Peter Attia: What if we're wrong about diabetes?

Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast

Translator: Alicia Ferreiro Reviewer: Serv. de Norm. Lingüística U. de Santiago de Compostela

I'll never forget that day

Nunca esquecerei ese día.

back in the spring of 2006.

Era a primavera de 2006.

I was a surgical resident

Eu era residente de cirurxía

at The Johns Hopkins Hospital,

no Hospital Johns Hopkins,

taking emergency call.

atendendo chamadas de urxencias.

I got paged by the E.R. around 2 in the morning

Chamáronme para unha urxencia ás 2 da mañá:

to come and see a woman with a diabetic ulcer

unha muller cunha úlcera diabética no pé.

on her foot.

I can still remember sort of that smell of rotting flesh

Aínda lembro aquela especie de cheiro a carne podre

as I pulled the curtain back to see her.

mentres apartaba a cortina para vela.

And everybody there agreed this woman was very sick

Todos coincidiamos en que estaba moi enferma

and she needed to be in the hospital.

e tiña que estar ingresada

That wasn't being asked.

Nin se formulaba a pregunta.

The question that was being asked of me was a different one,

O que me estaban a preguntar era outra cousa:

which was, did she also need an amputation?

tamén precisa dunha amputación?

Now, looking back on that night,

Agora, mirando cara atrás, aquela noite,

I'd love so desperately to believe that I treated that woman

gustaríame tanto crer que aquela noite

on that night with the same empathy and compassion

a tratei coa mesma empatía e compaixón

I'd shown the 27-year-old newlywed

que mostrara cunha acabada de casar de 27 anos

who came to the E.R. three nights earlier

que chegara 3 noites antes

with lower back pain

con dor lumbar,

that turned out to be advanced pancreatic cancer.

que resultou ser cancro de páncreas avanzado.

In her case, I knew there was nothing I could do

Sabía que non había nada que eu puidese facer

that was actually going to save her life.

que de verdade lle salvase a vida.

The cancer was too advanced.

O cancro estaba moi avanzado.

But I was committed to making sure that

Pero empeñeime en garantir

I could do anything possible to make her stay

que faría todo o posible para facer a súa estancia máis cómoda.

more comfortable. I brought her a warm blanket

Tróuxenlle un cobertor

and a cup of a coffee.

e unha cunca de café.

I brought some for her parents.

Tamén para os seus pais.

But more importantly, see, I passed no judgment on her,

Pero sobre todo non a xulguei,

because obviously she had done nothing

xa que, obviamente, ela non fixera nada

to bring this on herself.

para provocar a súa situación.

So why was it that, just a few nights later,

Entón, por qué só un par de noites máis tarde,

as I stood in that same E.R. and determined

cando, na mesma sala de urxencias,

that my diabetic patient did indeed need an amputation,

determinei que a miña paciente diabética si precisaba unha amputación,

why did I hold her in such bitter contempt?

por que sentín ese desprezo amargo?

You see, unlike the woman the night before,

Pois porque, ao contrario da muller da noite anterior,

this woman had type 2 diabetes.

esta muller tiña diabetes tipo 2.

She was fat.

Estaba gorda.

And we all know that's from eating too much

E todos sabemos que iso é de comer de máis

and not exercising enough, right?

e non facer exercicio abondo, non si?

I mean, how hard can it be?

Quero dicir, é tan difícil?

As I looked down at her in the bed, I thought to myself,

Mentres a vía na cama, pensaba:

if you just tried caring even a little bit,

se simplemente intentaras coidarte un pouco

you wouldn't be in this situation at this moment

non estarías nesta situación agora,

with some doctor you've never met

cun médico ao que nunca viras

about to amputate your foot.

a punto de amputarche un pé.

Why did I feel justified in judging her?

Por que me sentín con dereito a xulgala?

I'd like to say I don't know.

Gustaríame dicir que non o sei.

But I actually do.

Pero en realidade si que o sei.

You see, in the hubris of my youth,

Co arrogancia da xuventude,

I thought I had her all figured out.

pensei que o entendía.

She ate too much. She got unlucky.

Comeu de máis. Tivo mala sorte.

She got diabetes. Case closed.

Ten diabetes. Caso pechado.

Ironically, at that time in my life,

Ironicamente, naquela época na miña vida,

I was also doing cancer research,

tamén facía investigación sobre o cancro,

immune-based therapies for melanoma, to be specific,

en concreto, terapia inmunolóxica para o melanoma,

and in that world I was actually taught to question everything,

e nese mundo que me ensinou a cuestionar todo,

to challenge all assumptions

a desafiar as presuncións

and hold them to the highest possible scientific standards.

e levalas aos máis altos estándares científicos posibles.

Yet when it came to a disease like diabetes

Con todo, cunha enfermidade como a diabetes

that kills Americans eight times more frequently than melanoma,

que mata oito veces máis estadounidenses que o melanoma,

I never once questioned the conventional wisdom.

nin unha vez cuestionei a sabedoría convencional.

I actually just assumed the pathologic sequence of events

Asumín a secuencia patolóxica dos feitos

was settled science.

como probada.

Three years later, I found out how wrong I was.

Tres anos máis tarde, descubrín o equivocado que estaba.

But this time, I was the patient.

Esta vez, o paciente era eu.

Despite exercising three or four hours every single day,

A pesar de facer exercicio tres ou catro horas todos os días,

and following the food pyramid to the letter,

de seguir a pirámide alimentaria ao pé da letra,

I'd gained a lot of weight and developed something

gañei moito peso e desenvolvín algo chamado

called metabolic syndrome.

síndrome metabólica.

Some of you may have heard of this.

Algúns escoitarían falar dela.

I had become insulin-resistant.

Fixérame resistente á insulina.

You can think of insulin as this master hormone

Poden pensar na insulina como a hormona mestra

that controls what our body does with the foods we eat,

que controla o que fai o noso corpo cos alimentos que comemos,

whether we burn it or store it.

queimalos ou almacenalos.

This is called fuel partitioning in the lingo.

Separación do combustible no argot.

Now failure to produce enough insulin is incompatible with life.

Non producir insulina suficiente

é incompatible coa vida.

And insulin resistance, as its name suggests,

E a resistencia á insulina, como o propio nome indica,

is when your cells get increasingly resistant

é cando as células opoñen cada vez máis resistencia

to the effect of insulin trying to do its job.

ao efecto da insulina tentando facer o seu traballo.

Once you're insulin-resistant,

Cando un é resistente á insulina,

you're on your way to getting diabetes,

está no camiño a padecer diabetes,

which is what happens when your pancreas

que é o que pasa cando o páncreas

can't keep up with the resistance and make enough insulin.

non pode superar a resistencia e producir insulina suficiente.

Now your blood sugar levels start to rise,

Os niveis de azucre no sangue comezan a subir,

and an entire cascade of pathologic events

e iniciase unha auténtica fervenza de eventos patolóxicos,

sort of spirals out of control that can lead to heart disease,

unha espiral fóra de control, que pode levar a enfermidades cardíacas,

cancer, even Alzheimer's disease,

cancro, mesmo alzheimer,

and amputations, just like that woman a few years earlier.

e amputacións, como aquela muller uns anos antes.

With that scare, I got busy changing my diet radically,

Con este susto, púxenme a cambiar a miña dieta radicalmente,

adding and subtracting things most of you would find

poñendo e quitando cousas que a maioría

almost assuredly shocking.

seguramente atoparían chocantes.

I did this and lost 40 pounds, weirdly while exercising less.

Fíxeno e perdín 18 quilos, sorprendentemente facendo menos exercicio.

I, as you can see, I guess I'm not overweight anymore.

Como se pode ver, creo que xa non teño sobrepeso

More importantly, I don't have insulin resistance.

E sobre todo, tampouco resistencia á insulina.

But most important, I was left

Pero, o máis importante,

with these three burning questions that wouldn't go away:

quedei con estas tres cuestións candentes que non marchaban:

How did this happen to me if I was supposedly

Como me pasou isto se, en teoría,

doing everything right?

estaba facendo o correcto?

If the conventional wisdom about nutrition had failed me,

A sabedoría convencional sobre nutrición fallárame.

was it possible it was failing someone else?

Estaríalle fallando a alguén máis?

And underlying these questions,

E, baixo estas preguntas,

I became almost maniacally obsessed

obsesioneime dun xeito case maníaco

in trying to understand the real relationship

con tentar entender a relación real

between obesity and insulin resistance.

entre obesidade e resistencia á insulina.

Now, most researchers believe obesity

A maioría dos investigadores consideran que a obesidade

is the cause of insulin resistance.

é a causa da resistencia á insulina.

Logically, then, if you want to treat insulin resistance,

Por lóxica, se se quere tratar a resistencia á insulina,

you get people to lose weight, right?

faise que a xente perda peso, non?

You treat the obesity.

Trátase a obesidade.

But what if we have it backwards?

Pero, e se imos ó revés?

What if obesity isn't the cause of insulin resistance at all?

E se a obesidade non é para nada a causa da resistencia á insulina?

In fact, what if it's a symptom of a much deeper problem,

E se, de feito, é un síntoma dun problema moito máis profundo,

the tip of a proverbial iceberg?

a punta dun iceberg proverbial?

I know it sounds crazy because we're obviously in the midst

Sei que parece unha tolería, porque estamos, obviamente,

of an obesity epidemic, but hear me out.

no medio dunha epidemia de obesidade. Pero, escoiten.

What if obesity is a coping mechanism

E se a obesidade é un mecanismo para afrontar un problema

for a far more sinister problem going on

moito máis sinistro baixo todo isto?

underneath the cell?

I'm not suggesting that obesity is benign,

Non digo que a obesidade sexa benigna,

but what I am suggesting is it may be the lesser

o que digo é que pode ser o menor

of two metabolic evils.

de dous males metabólicos.

You can think of insulin resistance as the reduced capacity

Poden ver a resistencia á insulina como a capacidade reducida

of our cells to partition fuel,

das nosas células para repartir o combustible,

as I alluded to a moment ago,

como dixen hai pouco,

taking those calories that we take in

tomar esas calorías que inxerimos

and burning some appropriately and storing some appropriately.

queimar algunhas e almacenar outras adecuadamente.

When we become insulin-resistant,

Cando nos facemos resistentes á insulina,

the homeostasis in that balance deviates from this state.

a homeostase deste equilibrio desvíase deste estado.

So now, when insulin says to a cell,

Así, cando a insulina lle di a unha célula:

I want you to burn more energy

Quero que queimes máis enerxía

than the cell considers safe, the cell, in effect, says,

do que a célula considera seguro, a célula di:

"No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy."

"Non, grazas, prefiro almacenar esa enerxía."

And because fat cells are actually missing most of

E como as células de graxa carecen da maioría

the complex cellular machinery found in other cells,

da complexa maquinaria atopada noutras células,

it's probably the safest place to store it.

seguramente sexan o lugar máis seguro para almacenala.

So for many of us, about 75 million Americans,

Así, para moitos de nós, uns 75 millóns de estadounidenses,

the appropriate response to insulin resistance

a resposta adecuada á resistencia á insulina

may actually be to store it as fat, not the reverse,

pode ser almacenalo como graxa, e non ó contrario,

getting insulin resistance in response to getting fat.

desenvolver resistencia á insulina como resultado de engordar.

This is a really subtle distinction,

É unha diferenza moi sutil,

but the implication could be profound.

pero as implicacións poden ser profundas.

Consider the following analogy:

Consideren a seguinte analoxía:

Think of the bruise you get on your shin

Pensen nunha mazadura que se produce nunha canela,

when you inadvertently bang your leg into the coffee table.

cando sen darse conta baten coa mesa do café,

Sure, the bruise hurts like hell, and you almost certainly

Por suposto, a lesión doe moitísimo, e seguramente

don't like the discolored look, but we all know

non lle guste a aparencia descolorida, pero todos sabemos

the bruise per Se is not the problem.

que a lesión en si non é o problema.

In fact, it's the opposite. It's a healthy response to the trauma,

En realidade, é o contrario. É unha resposta saudable ao trauma,

all of those immune cells rushing to the site of the injury

todas as células inmunitarias correndo ó lugar da lesión

to salvage cellular debris and prevent the spread

para salvar os restos celulares e evitar a propagación

of infection to elsewhere in the body.

da infección a outras partes do corpo.

Now, imagine we thought bruises were the problem,

Agora imaxinen que pensásemos que as mazaduras eran o problema,

and we evolved a giant medical establishment

e desenvolvésemos un sistema médico xigante,

and a culture around treating bruises:

e unha cultura arredor do tratamento das mazaduras:

masking creams, painkillers, you name it,

cremas de enmascaramento, analxésicos, de todo,

all the while ignoring the fact that people

en todo momento ignorando o feito de que a xente

are still banging their shins into coffee tables.

segue a bater coas canelas nas mesas do café.

How much better would we be if we treated the cause --

Canto mellor sería se tratásemos a causa,

telling people to pay attention

--avisando á xente de que teña conta

when they walk through the living room --

cando ande pola sala de estar--

rather than the effect?

en vez do efecto?

Getting the cause and the effect right

Interpretar a causa e o efecto correctamente

makes all the difference in the world.

marca a diferenza por completo.

Getting it wrong, and the pharmaceutical industry

Se o interpretamos incorrectamente, a industria farmacéutica

can still do very well for its shareholders

aínda o estaría a facer moi ben para os seus accionistas

but nothing improves for the people with bruised shins.

pero nada mellora para as persoas con pernas moradas.

Cause and effect.

Causa e efecto.

So what I'm suggesting is

O que eu suxiro é que,

maybe we have the cause and effect wrong

se cadra entendemos mal a relación causa-efecto

on obesity and insulin resistance.

entre a obesidade e a resistencia á insulina.

Maybe we should be asking ourselves,

Se cadra deberámonos preguntar,

is it possible that insulin resistance causes weight gain

é posible que a resistencia á insulina cause o aumento de peso

and the diseases associated with obesity,

e as enfermidades asociadas coa obesidade,

at least in most people?

polo menos na maioría das persoas?

What if being obese is just a metabolic response

E se ser obeso é só unha resposta metabólica

to something much more threatening,

a algo moito máis ameazante,

an underlying epidemic,

unha epidemia subxacente,

the one we ought to be worried about?

que é polo que deberiamos estar preocupados?

Let's look at some suggestive facts.

Vexamos uns feitos rechamantes.

We know that 30 million obese Americans

Sabemos que 30 millóns de estadounidenses obesos

in the United States don't have insulin resistance.

non teñen a resistencia á insulina.

And by the way, they don't appear to be at any

E, a propósito, non parecen ter

greater risk of disease than lean people.

maior risco de enfermidade que as persoas delgadas.

Conversely, we know that six million lean people

Por outra banda, sabemos que seis millóns de persoas fracas

in the United States are insulin-resistant,

nos Estados Unidos son insulinorresistentes,

and by the way, they appear to be at even greater risk

e, por certo, parecen presentar un risco aínda maior de padecer

for those metabolic diseases I mentioned a moment ago

estas enfermidades metabólicas que mencionaba

than their obese counterparts.

que os seus homólogos obesos.

Now I don't know why, but it might be because,

Non sei o porqué, pero podería ser porque

in their case, their cells haven't actually figured out

neste caso, as células non descubriron

the right thing to do with that excess energy.

o correcto que facer co exceso de enerxía.

So if you can be obese and not have insulin resistance,

Entón, pódese ser obeso e non ter resistencia á insulina,

and you can be lean and have it,

e pódese estar delgada e tela.

this suggests that obesity may just be a proxy

Isto suxire que a obesidade pode ser só un representante

for what's going on.

do que está sucedendo.

So what if we're fighting the wrong war,

E se estamos loitando a guerra equivocada,

fighting obesity rather than insulin resistance?

a loita contra a obesidade, no canto da resistencia á insulina?

Even worse, what if blaming the obese

Peor aínda, e se culpar ós obesos

means we're blaming the victims?

significa que estamos culpando ás vítimas?

What if some of our fundamental ideas about obesity

E se algunha das nosas ideas fundamentais sobre a obesidade están mal?

are just wrong?

Personally, I can't afford the luxury of arrogance anymore,

Persoalmente, xa non me permito o luxo da arrogancia

let alone the luxury of certainty.

e moito menos o luxo da certeza.

I have my own ideas about what could be at the heart of this,

Teño as miñas propias ideas sobre isto,

but I'm wide open to others.

pero estou aberto a outras.

Now, my hypothesis, because everybody always asks me,

A miña hipótese, porque todo o mundo ma pregunta é:

is this.

If you ask yourself, what's a cell trying to protect itself from

Se te preguntas, de que se intenta protexer unha célula

when it becomes insulin resistant,

cando se fai resistente á insulina?

the answer probably isn't too much food.

a resposta probablemente non sexa: demasiada comida.

It's more likely too much glucose: blood sugar.

Probablemente é a glicosa: azucre no sangue.

Now, we know that refined grains and starches

Agora sabemos que os grans refinados e o amidón

elevate your blood sugar in the short run,

elevan o azucre no sangue a curto prazo.

and there's even reason to believe that sugar

Hai incluso razóns para crer que o azucre

may lead to insulin resistance directly.

poida levar á resistencia á insulina directamente.

So if you put these physiological processes to work,

Se poñemos eses procesos fisiolóxicos a traballar,

I'd hypothesize that it might be our increased intake

a miña hipótese é que é posible que o aumento na inxesta

of refined grains, sugars and starches that's driving

de grans refinados, azucres e amidón nos estea levando

this epidemic of obesity and diabetes,

á epidemia de obesidade e diabetes,

but through insulin resistance,

pero a través da resistencia á insulina,

you see, and not necessarily through just overeating and under-exercising.

e non necesariamente por exceso de comida

e falta de exercicio.

When I lost my 40 pounds a few years ago,

Cando eu perdín os 18 quilos,

I did it simply by restricting those things,

fíxeno eliminando estas cousas,

which admittedly suggests I have a bias

polo que admito que teño unha inclinación

based on my personal experience.

baseada na miña experiencia persoal.

But that doesn't mean my bias is wrong,

Pero iso non significa que o meu prexuízo sexa malo,

and most important, all of this can be tested scientifically.

e o máis importante, todo isto pode ser probado cientificamente.

But step one is accepting the possibility

O primeiro paso é aceptar a posibilidade

that our current beliefs about obesity,

de que as nosas ideas actuais sobre obesidade,

diabetes and insulin resistance could be wrong

a diabetes e a resistencia á insulina poidan ser incorrectas

and therefore must be tested.

e, polo tanto, deben ser comprobadas.

I'm betting my career on this.

Aposto a miña carreira nisto.

Today, I devote all of my time to working on this problem,

Hoxe, dedico todo o meu tempo a traballar neste problema,

and I'll go wherever the science takes me.

e eu vou cara a onde a ciencia me leva.

I've decided that what I can't and won't do anymore

Decidín que o que nin podo nin vou facer máis

is pretend I have the answers when I don't.

é finxir que teño as respostas cando non as teño.

I've been humbled enough by all I don't know.

Xa me humillei o suficiente con todo o que non sei.

For the past year, I've been fortunate enough

No último ano, tiven a sorte

to work on this problem with the most amazing team

de traballar neste problema co equipo máis incrible

of diabetes and obesity researchers in the country,

de investigadores en diabetes e obesidade de todo o país,

and the best part is,

e o mellor é que,

just like Abraham Lincoln surrounded himself with a team of rivals,

tal como Abraham Lincoln se rodeara de rivais

we've done the same thing.

fixemos o mesmo.

We've recruited a team of scientific rivals,

Xuntamos un equipo de científicos rivais

the best and brightest who all have different hypotheses

o mellor e máis brillante entre os que teñen distintas hipóteses

for what's at the heart of this epidemic.

sobre o centro desta epidemia.

Some think it's too many calories consumed.

Algúns pensan que é o exceso de calorías.

Others think it's too much dietary fat.

Outros cren que é moita graxa na dieta.

Others think it's too many refined grains and starches.

Outros pensan que é o exceso de grans refinados e amidón.

But this team of multi-disciplinary,

Pero este equipo multidisciplinario

highly skeptical and exceedingly talented researchers

de investigadores altamente escépticos e de gran talento,

do agree on two things.

puxéronse de acordo en dous puntos.

First, this problem is just simply too important

En primeiro lugar, este problema é demasiado importante

to continue ignoring because we think we know the answer.

para seguir ignorándoo, crendo que sabemos a resposta.

And two, if we're willing to be wrong,

E dous, se estamos dispostos a estar equivocados,

if we're willing to challenge the conventional wisdom

a desafiar a sabedoría convencional,

with the best experiments science can offer,

coas mellores probas científicas,

we can solve this problem.

podemos solucionar este problema.

I know it's tempting to want an answer right now,

Sei que é tentador querer unha resposta inmediata,

some form of action or policy, some dietary prescription --

algún tipo de acción ou política, algunha prescrición dietética

eat this, not that —

--come isto, deixa isto--

but if we want to get it right,

pero se queremos facelo ben,

we're going to have to do much more rigorous science

imos ter que facer unha ciencia máis rigorosa

before we can write that prescription.

antes de prescribir nada.

Briefly, to address this, our research program

En resumo, para abordar isto,

is focused around three meta-themes, or questions.

o noso programa de investigación está centrado arredor de tres piares.

First, how do the various foods we consume

En primeiro lugar, como impacta o que consumimos

impact our metabolism, hormones and enzymes,

no noso metabolismo, hormonas e encimas,

and through what nuanced molecular mechanisms?

e a través de que matices nos mecanismos moleculares?

Second, based on these insights,

En segundo lugar, en base a estas ideas,

can people make the necessary changes in their diets

a xente pode facer os cambios necesarios nas súas dietas

in a way that's safe and practical to implement?

de forma que sexa seguro e práctico facelo?

And finally, once we identify what safe

E, finalmente, unha vez identificados os cambios prácticos e seguros

and practical changes people can make to their diet,

how can we move their behavior in that direction

como modificamos o noso comportamento

so that it becomes more the default

para que isto se converta no corrente

rather than the exception?

e non na excepción?

Just because you know what to do doesn't mean

Porque xa saben que saber o que se debe facer

you're always going to do it.

non sempre significa facelo.

Sometimes we have to put cues around people

Ás veces hai que poñer pistas,

to make it easier, and believe it or not,

para facelo máis doado, e créano ou non,

that can be studied scientifically.

isto pode estudarse cientificamente.

I don't know how this journey is going to end,

Non sei como vai rematar esta viaxe

but this much seems clear to me, at least:

pero, polo menos para min, unha cousa está clara,

We can't keep blaming our overweight and diabetic patients

Non podemos seguir culpando ós nosos pacientes con sobrepeso e diabéticos

like I did.

como fixen eu.

Most of them actually want to do the right thing,

A maioría deles queren facer o correcto,

but they have to know what that is,

pero teñen que saber o que é,

and it's got to work.

e así vai saír ben.

I dream of a day when our patients can

Soño co día no que os pacientes,

shed their excess pounds

poidan perder os quilos de máis,

and cure themselves of insulin resistance,

e autocurarse da resistencia á insulina

because as medical professionals,

grazas a que os profesionais médicos

we've shed our excess mental baggage

deixamos o noso exceso de ideas preconcibidas

and cured ourselves of new idea resistance sufficiently

e autocurámonos da resistencia ás novas ideas

to go back to our original ideals:

para volver ós nosos ideais orixinais:

open minds, the courage to throw out yesterday's ideas

mente aberta, valor para tirar as ideas de onte

when they don't appear to be working,

cando parecen non funcionar,

and the understanding that scientific truth isn't final,

e entender que a verdade científica non é definitiva,

but constantly evolving.

se non que evoluciona constantemente.

Staying true to that path will be better for our patients

Manterse fiel a ese camiño será mellor para os pacientes,

and better for science.

e mellor para a ciencia.

If obesity is nothing more than a proxy

Se a obesidade non é máis que un representante

for metabolic illness,

das enfermidades metabólicas,

what good does it do us to punish those with the proxy?

en que axuda castigar ao representante?

Sometimes I think back to that night in the E.R.

Ás veces penso naquela noite en urxencias

seven years ago.

de hai sete anos.

I wish I could speak with that woman again.

Gustaríame poder falar con aquela muller de novo.

I'd like to tell her how sorry I am.

Gustaríame dicirlle cando o sinto.

I'd say, as a doctor, I delivered

Diríalle que, como médico lle dei os mellores coidados que puiden,

the best clinical care I could,

but as a human being,

pero que como ser humano a decepcionei.

I let you down.

You didn't need my judgment and my contempt.

Non precisabas nin o meu xuízo nin o meu desprezo.

You needed my empathy and compassion,

Precisabas empatía e compaixón

and above all else, you needed a doctor

e por riba de todo, precisabas un médico

who was willing to consider

que estivese disposto a considerar

maybe you didn't let the system down.

que se cadra non eras ti a que lle estaba fallando ó sistema.

Maybe the system, of which I was a part,

Se cadra era o sistema, do que eu era parte,

was letting you down.

o que che estaba fallando.

If you're watching this now,

Se estás vendo isto,

I hope you can forgive me.

Espero que me poidas perdoar.

(Applause)

(Aplausos)