110
3040
ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ื“ืจื›ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช
04:22
that are consistent with these very false ideas.
80
262160
3850
ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
04:26
And that's how the industrial revolution created a factory system
81
266020
4020
ื•ื›ืš ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช ื™ืฆืจื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืžืคืขืœื™ื
04:30
in which there was really nothing you could possibly get out of your day's work,
82
270050
4140
ื‘ื”ื ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœืชื ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœืงื‘ืœ ื›ืœื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื›ื,
04:34
except for the pay at the end of the day.
83
274200
2870
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ืชืฉืœื•ื ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื™ื•ื.
04:37
Because the father -- one of the fathers
84
277080
1990
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ืื‘ -- ืื—ื“ ื”ืื‘ื•ืช
04:39
of the Industrial Revolution, Adam Smith --
85
279070
2050
ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืชื™ืช, ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช' --
04:41
was convinced that human beings were by their very natures lazy,
86
281130
3970
ื”ื™ื” ืžืฉื•ื›ื ืข ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื• ืขืฆืœื ื™ื ืžื˜ื‘ืขื,
04:45
and wouldn't do anything unless you made it worth their while,
87
285110
3000
ื•ืœื ื™ืขืฉื• ื›ืœื•ื ืืœื ืื ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ืœื”ื,
04:48
and the way you made it worth their while
88
288120
1990
ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ืขืฉื™ืชื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื•ื•ื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœื
04:50
was by incentivizing, by giving them rewards.
89
290120
2990
ื”ื™ื” ืชืžืจื™ืฆื™ื. ื‘ื ืชื™ื ืช ืคืจืกื™ื.
04:53
That was the only reason anyone ever did anything.
90
293120
2940
ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื” ืฉืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืขืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืื™ ืคืขื.
04:56
So we created a factory system consistent with that false view of human nature.
91
296070
5140
ืื– ื™ืฆืจื ื• ืžืขืจื›ืช ืžืคืขืœื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื ืงื•ื“ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ ื”ืฉื’ื•ื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™.
05:01
But once that system of production was in place,
92
301220
2960
ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ื™ืชื” ืงื™ื™ืžืช,
05:04
there was really no other way for people to operate,
93
304190
2990
ื‘ืืžืช ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืคืขื•ืœ,
05:07
except in a way that was consistent with Adam Smith's vision.
94
307190
4840
ื—ื•ืฅ ืžื”ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ืชืื™ืžื” ืœื—ื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช'.
05:12
So the work example is merely an example
95
312150
3000
ืื– ื“ื•ื’ืžืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ืกืš ื”ื›ืœ ื“ื•ื’ืžื”
05:15
of how false ideas can create a circumstance
96
315160
4050
ืœืื™ืš ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช
05:19
that ends up making them true.
97
319220
2850
ืฉื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœื”ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื.
05:23
It is not true
98
323140
1980
ื–ื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
05:25
that you "just can't get good help anymore."
99
325160
3030
ืฉืืชื "ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ."
05:29
It is true
100
329210
1830
ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ
05:31
that you "can't get good help anymore"
101
331120
2910
ืฉืืชื "ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ."
05:34
when you give people work to do that is demeaning and soulless.
102
334040
4980
ื›ืฉืืชื ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืžืฉืคื™ืœื” ื•ื—ืกืจืช ื ืฉืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช.
05:39
And interestingly enough, Adam Smith --
103
339030
2060
ื•ืœืžืจื‘ื” ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ, ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช' --
05:41
the same guy who gave us this incredible invention
104
341100
3960
ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจ ืฉื ืชืŸ ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื”ืžืฆืื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื”
05:45
of mass production, and division of labor
105
345070
2100
ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื•ืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™, ื•ื—ืœื•ืงืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”
05:47
-- understood this.
106
347180
1040
-- ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื”.
05:48
He said, of people who worked in assembly lines,
107
348230
3940
ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ, ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ,
05:52
of men who worked in assembly lines, he says:
108
352180
2020
ืขืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ื‘ืงื•ื•ื™ ื™ืฆื•ืจ, ื”ื•ื ืืžืจ:
05:54
"He generally becomes as stupid as it is possible for a human being to become."
109
354210
6810
"ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช."
06:01
Now, notice the word here is "become."
110
361170
2020
ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื™ืžื• ืคื” ืœื‘ ืœืžื™ืœื” "ื”ื•ืคืš."
06:03
"He generally becomes as stupid as it is possible for a human being to become."
111
363200
6020
"ื”ื•ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื˜ื™ืคืฉ ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ืช ืฉื‘ืŸ ืื“ื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช."
06:09
Whether he intended it or not, what Adam Smith was telling us there,
112
369230
3890
ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืื• ืœื, ืžื” ืฉืืชื ืกืžื™ืช' ืืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื,
06:13
is that the very shape of the institution within which people work
113
373130
3900
ื”ื™ื” ืฉื”ืฆื•ืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื
06:17
creates people who are fitted to the demands of that institution
114
377040
4090
ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืื™ืžื™ื ืœื“ืจื™ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“
06:21
and deprives people of the opportunity
115
381140
2890
ื•ืžื•ื ืขืช ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช
06:24
to derive the kinds of satisfactions from their work that we take for granted.
116
384040
4470
ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ืกื•ื’ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืง ืžื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžืืœื™ื•.
06:29
The thing about science -- natural science --
117
389100
2990
ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืžื“ืข -- ืžื“ืขื™ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข --
06:32
is that we can spin fantastic theories about the cosmos,
118
392100
4110
ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื˜ื•ื•ืช ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื ืคืœืื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœื™ืงื•ื,
06:36
and have complete confidence
119
396220
1940
ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžืœื
06:38
that the cosmos is completely indifferent to our theories.
120
398170
4260
ืฉืœื™ืงื•ื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ืœื ืžืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืืœื”.
06:43
It's going to work the same damn way
121
403000
2010
ื”ื•ื ื™ืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื“ืจืš
06:45
no matter what theories we have about the cosmos.
122
405020
3030
ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืžื” ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื•ืก.
06:48
But we do have to worry about the theories we have of human nature,
123
408230
5850
ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™,
06:54
because human nature will be changed by the theories we have
124
414090
5070
ืžืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืชืื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื•
06:59
that are designed to explain and help us understand human beings.
125
419170
3990
ืฉืžืชื•ื›ื ื ื•ืช ืœื”ืกื‘ื™ืจ ื•ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœื ื• ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ืื ืฉื™ื.
07:03
The distinguished anthropologist, Clifford Geertz, said, years ago,
126
423170
4970
ื”ืื ื˜ืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ ื”ืžื›ื•ื‘ื“ ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื“ ื’ื™ืจืฅ, ืืžืจ, ืœืคื ื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืฉื ื™ื,
07:08
that human beings are the "unfinished animals."
127
428150
3880
ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื "ื—ื™ื•ืช ืœื ื’ืžื•ืจื•ืช."
07:12
And what he meant by that was that it is only human nature
128
432040
4010
ื•ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืœื™ื• ื”ื™ื” ืฉื–ื” ืจืง ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
07:16
to have a human nature
129
436220
1910
ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ื˜ื‘ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™
07:18
that is very much the product of the society in which people live.
130
438140
4860
ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืชื•ืฆืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื‘ื” ื”ืื“ื ื—ื™.
07:23
That human nature, that is to say our human nature,
131
443010
3100
ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื”ื–ื”, ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืฉืœื ื•,
07:26
is much more created than it is discovered.
132
446120
3970
ื ื•ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžืชื’ืœื”.
07:30
We design human nature
133
450100
2040
ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืขืฆื‘ื™ื ืืช ื”ื˜ื‘ืข ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
07:32
by designing the institutions within which people live and work.
134
452150
4920
ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืขื™ืฆื•ื‘ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื.
07:37
And so you people --
135
457080
1130
ื•ื›ืš ืืชื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื --
07:38
pretty much the closest I ever get to being with masters of the universe --
136
458220
4810
ืคื—ื•ืช ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื›ื™ ืžืชืงืจื‘ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื“ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืงื•ื --
07:43
you people should be asking yourself a question,
137
463040
3980
ืืชื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉืืœื”,
07:47
as you go back home to run your organizations.
138
467020
3030
ื›ืฉืืชื ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืชื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ื”ืœ ืืช ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ืฉืœื›ื.
07:50
Just what kind of human nature do you want to help design?
139
470060
4070
ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืื™ื–ื” ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื˜ื‘ืข ืื ื•ืฉื™ ืืชื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืขืฆื‘?
07:54
Thank you.
140
474140
1060
ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
07:55
(Applause)
141
475200
1880
(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
07:57
Thanks.
142
477090
1040
ืชื•ื“ื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

https://forms.gle/WvT1wiN1qDtmnspy7