Peter Attia: What if we're wrong about diabetes?

2,682,794 views ใƒป 2013-06-25

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

00:00
Translator: Joseph Geni Reviewer: Morton Bast
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ืžืชืจื’ื: Zeeva Livshitz ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:12
I'll never forget that day
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืืฉื›ื— ืืช ื”ื™ื•ื ื”ื”ื•ื
00:13
back in the spring of 2006.
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ื‘ืื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœ 2006
00:17
I was a surgical resident
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืจื•ืคื ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’
00:19
at The Johns Hopkins Hospital,
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ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื ื’'ื•ื ืก ื”ื•ืคืงื™ื ืก
00:21
taking emergency call.
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ืžืงื‘ืœ ืฉื™ื—ืช ื—ื™ืจื•ื.
00:23
I got paged by the E.R. around 2 in the morning
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ื–ื•ืžื ืชื™ ืœื—ื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช 2 ืœืคื ื•ืช ื‘ื•ืงืจ
00:26
to come and see a woman with a diabetic ulcer
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ื•ืœืจืื•ืช ืื™ืฉื” ืขื ื›ื™ื‘ ืกื•ื›ืจืชื™
00:28
on her foot.
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ืขืœ ื›ืฃ ืจื’ืœื”.
00:30
I can still remember sort of that smell of rotting flesh
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ืื ื™ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื–ื•ื›ืจ ืกื•ื’ ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืจื™ื— ืฉืœ ื‘ืฉืจ ืจืงื•ื‘
00:34
as I pulled the curtain back to see her.
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ื›ืฉื”ืกื˜ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื•ื™ืœื•ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื”.
00:38
And everybody there agreed this woman was very sick
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ื›ื•ืœื ืฉื ื”ืกื›ื™ืžื• ืฉื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ื—ื•ืœื” ืžืื•ื“
00:40
and she needed to be in the hospital.
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ื•ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื•ืœื™ื.
00:41
That wasn't being asked.
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ื–ื• ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื”ืฉืืœื”
00:43
The question that was being asked of me was a different one,
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ื”ืฉืืœื” ืฉื ืฉืืœืชื™ ื”ื™ืชื” ืื—ืจืช,
00:45
which was, did she also need an amputation?
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ืฉื”ื™ืชื”, ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ื ืฆืจื›ื” ื’ื ืœืงื˜ื™ืขื”?
00:49
Now, looking back on that night,
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ื›ืขืช, ื‘ืžื‘ื˜ ืœืื—ื•ืจ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื”,
00:52
I'd love so desperately to believe that I treated that woman
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ืืฉืžื— ื ื•ืืฉื•ืช ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื›ื™ ื˜ื™ืคืœืชื™ ื‘ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช
00:57
on that night with the same empathy and compassion
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืขื ืื•ืชื” ืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื”
01:00
I'd shown the 27-year-old newlywed
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ืฉื”ืจืืชื™ ืœืืฉื” ื‘ืช 27 ืฉื–ื” ืขืชื” ื ื™ืฉืื”
01:04
who came to the E.R. three nights earlier
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื” ืœื—ื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ
01:06
with lower back pain
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ืขื ื›ืื‘ ื’ื‘ ืชื—ืชื•ืŸ
01:08
that turned out to be advanced pancreatic cancer.
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ืฉื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ืžืชืงื“ื.
01:12
In her case, I knew there was nothing I could do
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื”, ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉืœื ื”ื™ื” ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช
01:14
that was actually going to save her life.
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ืฉื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”.
01:16
The cancer was too advanced.
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ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืžืชืงื“ื ืžื“ื™.
01:18
But I was committed to making sure that
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžื—ื•ื™ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ื
01:21
I could do anything possible to make her stay
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ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืืคืฉืจื™ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื” ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ
01:23
more comfortable. I brought her a warm blanket
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ื ื•ื— ื™ื•ืชืจ. ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืœื”, ืฉืžื™ื›ื” ื—ืžื”
01:26
and a cup of a coffee.
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ื•ื›ื•ืก ืงืคื”.
01:28
I brought some for her parents.
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ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ื’ื ืœื”ื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื”.
01:31
But more importantly, see, I passed no judgment on her,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืœื ื’ื–ืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืคืกืง-ื“ื™ืŸ,
01:34
because obviously she had done nothing
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœื ืขืฉืชื” ืžืฉื”ื•
01:36
to bring this on herself.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
01:38
So why was it that, just a few nights later,
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ืื– ืœืžื” ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื›ืš, ื›ืžื” ืœื™ืœื•ืช ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
01:41
as I stood in that same E.R. and determined
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ื›ืฉืขืžื“ืชื™ ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื—ื“ืจ ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื ื—ื•ืฉ ื‘ื“ืขืชื™
01:44
that my diabetic patient did indeed need an amputation,
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ืฉื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ืกื•ื›ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœื™ ืื›ืŸ ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืงื˜ื™ืขื”,
01:47
why did I hold her in such bitter contempt?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื›ืœ ื›ืš ื‘ื–ื•ื™?
01:51
You see, unlike the woman the night before,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ืฉืœื ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ืฉื‘ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืงื•ื“ื,
01:54
this woman had type 2 diabetes.
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ืœืื™ืฉื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืกื•ื›ืจืช ืกื•ื’ 2.
01:56
She was fat.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื™ืชื” ืฉืžื ื”.
01:58
And we all know that's from eating too much
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื™ืชืจ
01:59
and not exercising enough, right?
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ื•ื—ื•ืกืจ ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžืกืคืงืช, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
02:02
I mean, how hard can it be?
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ื›ืœื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื” ืงืฉื” ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช?
02:04
As I looked down at her in the bed, I thought to myself,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื™ ืžื‘ื™ื˜ ื‘ื” ื‘ืžื™ื˜ืชื”, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™,
02:07
if you just tried caring even a little bit,
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ืื ืจืง ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื™ืกื™ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืงืฆืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื›ืคืชื™ืช,
02:10
you wouldn't be in this situation at this moment
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ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ื‘ืžืฆื‘ ื–ื” ื›ืขืช
02:13
with some doctor you've never met
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ืขื ืจื•ืคื ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ืคื’ืฉืช
02:14
about to amputate your foot.
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ืฉืขื•ืžื“ ืœื›ืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืจื’ืœ ืฉืœืš.
02:18
Why did I feel justified in judging her?
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ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืจื’ืฉืชื™ ืฉื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืฉืคื•ื˜ ืื•ืชื”?
02:22
I'd like to say I don't know.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœื”ื’ื™ื“ ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
02:25
But I actually do.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
02:27
You see, in the hubris of my youth,
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื‘ื”ื™ื‘ืจื™ืก ื”ื ืขื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื™,
02:29
I thought I had her all figured out.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืฆืœื” ื”ื›ืœ.
02:32
She ate too much. She got unlucky.
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ื”ื™ื ืื›ืœื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™. ื”ื™ื” ืœื” ื‘ื™ืฉ ืžื–ืœ..
02:34
She got diabetes. Case closed.
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ื”ื™ื ืงื™ื‘ืœื” ืกื•ื›ืจืช. ื”ืžืงืจื” ืกื’ื•ืจ.
02:37
Ironically, at that time in my life,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืจื•ื ื™, ื‘ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™,
02:39
I was also doing cancer research,
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ื’ื ืขืกืงืชื™ ื‘ื—ืงืจ ื”ืกืจื˜ืŸ,
02:41
immune-based therapies for melanoma, to be specific,
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ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœื™ื ืžื‘ื•ืกืกื™ ื—ื™ืกื•ืŸ ืœืžืœื ื•ืžื”, ืื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกืคืฆื™ืคื™ื™ื
02:43
and in that world I was actually taught to question everything,
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ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืœืžืขืฉื” ืœื™ืžื“ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ื˜ื™ืœ ืกืคืง ื‘ื›ืœ,
02:47
to challenge all assumptions
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ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื•ืช
02:49
and hold them to the highest possible scientific standards.
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ื•ืœื”ื—ื–ื™ืง ืื•ืชื ื‘ืกื˜ื ื“ืจื˜ื™ื ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืืคืฉืจื™ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื“ืขื™.
02:53
Yet when it came to a disease like diabetes
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ืืš ื›ืืฉืจ ื–ื” ื”ื’ื™ืข ืœืžื—ืœื” ื›ืžื• ืกื•ื›ืจืช
02:57
that kills Americans eight times more frequently than melanoma,
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ืฉื”ื•ืจื’ืช ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ื‘ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืคื™ 8 ืžืืฉืจ ืžืœื ื•ืžื”,
03:00
I never once questioned the conventional wisdom.
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ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื”ื˜ืœืชื™ ืกืคืง ื‘ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช.
03:04
I actually just assumed the pathologic sequence of events
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืขืฆื ืจืง ื”ื ื—ืชื™ ืฉื”ื”ืฉืชืœืฉืœื•ืช ื”ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืืจื•ืขื™ื
03:07
was settled science.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืžื“ืข ืžื‘ื•ืกืก.
03:09
Three years later, I found out how wrong I was.
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ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉื ื™ื ืžืื•ื—ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื” ื˜ืขื™ืชื™.
03:13
But this time, I was the patient.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืคืขื, ื”ื—ื•ืœื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื ื™.
03:15
Despite exercising three or four hours every single day,
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ืœืžืจื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืื• ืืจื‘ืข ืฉืขื•ืช ืžื“ื™ ื™ื•ื,
03:19
and following the food pyramid to the letter,
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ื•ืื›ื™ืœื” ืžื•ืงืคื“ืช ืœืคื™ ืคื™ืจืžื™ื“ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืžืœืฆืช,
03:22
I'd gained a lot of weight and developed something
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ื”ืขืœื™ืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืฉืงืœ, ื•ืคื™ืชื—ืชื™ ืžืฉื”ื•
03:24
called metabolic syndrome.
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ื‘ืฉื ืชืกืžื•ื ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช.
03:26
Some of you may have heard of this.
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ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ืื•ืœื™ ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœ ื–ื”.
03:28
I had become insulin-resistant.
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
03:31
You can think of insulin as this master hormone
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืขืœ ื”ื•ืจืžื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜
03:34
that controls what our body does with the foods we eat,
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ืฉืฉื•ืœื˜ ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉืœื ื• ืขื•ืฉื” ืขื ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉืื ื• ืื•ื›ืœื™ื,
03:38
whether we burn it or store it.
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ืื ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ืื•ืชื• ืื• ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืื•ืชื•.
03:40
This is called fuel partitioning in the lingo.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ืœืง ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืจ.
03:43
Now failure to produce enough insulin is incompatible with life.
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ื›ืฉืœ ืœื™ื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืœื ืžืชืื™ื ืœื—ื™ื™ื.
03:46
And insulin resistance, as its name suggests,
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ื•ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืฉืžื” ืžืจืžื–,
03:49
is when your cells get increasingly resistant
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื›ื ื ืขืฉื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื
03:51
to the effect of insulin trying to do its job.
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ืœืืคืงื˜ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืฉืžื ืกื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ืฉืœื•.
03:55
Once you're insulin-resistant,
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ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืืชื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
03:57
you're on your way to getting diabetes,
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ืืชื ืขืœ ื”ื“ืจืš ืฉืœื›ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืกื•ื›ืจืช,
03:58
which is what happens when your pancreas
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ื•ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืœื‘ืœื‘ ืฉืœื›ื
04:00
can't keep up with the resistance and make enough insulin.
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืžื•ื“ ื‘ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ื•ืœื™ืฆืจ ืžืกืคื™ืง ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
04:04
Now your blood sugar levels start to rise,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžืชื—ื™ืœื•ืช ืจืžื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื ืœืขืœื•ืช,
04:06
and an entire cascade of pathologic events
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ื•ืžืคืœ ืฉืœื ืฉืœ ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืคืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื
04:09
sort of spirals out of control that can lead to heart disease,
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ืกื•ื’ ืฉืœ ื™ืฆื™ืื” ืžื›ืœืœ ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืœื‘,
04:13
cancer, even Alzheimer's disease,
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ืกืจื˜ืŸ, ืืคื™ืœื• ืืœืฆื”ื™ื™ืžืจ,
04:16
and amputations, just like that woman a few years earlier.
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ื•ืงื˜ื™ืขื•ืช ื’ืคื™ื™ื, ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ืžื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ืงื•ื“ื ืœื›ืŸ.
04:21
With that scare, I got busy changing my diet radically,
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ืขื ืื™ืžื” ื–ื•, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืขืกื•ืง ื‘ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืจื“ื™ืงืœื™ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื™,
04:24
adding and subtracting things most of you would find
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ืชื•ืš ื”ื•ืกืคื” ื•ื—ื™ืกื•ืจ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืฉืจื•ื‘ื›ื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžื•ืฆืื™ื
04:26
almost assuredly shocking.
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ืœืžื–ืขื–ืขื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ ืœื•ื•ื“ืื™.
04:29
I did this and lost 40 pounds, weirdly while exercising less.
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื–ืืช ื•ื”ื•ืจื“ืชื™ 18 ืงื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ื–ืจ ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืคื—ื•ืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช
04:33
I, as you can see, I guess I'm not overweight anymore.
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ืื ื™, ื›ืคื™ ืฉืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื— ืฉืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ.
04:36
More importantly, I don't have insulin resistance.
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ื•ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ, ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
04:39
But most important, I was left
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื ืฉืืจืชื™
04:41
with these three burning questions that wouldn't go away:
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ืขื ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืฉืืœื•ืช ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืื™ื ืŸ ืžืกืชืœืงื•ืช:
04:44
How did this happen to me if I was supposedly
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ืื™ืš ื–ื” ืงืจื” ืœื™ ืื ื›ื‘ื™ื›ื•ืœ
04:47
doing everything right?
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ื”ื›ืœ ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
04:50
If the conventional wisdom about nutrition had failed me,
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ืื ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ืขืœ ืชื–ื•ื ื” ื”ื›ื–ื™ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื™,
04:53
was it possible it was failing someone else?
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื›ื–ื™ื‘ื” ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ?
04:56
And underlying these questions,
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ื•ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉืืœื•ืช ืืœื•
04:58
I became almost maniacally obsessed
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ื”ืคื›ืชื™ ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื™ืจื•ืฃ
05:02
in trying to understand the real relationship
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ื‘ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ืืžื™ืชื™
05:04
between obesity and insulin resistance.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
05:08
Now, most researchers believe obesity
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืจื•ื‘ ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ
05:11
is the cause of insulin resistance.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
05:14
Logically, then, if you want to treat insulin resistance,
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ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™ืช, ืื ื›ืŸ, ืื ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
05:16
you get people to lose weight, right?
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ืืชื ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืจื“ืช ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
05:18
You treat the obesity.
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ืืชื ืžืชื™ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืœื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ.
05:21
But what if we have it backwards?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืื ื”ื‘ื ื• ืืช ื–ื” ื”ืคื•ืš?
05:24
What if obesity isn't the cause of insulin resistance at all?
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ืื™ื ื” ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืฉืœ ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ื›ืœืœ?
05:27
In fact, what if it's a symptom of a much deeper problem,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืžืคื˜ื•ื ืฉืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ืขืžื•ืงื” ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”,
05:31
the tip of a proverbial iceberg?
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ืงืฆื” ืงืฆื”ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืงืจื—ื•ืŸ ?
05:34
I know it sounds crazy because we're obviously in the midst
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ื ืฉืžืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื”
05:36
of an obesity epidemic, but hear me out.
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ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ, ืื‘ืœ ืฉืžืขื• ืื•ืชื™.
05:40
What if obesity is a coping mechanism
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ื•ืช
05:43
for a far more sinister problem going on
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ืœื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ื™ืžืช ืฉืงื•ืจื™ืช
05:46
underneath the cell?
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ืžืชื—ืช ืœืชื?
05:48
I'm not suggesting that obesity is benign,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ืžืฆื™ืข ืฉื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืฉืคื™ืจื”,
05:50
but what I am suggesting is it may be the lesser
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ื˜ื•ืขืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื–ื” ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ื’ืจื•ืข ืคื—ื•ืช
05:53
of two metabolic evils.
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ืžืฉืชื™ ืจืขื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช.
05:55
You can think of insulin resistance as the reduced capacity
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ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื›ืขืœ ื™ื›ื•ืœืช ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช
05:58
of our cells to partition fuel,
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ืฉืœื ื• ืœื—ืœื•ืงืช ื“ืœืง,
06:00
as I alluded to a moment ago,
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื–ื›ืจืชื™ ืœืคื ื™ ืจื’ืข
06:03
taking those calories that we take in
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ืœืงื—ืช ืื•ืชืŸ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช,ืฉืื ื• ืœื•ืงื—ื™ื
06:04
and burning some appropriately and storing some appropriately.
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ื•ืœืฉืจื•ืฃ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ื ื›ืจืื•ื™ ื•ืœืื›ืกืŸ ื—ืœืง ื›ืจืื•ื™.
06:08
When we become insulin-resistant,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื• ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืขืžื™ื“ื™ื ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
06:10
the homeostasis in that balance deviates from this state.
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ื”ื”ื•ืžืื•ืกื˜ื–ื” ื‘ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืกื•ื˜ื” ืžืžืฆื‘ ื–ื”.
06:13
So now, when insulin says to a cell,
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ืื– ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ืœืชื,
06:15
I want you to burn more energy
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืฉืชืฉืจื•ืฃ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืจื’ื™ื”
06:17
than the cell considers safe, the cell, in effect, says,
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ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชื ืจื•ืื” ื›ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ืชื, ืœืžืขืฉื”, ืื•ืžืจ,
06:20
"No thanks, I'd actually rather store this energy."
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"ืœื ืชื•ื“ื”, ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืขื“ื™ืฃ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื–ื•."
06:24
And because fat cells are actually missing most of
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ื•ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉืชืื™ ืฉื•ืžืŸ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื—ืกืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ื‘
06:26
the complex cellular machinery found in other cells,
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ื”ืžื ื’ื ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืื™ ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืชืื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
06:29
it's probably the safest place to store it.
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ื–ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื‘ื˜ื•ื— ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืื•ืชื”.
06:31
So for many of us, about 75 million Americans,
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ืื– ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื•, ื›- 75 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ื,
06:36
the appropriate response to insulin resistance
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ื”ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ
06:40
may actually be to store it as fat, not the reverse,
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ื‘ืคื•ืขืœ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœืื—ืกืŸ ืื•ืชื• ื›ืฉื•ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื ืœื”ื™ืคืš,
06:45
getting insulin resistance in response to getting fat.
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ืงื‘ืœืช ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืฉืžื ื”.
06:50
This is a really subtle distinction,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื‘ื—ื ื” ื‘ืืžืช ืžืจื•ืžื–ืช,
06:52
but the implication could be profound.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื•ืงื”.
06:56
Consider the following analogy:
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืื”:
06:58
Think of the bruise you get on your shin
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ื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ืฉืชืงื‘ืœื• ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืง ืฉืœื›ื
07:01
when you inadvertently bang your leg into the coffee table.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืืชื ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ืืช ืจื’ืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ืงืคื”.
07:05
Sure, the bruise hurts like hell, and you almost certainly
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ื‘ื˜ื•ื—, ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ื•ืื‘ืช ืžืื“, ื•ืืชื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื‘ื˜ื•ื—
07:08
don't like the discolored look, but we all know
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ืœื ืื•ื”ื‘ ืืช ื”ืžืจืื” ื”ืžื•ื›ืชื, ืื‘ืœ ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื
07:11
the bruise per Se is not the problem.
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ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”.
07:14
In fact, it's the opposite. It's a healthy response to the trauma,
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื–ื” ื”ื”ืคืš. ื”ื™ื ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืจื™ืื” ืœื˜ืจืื•ืžื”,
07:18
all of those immune cells rushing to the site of the injury
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืื™ื ื”ื—ื™ืกื•ื ื™ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืžื”ืจื™ื ืœืืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืคื’ื™ืขื”
07:21
to salvage cellular debris and prevent the spread
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฆื™ืœ ืืช ืคืกื•ืœืช ื”ืชืื™ื ื•ืœืžื ื•ืข ื”ืชืคืฉื˜ื•ืช
07:24
of infection to elsewhere in the body.
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ืฉืœ ื–ื™ื”ื•ื ืœืžืงื•ื ืื—ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ.
07:26
Now, imagine we thought bruises were the problem,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉื—ื‘ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื‘ืขื™ื”,
07:30
and we evolved a giant medical establishment
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ื•ืคื™ืชื—ื ื• ืžืžืกื“ ืจืคื•ืื™ ื”ืขื ืง
07:33
and a culture around treating bruises:
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ื•ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื—ื‘ืœื•ืช:
07:36
masking creams, painkillers, you name it,
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ืžืฉื—ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื•ืื”, ืžืฉื›ื›ื™ ื›ืื‘ื™ื, ืžื” ืฉืชื’ื™ื“ื•,
07:39
all the while ignoring the fact that people
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ื‘ื• ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ืชื•ืš ื”ืชืขืœืžื•ืช ืžื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื
07:42
are still banging their shins into coffee tables.
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ื•ื‘ื˜ื™ื ื‘ืฉื•ืงื™ื”ื ื‘ืฉื•ืœื—ื ื•ืช ืงืคื”.
07:45
How much better would we be if we treated the cause --
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ื›ืžื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื• ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื˜ืคืœื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจื -
07:48
telling people to pay attention
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ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืœืฉื™ื ืœื‘
07:50
when they walk through the living room --
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื“ืจืš ื”ืกืœื•ืŸ -
07:52
rather than the effect?
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”?
07:55
Getting the cause and the effect right
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ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ื”ืชื•ืฆืื”
07:57
makes all the difference in the world.
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ืขื•ืฉื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื”ื‘ื“ืœ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
07:59
Getting it wrong, and the pharmaceutical industry
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ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ื–ืืช ื ื›ื•ืŸ, ื•ืชืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช
08:02
can still do very well for its shareholders
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ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืชืคืงื“ ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”
08:05
but nothing improves for the people with bruised shins.
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ืืš ืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืฉืชืคืจ ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื ื”ืฉื•ืงื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื‘ื•ืœื•ืช.
08:09
Cause and effect.
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ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื”.
08:12
So what I'm suggesting is
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืžืฆื™ืข ื–ื”
08:14
maybe we have the cause and effect wrong
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ื•ืชื•ืฆืื” ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื•ืช
08:16
on obesity and insulin resistance.
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ืขืœ ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื•ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
08:19
Maybe we should be asking ourselves,
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ืื•ืœื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื•,
08:21
is it possible that insulin resistance causes weight gain
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ื”ืื ื–ื” ืืคืฉืจื™ ืฉืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืขืœื™ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉืงืœ
08:25
and the diseases associated with obesity,
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ื•ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืงืฉื•ืจื•ืช ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
08:27
at least in most people?
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืืฆืœ ืจื•ื‘ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื?
08:28
What if being obese is just a metabolic response
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ืžื” ืื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืจืง ืชื’ื•ื‘ื” ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช
08:31
to something much more threatening,
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ืœืžืฉื”ื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ื™ื,
08:34
an underlying epidemic,
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ืžื’ื™ืคื” ืฉืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื™ืกื•ื“,
08:36
the one we ought to be worried about?
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืžืžื ื•?
08:38
Let's look at some suggestive facts.
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ื”ื‘ื” ื ื‘ื—ืŸ ื›ืžื” ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ืžืจื•ืžื–ื•ืช.
08:40
We know that 30 million obese Americans
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ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉืœ-30 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ื
08:42
in the United States don't have insulin resistance.
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ืื™ืŸ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ.
08:45
And by the way, they don't appear to be at any
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ื›ื‘ืขืœื™
08:47
greater risk of disease than lean people.
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ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžืืฉืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื–ื™ื.
08:50
Conversely, we know that six million lean people
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื–ืืช, ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ื™ ืฉื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื–ื™ื
08:53
in the United States are insulin-resistant,
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ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ื”ื‘ืจื™ืช ื”ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ืขืžื™ื“ื•ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
08:57
and by the way, they appear to be at even greater risk
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ื•ืื’ื‘, ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืกื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ
09:00
for those metabolic diseases I mentioned a moment ago
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ืœืžื—ืœื•ืช ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ื•ืช ืืœื” ืฉืฆื™ื™ื ืชื™ ืžืงื•ื“ื
09:02
than their obese counterparts.
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ืžืืฉืจ ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื™ื”ื ื”ืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ..
09:04
Now I don't know why, but it might be because,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืœืžื”, ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ,
09:06
in their case, their cells haven't actually figured out
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ืฉื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ืชืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื”ื‘ื™ื ื•
09:09
the right thing to do with that excess energy.
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ืžื”ื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืขื ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ื”ืขื•ื“ืคืช.
09:12
So if you can be obese and not have insulin resistance,
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ืื– ืื ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžื ื™ื ืœืœื ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
09:15
and you can be lean and have it,
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืจื–ื™ื ื•ืฉื™ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื”,
09:17
this suggests that obesity may just be a proxy
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ื–ื” ืžืจืžื– ืฉื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ื•ื”ื™ื ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืฉืจืช ืคืจื•ืงืกื™
09:21
for what's going on.
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ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื”.
09:24
So what if we're fighting the wrong war,
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ืื– ืžื” ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืžืœื—ืžื” ื”ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
09:27
fighting obesity rather than insulin resistance?
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ื ืœื—ืžื™ื ื‘ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื•ืœื ื‘ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ?
09:31
Even worse, what if blaming the obese
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ืืคื™ืœื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ืจื•ืข, ืžื” ืื ื”ืืฉืžืช ื”ืฉืžื ื™ื
09:34
means we're blaming the victims?
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ืžืฉืžืขื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืืฉื™ืžื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช?
09:37
What if some of our fundamental ideas about obesity
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ืžื” ืื ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืกื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ
09:40
are just wrong?
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื?
09:42
Personally, I can't afford the luxury of arrogance anymore,
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ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืื™ืฉื™, ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืจืฉื•ืช ืœืขืฆืžื™ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ,
09:46
let alone the luxury of certainty.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืฉืœื ืืช ื”ืžื•ืชืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื•ื•ื“ืื•ืช.
09:49
I have my own ideas about what could be at the heart of this,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืžืฉืœื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื–ื”,
09:52
but I'm wide open to others.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ืคืชื•ื— ืœืจื•ื•ื—ื” ืœืื—ืจื™ื.
09:54
Now, my hypothesis, because everybody always asks me,
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื”ืฉืขืจื” ืฉืœื™, ื›ื™ ื›ื•ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืื•ืชื™,
09:56
is this.
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ื”ื™ื ื–ื•.
09:58
If you ask yourself, what's a cell trying to protect itself from
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ืื ืืชื ืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ืขืฆืžื›ื, ืžืคื ื™ ืžื” ืชื ืžื ืกื” ืœื”ื’ืŸ ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื•
10:01
when it becomes insulin resistant,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื”ื•ืคืš ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขืžื™ื“ ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
10:03
the answer probably isn't too much food.
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ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ื ืจืื” ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืžื–ื•ืŸ.
10:06
It's more likely too much glucose: blood sugar.
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ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื’ืœื•ืงื•ื–ื”: ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื.
10:09
Now, we know that refined grains and starches
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ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืฉื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ืœื ื™ื
10:11
elevate your blood sugar in the short run,
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ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืกื•ื›ืจ ื‘ื“ื ืฉืœื›ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื— ื”ืงืฆืจ,
10:14
and there's even reason to believe that sugar
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืืคื™ืœื• ืกื™ื‘ื” ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉืกื•ื›ืจ
10:15
may lead to insulin resistance directly.
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ืขืœื•ืœ ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ .
10:18
So if you put these physiological processes to work,
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ืื– ืื ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื ืชื”ืœื™ื›ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื ืืœื”,
10:22
I'd hypothesize that it might be our increased intake
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืฉืขืจ ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉื–ื• ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืฆืจื™ื›ืช ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ืฉืœื ื•
10:26
of refined grains, sugars and starches that's driving
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ืฉืœ ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ืกื•ื›ืจื™ื ื•ืขืžื™ืœื ื™ื ืฉืžื ื™ืขื™ื
10:29
this epidemic of obesity and diabetes,
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ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื–ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ, ื•ืกื•ื›ืจืช,
10:33
but through insulin resistance,
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ืื‘ืœ ื“ืจืš ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ,
10:35
you see, and not necessarily through just overeating and under-exercising.
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ืืชื ืจื•ืื™ื, ื•ืœื ืžืžืฉ ื‘ื”ื›ืจื— ื“ืจืš ืื›ื™ืœืช ื™ืชืจ ื’ืจื™ื“ื ื•ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ื’ื•ืคื ื™ืช ืžื•ืคื—ืชืช.
10:39
When I lost my 40 pounds a few years ago,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ื‘ื“ืชื™ 18 ืง"ื’ ืœืคื ื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื
10:42
I did it simply by restricting those things,
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืืช ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
10:44
which admittedly suggests I have a bias
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ืืฉืจ ืœืœื ืกืคืง ืžืฆื™ืขื” ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ื”ื˜ื™ื”
10:48
based on my personal experience.
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ืขืœ ืกืžืš ื”ื ื™ืกื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื™ืฉื™ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ืชื—ื•ื.
10:50
But that doesn't mean my bias is wrong,
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ืœื ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื”ื˜ื™ื”ื™ ืฉืœื™ ืื™ื ื” ื ื›ื•ื ื”,
10:53
and most important, all of this can be tested scientifically.
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ื•ื”ื›ื™ ื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื›ืœ ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
10:57
But step one is accepting the possibility
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆืขื“ ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ืœืงื‘ืœ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
11:00
that our current beliefs about obesity,
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ืฉื”ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ,
11:02
diabetes and insulin resistance could be wrong
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ืกื•ื›ืจืช, ื•ืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื’ื•ื™ืช
11:05
and therefore must be tested.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ื‘ื“ืง.
11:08
I'm betting my career on this.
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ืื ื™ ืžื”ืžืจ ืขืœ ื”ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื–ื”.
11:10
Today, I devote all of my time to working on this problem,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ืื ื™ ืžืงื“ื™ืฉ ืืช ื›ืœ ื–ืžื ื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•,
11:15
and I'll go wherever the science takes me.
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ื•ืื ื™ ืืœืš ืœื›ืœ ืžืงื•ื ืฉืืœื™ื• ื”ืžื“ืข ืœื•ืงื— ืื•ืชื™.
11:18
I've decided that what I can't and won't do anymore
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ื”ื—ืœื˜ืชื™ ืฉืžื” ืฉืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ, ื•ืœื ืืขืฉื” ืขื•ื“
11:21
is pretend I have the answers when I don't.
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ื”ื•ื ืœื”ืขืžื™ื“ ืคื ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ื›ืืฉืจ ืื™ืŸ ืœื™ ืื•ืชืŸ.
11:24
I've been humbled enough by all I don't know.
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ืื ื™ ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ื ื•ืข ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข.
11:28
For the past year, I've been fortunate enough
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ื‘ืฉื ื” ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื”, ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืจ ืžื–ืœ ื“ื™ื™
11:31
to work on this problem with the most amazing team
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ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ืขืœ ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื–ื• ืขื ื”ืฆื•ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
11:34
of diabetes and obesity researchers in the country,
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ ืกื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื”ืฉืžื ื” ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื”,
11:37
and the best part is,
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ื•ื”ื—ืœืง ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื,
11:39
just like Abraham Lincoln surrounded himself with a team of rivals,
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ืื‘ืจื”ื ืœื™ื ืงื•ืœืŸ ืฉื”ืงื™ืฃ ืขืฆืžื• ืขื ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื,
11:43
we've done the same thing.
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ืขืฉื™ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื”ื“ื‘ืจ.
11:44
We've recruited a team of scientific rivals,
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื’ื™ื™ืกื ื• ืฆื•ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืžืชื—ืจื™ื ืžื“ืขื™ื™ื,
11:47
the best and brightest who all have different hypotheses
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ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื•ื”ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœื›ื•ืœื ื™ืฉ ื”ืฉืขืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช
11:51
for what's at the heart of this epidemic.
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ืœืžื” ื”ื•ื ืœื‘ ืœื™ื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื™ืคื” ื”ื–ื•.
11:52
Some think it's too many calories consumed.
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ื—ืœืง ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืงืœื•ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉื ืฆืจื›ื•.
11:55
Others think it's too much dietary fat.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ืฉื•ืžื ื™ื.
11:57
Others think it's too many refined grains and starches.
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ืื—ืจื™ื ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™ ื“ื’ื ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืงืงื™ื, ื•ืขืžื™ืœื ื™ื.
12:01
But this team of multi-disciplinary,
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ืื‘ืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืจื‘-ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ื–ื”,
12:03
highly skeptical and exceedingly talented researchers
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ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืกืคืงื ื™ื ื•ืžืื•ื“ ืžื•ื›ืฉืจื™ื
12:06
do agree on two things.
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ืžืกื›ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
12:09
First, this problem is just simply too important
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืžื›ื“ื™
12:12
to continue ignoring because we think we know the answer.
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ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ื•ืœื”ืชืขืœื ืžืžื ื” ื›ื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื”.
12:15
And two, if we're willing to be wrong,
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ื•ืฉื ื™ืช, ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื˜ื•ืขื™ื,
12:18
if we're willing to challenge the conventional wisdom
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ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืžื•ื›ื ื™ื ืœืืชื’ืจ ืืช ื”ื“ืขื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช
12:20
with the best experiments science can offer,
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ืขื ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข,
12:23
we can solve this problem.
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืคืชื•ืจ ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•.
12:26
I know it's tempting to want an answer right now,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉื–ื” ืžืคืชื” ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœืงื‘ืœ ืชืฉื•ื‘ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
12:29
some form of action or policy, some dietary prescription --
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ืฆื•ืจื” ื›ืœืฉื”ื™ ืฉืœ ืคืขื•ืœื” ืื• ืžื“ื™ื ื™ื•ืช, ืžืจืฉื ืชื–ื•ื ืชื™ ืžืกื•ื™ื-
12:33
eat this, not that โ€”
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ืœืื›ื•ืœ ืืช ื–ื”, ื•ืœื ืืช ื–ื” โ€“
12:35
but if we want to get it right,
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ืืš ืื ืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื–ื” ื›ื”ืœื›ื”,
12:37
we're going to have to do much more rigorous science
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ืžื“ืข ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื”ื™ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืคื“ื ื™
12:39
before we can write that prescription.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืžืจืฉื ื–ื”.
12:42
Briefly, to address this, our research program
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ื‘ืงืฆืจื”, ื›ื“ื™ ืœื˜ืคืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื” ื–ื•, ืชื•ื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ืฉืœื ื•
12:44
is focused around three meta-themes, or questions.
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ืžืชืžืงื“ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืฉืœื•ืฉื” ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ืžืจื›ื–ื™ื™ื, ืื• ืฉืืœื•ืช.
12:47
First, how do the various foods we consume
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ืจืืฉื™ืช, ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื–ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืฉื•ื ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื
12:50
impact our metabolism, hormones and enzymes,
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื—ื™ืœื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœื ื•, ื”ื•ืจืžื•ื ื™ื, ื•ืื ื–ื™ืžื™ื,
12:53
and through what nuanced molecular mechanisms?
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ื•ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืื™ืœื• ืžื ื’ื ื•ื ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืจื™ื™ื ืžื’ื•ื•ื ื™ื?
12:56
Second, based on these insights,
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ืฉื ื™ืช,ื‘ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืขืœ ืชื•ื‘ื ื•ืช ืืœื•,
12:58
can people make the necessary changes in their diets
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ื”ืื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ืืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื
13:01
in a way that's safe and practical to implement?
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ื‘ื“ืจืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ื•ืžืขืฉื™ืช ืœื™ื™ืฉื•ื?
13:05
And finally, once we identify what safe
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ื•ืœื‘ืกื•ืฃ, ื‘ืจื’ืข ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื”
13:08
and practical changes people can make to their diet,
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ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื™ื ื•ืžืขืฉื™ื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืข ื‘ื“ื™ืื˜ื” ืฉืœื”ื,
13:11
how can we move their behavior in that direction
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื ื™ืข ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืชื ื‘ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื–ื”
13:15
so that it becomes more the default
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ื›ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื™ืจืช ื”ืžื—ื“ืœ
13:17
rather than the exception?
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ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื•ืฆื ืžืŸ ื”ื›ืœืœ?
13:19
Just because you know what to do doesn't mean
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ืจืง ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืœื ืื•ืžืจ
13:21
you're always going to do it.
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ืฉืืชื” ืชืžื™ื“ ื”ื•ืœืš ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”.
13:23
Sometimes we have to put cues around people
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื—ื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืœืกืžืŸ ืื•ืชื•ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืื ืฉื™ื
13:25
to make it easier, and believe it or not,
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืงืœ, ื•ืชืืžื™ื ื• ืื• ืœื,
13:27
that can be studied scientifically.
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ื–ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื ืœืžื“ ืžื“ืขื™ืช.
13:31
I don't know how this journey is going to end,
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ืื ื™ ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ืื™ืš ื”ืžืกืข ื”ื–ื” ื™ื™ื’ืžืจ,
13:33
but this much seems clear to me, at least:
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื ืจืื” ืœื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืœืคื—ื•ืช:
13:38
We can't keep blaming our overweight and diabetic patients
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ืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืœื”ืืฉื™ื ืืช ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ืฉืกื•ื‘ืœื™ื ืžืขื•ื“ืฃ ืžืฉืงืœ ื•ืกื•ื›ืจืช
13:43
like I did.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืขืฉื™ืชื™.
13:45
Most of them actually want to do the right thing,
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ืจื•ื‘ื ื‘ืืžืช ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื ื›ื•ืŸ,
13:48
but they have to know what that is,
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ืื‘ืœ ื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื“ืขืช ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ,
13:51
and it's got to work.
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“.
13:54
I dream of a day when our patients can
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ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืœื ืขืœ ื™ื•ื ืฉื‘ื• ื”ืžื˜ื•ืคืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื•ื›ืœื•
13:59
shed their excess pounds
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ืœื”ืฉื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืงื™ืœื•ื’ืจืžื™ื ื”ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
14:01
and cure themselves of insulin resistance,
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ื•ืœืจืคื ืืช ืขืฆืžื ืžืชื ื’ื•ื“ืช ืœืื™ื ืกื•ืœื™ืŸ
14:03
because as medical professionals,
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ื›ื™ ื›ืื ืฉื™ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ืจืคื•ืื™ื™ื,
14:06
we've shed our excess mental baggage
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ื”ืฉืœื ื• ืืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ืขื•ื“ืฃ ื”ืžื ื˜ืœื™ ืฉืœื ื•
14:08
and cured ourselves of new idea resistance sufficiently
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ื•ืจืคืื ื• ืืช ืขืฆืžื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื“ื” ืžืกืคืงืช ืžื”ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช ืœืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื—ื“ืฉ
14:11
to go back to our original ideals:
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืื™ื“ื™ืืœื™ื ื”ืžืงื•ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื•:
14:15
open minds, the courage to throw out yesterday's ideas
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ืœืคืชื•ื— ืืช ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”, ื”ืื•ืžืฅ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืืชืžื•ืœ
14:19
when they don't appear to be working,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื ืจืื” ืฉื”ื ืœื ืขื•ื‘ื“ื™ื,
14:22
and the understanding that scientific truth isn't final,
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ื•ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืืžืช ื”ืžื“ืขื™ืช ืื™ื ื” ืกื•ืคื™ืช,
14:25
but constantly evolving.
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ืืœื ืžืชืคืชื—ืช ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ.
14:28
Staying true to that path will be better for our patients
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ืœื”ืฉืืจ ื ืืžืŸ ืœื ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื”ื™ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื—ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœื ื•
14:31
and better for science.
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ื•ื˜ื•ื‘ ืœืžื“ืข.
14:35
If obesity is nothing more than a proxy
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ืื ื”ืฉืžื ืช ื™ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืคืจื•ืงืกื™
14:38
for metabolic illness,
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ืœืžื—ืœื” ืžื˜ื‘ื•ืœื™ืช,
14:40
what good does it do us to punish those with the proxy?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ื™ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœื ื• ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืืช ืืœื” ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ืงืกื™?
14:45
Sometimes I think back to that night in the E.R.
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืื ื™ ืฉื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ื‘ื—ื“ืจ ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ
14:49
seven years ago.
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ืข ืฉื ื™ื.
14:52
I wish I could speak with that woman again.
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ื”ืœื•ื•ืื™ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืขื ื”ืืฉื” ื”ื–ืืช ืฉื•ื‘.
14:55
I'd like to tell her how sorry I am.
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ืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืกืคืจ ืœื” ื›ืžื” ืื ื™ ืžืฆื˜ืขืจ.
14:59
I'd say, as a doctor, I delivered
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ืจื•ืคื, ื”ื’ืฉืชื™
15:02
the best clinical care I could,
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ืืช ื”ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื”ืงืœื™ื ื™ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™,
15:05
but as a human being,
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ืื‘ืœ ื›ื‘ืŸ ืื“ื,
15:09
I let you down.
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ืื›ื–ื‘ืชื™ ืื•ืชืš.
15:11
You didn't need my judgment and my contempt.
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ืืช ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืช ืฆืจื™ื›ื” ืืช ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ื™ื•ืช ื•ื”ื‘ื•ื– ืฉืœื™.
15:16
You needed my empathy and compassion,
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ื”ื™ื™ืช ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœืืžืคืชื™ื” ื•ื—ืžืœื”,
15:20
and above all else, you needed a doctor
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ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ืจ,ื ื–ืงืงืช ืœืจื•ืคื
15:22
who was willing to consider
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ืฉื”ื™ื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœืฉืงื•ืœ
15:25
maybe you didn't let the system down.
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ืฉืื•ืœื™ ืืช ืœื ืื›ื–ื‘ืช ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช.
15:28
Maybe the system, of which I was a part,
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ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช, ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื”,
15:31
was letting you down.
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ืื›ื–ื‘ื” ืื•ืชืš.
15:34
If you're watching this now,
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ืื ืืช ืฆื•ืคื” ื‘ื–ื” ืขื›ืฉื™ื•,
15:36
I hope you can forgive me.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉืืช ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืกืœื•ื— ืœื™.
15:41
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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