Paul Zak: Trust, morality - and oxytocin

Translator: Christopher Juel Bendtsen Reviewer: Jonas Tholstrup Christensen

Is there anything unique about human beings?

Er der noget unikt ved menneskeheden?

There is.

Det er der.

We're the only creatures

Vi er de eneste væsner

with fully developed moral sentiments.

med fuldt udviklede moralske følelser.

We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.

Som sociale væsner er vi besatte af moral.

We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.

Vi bliver nødt til at vide hvorfor mennesker gør som de gør.

And I personally am obsessed with morality.

Og personligt er jeg besat af moral.

It was all due to this woman,

Og det er alt sammen på grund af denne kvinde,

Sister Mary Marastela,

Søster Mary Marastela,

also known as my mom.

med andre ord, min mor.

As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,

Som en alterdreng indsnusede jeg en del røgelse

and I learned to say phrases in Latin,

og jeg lærte sætninger på latinsk

but I also had time to think

men jeg havde også tid til at tænke

about whether my mother's top-down morality

omkring om min mors hierarkiske morale

applied to everybody.

galdte alle.

I saw that people who were religious and non-religious

Jeg så, at folk, både religiøse og ikke-religiøse,

were equally obsessed with morality.

var lige besat med morale.

I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis

I tænkte at der måske var et jordligt grundlag

for moral decisions.

for moralske beslutninger.

But I wanted to go further

Men jeg ville gå længere

than to say our brains make us moral.

end at sige, at vores hjerner gør os moralske.

I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.

Jeg ville vide om der var en kemisk morale.

I want to know

Jeg ville vide

if there was a moral molecule.

om der var en moralsk molekyle.

After 10 years of experiments,

Efter 10 år med eksperimenter,

I found it.

fandt jeg det.

Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.

Vil I se det? Jeg har taget nogle med mig.

This little syringe

Denne lille sprøjte

contains the moral molecule.

indeholder den moralske molekyle.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

It's called oxytocin.

Det hedder oxytocin.

So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule

Oxytocin er et simpel og ældgammelt molekyle

found only in mammals.

kun fundet i pattedyr.

In rodents, it was known

Man fandt ud af, at det i gnavere

to make mothers care for their offspring,

fik mødrene til at tage sig af deres afkom,

and in some creatures,

og i nogle dyr,

allowed for toleration of burrowmates.

tillod de hulemager.

But in humans, it was only known

Men i mennesker, var det kun kendt for

to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,

at fremme fødning og amning hos kvinder,

and is released by both sexes during sex.

og frigøres af begge køn under samleje.

So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.

Så jeg fik en idé at oxytocin måske var det moralske molekyle.

I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.

Jeg gjorde hvad de fleste af os gør - Jeg prøvede det af på mine kollegaer.

One of them told me,

Én af dem fortalte mig,

"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.

"Paul, det er verdens dummeste idé.

It is," he said, "only a female molecule.

Det er kun et kvindeligt molekyle.

It can't be that important."

Det kan ikke være så vigtigt."

But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.

Men i respons fastholdte jeg: "Mænds hjerner skaber det også.

There must be a reason why."

Der må være en grund."

But he was right, it was a stupid idea.

Men han havde ret. Det var en dum idé.

But it was testably stupid.

Men det var ikke for dumt til at undersøges.

In other words, I thought I could design an experiment

Med andre ord tænkte jeg, at jeg kunne skabe et eksperiment

to see if oxytocin made people moral.

for at se om oxytocin gjorde folk moralske.

Turns out it wasn't so easy.

Det viste sig ikke at være helt så ligetil.

First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.

Først og fremmest, er oxytocin et sky molekyle.

Baseline levels are near zero,

Grundlinie-niveauer er nær nul,

without some stimulus to cause its release.

uden en stimulans til at frigøre det.

And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,

Og når det produceres, har det 3-minutters halveringstid,

and degrades rapidly at room temperature.

og nedbrydes hurtigt ved rumtemperatur.

So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,

Så eksperimentet ville blive nødt til at frigøre en stor udladning af oxytocin,

have to grab it fast and keep it cold.

og ville blive nødt til at fange det hurtigt og holde det nedkølet.

I think I can do that.

Jeg tror jeg kan gøre det.

Now luckily, oxytocin is produced

Heldigvis produceres oxytocin

both in the brain and in the blood,

både i hjernen og i blodet,

so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.

så jeg kunne gennemføre eksperimentet uden at lære neurokirugi.

Then I had to measure morality.

Derefter måtte jeg måle morale.

So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.

At gå igang med "morale" er et stort projekt.

So I started smaller.

Så jeg startede i det små.

I studied one single virtue:

Jeg studerede en enkelt dyd:

trustworthiness.

Troværdighed.

Why? I had shown in the early 2000s

Hvorfor? Fordi jeg i de tidlige 2000's havde vist

that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people

at lande med en højere andel af troværdige mennesker

are more prosperous.

er mere velstående.

So in these countries, more economic transactions occur

Så i disse lander sker der flere økonomiske transaktioner

and more wealth is created,

og mere velstand er skabt,

alleviating poverty.

hvilket mindsker fattigdom.

So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.

Så fattige lande er i det store og det hele lavt liggende i troværdighed.

So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,

Så hvis jeg forstod kemien i troværdighed,

I might help alleviate poverty.

ville jeg måske kunne mindske fattigdom.

But I'm also a skeptic.

Men jeg er også skeptisk.

I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"

Jeg ville ikke bare spørge folk: "Er du troværdig?"

So instead I use

Så istedet brugte jeg

the Jerry Maguire approach to research.

Jerry Maguire-metoden til undersøgelsen.

If you're so virtuous,

Hvis du er så dydig,

show me the money.

så vis mig pengene.

So what we do in my lab

Så det vi gør i mit laboratorium er,

is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.

at vi frister folk med dydighed ved at bruge penge.

Let me show you how we do that.

Lad mig vise jer hvordan vi gør det.

So we recruit some people for an experiment.

Vi rekruttere nogle mennesker til et eksperiment.

They all get $10 if they agree to show up.

De får allesammen $10 hvis de dukker op.

We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.

Vi giver dem masser af instruktioner, og vi snyder dem ikke.

Then we match them in pairs by computer.

Derefter putter vi dem i par ved en computer.

And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,

Og i det par får den ene person en besked hvor der står:

"Do you want to give up some of your $10

"Vil du give afkald på nogle af dine $10

you earned for being here

du har tjent ved at være her

and ship it to someone else in the lab?"

og sende det til nogle andre i laboratorium'et?"

The trick is you can't see them,

Trick'et er at du ikke kan se dem,

you can't talk to them.

du kan ikke snakke med dem.

You only do it one time.

Du gør det kun én gang.

Now whatever you give up

Hvad end du vælger at give afkald på

gets tripled in the other person's account.

bliver tredoblet i en anden persons konto.

You're going to make them a lot wealthier.

Do kommer til at gøre dem meget rigere.

And they get a message by computer saying

Og de får en besked fra computeren der siger

person one sent you this amount of money.

person nr. 1 sendte dig denne mængde penge.

Do you want to keep it all,

Vil du beholde det hele,

or do you want to send some amount back?

eller vil du sende et beløb tilbage?

So think about this experiment for minute.

Så tænk over dette eksperiment et stykke tid.

You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.

Du sidder på nogle hårde stole i halvanden time.

Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle

En skør videnskabsmand vil prikke din arm med en nål

and take four tubes of blood.

og tage fire prøver af blod.

And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?

Og nu vil du have mig til at give mine penge væk og sende det til en fremmede?

So this was the birth of vampire economics.

Dette var fødslen af vampyr-økonomi.

Make a decision and give me some blood.

Tag et valg og giv mig noget blod.

So in fact, experimental economists

I virkeligheden havde eksperimentale økonomer

had run this test around the world,

kørt dette eksperiment over hele verden,

and for much higher stakes,

og med meget højere beløb,

and the consensus view

og den samlede vurdering var,

was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,

at målingen fra den første person til den anden, var en måling af tillid,

and the transfer from the second person back to the first

og at overførslen fra den anden tilbage til den første,

measured trustworthiness.

målte troværdighed.

But in fact, economists were flummoxed

Men i virkeligheden var økonomerne undrende

on why the second person would ever return any money.

over hvorfor den anden person overhovedet ville give nogen penge tilbage.

They assumed money is good,

De gik ud fra at penge er godt,

why not keep it all?

så hvorfor ikke beholde det hele?

That's not what we found.

Det var ikke hvad vi fandt ud af.

We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,

Vi fandt at 90 procent af de første beslutningstagere sendte penge afsted,

and of those who received money,

og dem der modtog penge,

95 percent returned some of it.

sendte 95 procent af dem noget tilbage igen.

But why?

Men hvorfor?

Well by measuring oxytocin

Ved at måle oxytocin

we found that the more money the second person received,

fandt vi ud af at jo flere penge den anden person modtog,

the more their brain produced oxytocin,

desto mere oxytocin producerede hjernen,

and the more oxytocin on board,

og jo mere oxytocin der blev dannet,

the more money they returned.

desto flere penge gave de tilbage.

So we have a biology of trustworthiness.

Så vi har fundet biologien af troværdighed.

But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?

Men vent. Hvad er der galt med dette eksperiment?

Two things.

To ting.

One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.

Én ting er, at intet i kroppen sker i isolation.

So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,

Så vi målte ni andre molekyler der interegerer med oxytocin,

but they didn't have any effect.

men de havde ingen effekt.

But the second is

Men det andet er,

that I still only had this indirect relationship

at jeg stadig kun havde et indirekte sammenhæng

between oxytocin and trustworthiness.

mellem oxytocin og troværdighed.

I didn't know for sure

Jeg vidste ikke med sikkerhed

oxytocin caused trustworthiness.

at oxytocin skabte troværdighed.

So to make the experiment,

Så for at gennemføre eksperimentet

I knew I'd have to go into the brain

var jeg nødt til at gå ind i hjernen

and manipulate oxytocin directly.

og manipulere oxytocin direkte.

I used everything short of a drill

Jeg brugte alt på nær et bor

to get oxytocin into my own brain.

for at få oxytocin ind i min egen hjerne.

And I found I could do it

Og jeg fandt ud at, jeg kunne gøre det

with a nasal inhaler.

med næsespray.

So along with colleagues in Zurich,

Sammen med kollegaer i Zürich,

we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,

gav vi 200 mænd oxytocin eller placebo,

had that same trust test with money,

havde den samme tillidstest med penge,

and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,

og fandt at dem på oxytocin ikke kun viste mere tillid,

we can more than double the number of people

men vi kunne fordoble antallet af mennesker

who sent all their money to a stranger --

der sendte alle deres penge til en fremmede -

all without altering mood or cognition.

alle uden at ændre humør eller kognition.

So oxytocin is the trust molecule,

Så oxytocin er tillidsmolekylet,

but is it the moral molecule?

men er det et moralsk molekyle?

Using the oxytocin inhaler,

Ved at bruge oxytocin inhalatoren,

we ran more studies.

gennemførte vi flere undersøgelser.

We showed that oxytocin infusion

Vi viste at infusion af oxytocin

increases generosity

forhøjede generøsitet

in unilateral monetary transfers

i ensidige overførsler af penge

by 80 percent.

med 80 procent.

We showed it increases donations to charity

Vi viste at det forhøjede donationer til velgørenhed

by 50 percent.

med 50 procent.

We've also investigated

Vi har også undersøgt

non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.

ikke-farmakologiske måder at forhøje oxytocin.

These include massage,

Disse inkluderede massage,

dancing and praying.

dans og at bede.

Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.

Ja, min mor kunne godt lide den sidste.

And whenever we raise oxytocin,

Og når vi så forhøjer oxytocin,

people willingly open up their wallets

var folk villige til at åbne deres punge

and share money with strangers.

og dele penge med fremmede.

But why do they do this?

Men hvorfor gør de det?

What does it feel like

Hvordan føles det

when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?

når din hjerne er fyldt med oxytocin?

To investigate this question, we ran an experiment

For at undersøge dette spørgsmål, kørte vi et eksperiment

where we had people watch a video

hvor vi fik folk til at se en film

of a father and his four year-old son,

af en far og hans 4-årige søn,

and his son has terminal brain cancer.

og hans søn har hjernekræft.

After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings

Efter de havde set filmen, fik vi dem til at måle deres humør

and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.

og tog blodprøver før og efter for at måle oxytocin.

The change in oxytocin

Ændringen i oxytocin

predicted their feelings of empathy.

forudsagde mængden af empati.

So it's empathy

Så det er empati

that makes us connect to other people.

der får os til at forbinde os med andre mennesker.

It's empathy that makes us help other people.

Det er empati der får os til at hjælpe andre.

It's empathy that makes us moral.

Det er empati der gør os moralske.

Now this idea is not new.

Denne idé er nu ikke enestående.

A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith

En dengang ukendt filosof ved navn Adam Smith

wrote a book in 1759

skrev en bog i 1759

called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."

ved navn "Teorien om Moralske Følelser."

In this book, Smith argued

I bogen argumenterede Smith for

that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,

at vi er moralske skabninger, ikke på grund af en top-down grund,

but for a bottom-up reason.

men på grund af en bottom-up grund.

He said we're social creatures,

Han sagde vi er sociale skabninger,

so we share the emotions of others.

så derfor deler vi følelser med andre.

So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.

Så hvis jeg gør noget der gør ondt på dig, føler jeg smerten.

So I tend to avoid that.

Derfor forsøger jeg at undgå det.

If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.

Hvis jeg gør noget der gør dig glad, deler jeg din glæde.

So I tend to do those things.

Derfor forsøger jeg at gøre de ting.

Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,

Dette er den samme Adam Smith der 17 år senere

would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --

skrev en lille bog kaldt "The Wealth of Nations",

the founding document of economics.

det grundlæggende dokument om økonomi.

But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,

Men han var i virkeligheden en moralsk filosof,

and he was right on why we're moral.

og han havde ret om hvorfor vi er moralske.

I just found the molecule behind it.

Jeg fandt bare molekylet bag det.

But knowing that molecule is valuable,

Men at kende det molekyle er vigtigt,

because it tells us how to turn up this behavior

fordi det fortæller os hvordan vi skal øge denne adfær

and what turns it off.

og hvad der stopper den.

In particular, it tells us

I særdeleshed, fortæller den os

why we see immorality.

hvorfor vi ser noget til at være umoralsk.

So to investigate immorality,

Så for at undersøge umorale,

let me bring you back now to 1980.

lad mig tage jer tilbage til 1980.

I'm working at a gas station

Jeg arbejder på en tankstation

on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.

i udkanten af Santa Barbara i Californien.

You sit in a gas station all day,

Man sidder på tankstationen hele dagen,

you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.

og ser en masse eksempler på moral og umoral.

So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth

En søndag eftermiddag kommer en mand hen til disken

with this beautiful jewelry box.

med et smukt smykkeskrin.

Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.

Han åbner det og inde i ligger der en perlehalskæde.

And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.

Han siger: " Hej, jeg var inde på herrenes toilet.

I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"

Jeg fandt denne. Hvad synes du vi skal gøre med den?"

"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."

"Det ved jeg ikke. Læg den i glemmekassen."

"Well this is very valuable.

"Det er jo ret værdifuldt.

We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."

Vi bliver nødt til at finde ejeren." "Tja.", sagde jeg.

So we're trying to decide what to do with this,

Så vi prøver at bestemme hvad vi skal gøre med det,

and the phone rings.

og så ringer telefonen.

And a man says very excitedly,

Og en mand siger ret ophidset,

"I was in your gas station a while ago,

"Jeg var inde i tankstationen for lidt tid siden,

and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."

og jeg købte et smykke til min kone, og jeg kan ikke finde det."

I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."

"En perlehalskæde?", spurge jeg. "Ja."

"Hey, a guy just found it."

"En fyr har lige fundet det."

"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.

"Åh, du har lige reddet mit liv. Her er mit telefonnummer.

Tell that guy to wait half an hour.

Sig til fyren at jeg er der om en halv time.

I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."

Så er jeg der og vil give ham $200 i belønning."

Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.

Så jeg fortæller manden: "Tag det roligt.

Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."

Få en fed belønning. Livet er godt."

He said, "I can't do it.

"Det kan jeg ikke.", siger han.

I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,

"Jeg har ansættelsessamtale i Galena om et kvarter,

and I need this job, I've got to go."

og jeg har brug for jobbet. Jeg bliver nødt til at gå."

Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"

Han spørger mig igen: "Hvad synes du vi skal gøre?"

I'm in high school. I have no idea.

Jeg går i gymnasiet. Jeg har ingen idé.

So I said, "I'll hold it for you."

Så jeg siger: "Jeg skal nok holde det for dig."

He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."

"Ved du hvad, du har været så rar, så lad os dele belønningen", siger han.

I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,

Jeg giver dig smykket, og du giver mig $100,

and when the guy comes ... "

og når fyren kommer..."

You see it. I was conned.

I forstår. Jeg blev snydt.

So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop,

Dette er et klassisk trick kaldt "the pigeon drop",

and I was the pigeon.

og jeg var duen.

So the way many cons work

Måden mange tricks virker på

is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him,

er ikke at snyderen får offeret til at stole på ham,

it's that he shows he trusts the victim.

men at han viser at han stoler på offeret.

Now we know what happens.

Vi ved hvad der sker.

The victim's brain releases oxytocin,

Offerets hjerne udløser oxytocin,

and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.

og du åbner pludselig din pung og giver penge væk.

So who are these people

Så hvad er det for slags mennesker

who manipulate our oxytocin systems?

der manipulerer oxytocinen i os?

We found, testing thousands of individuals,

Vi fandt ud af, efter at have testet tusindvis af mennesker,

that five percent of the population

at fem procent af befolkningen

don't release oxytocin on stimulus.

ikke udløser oxytocin ved stimulans.

So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.

So hvis du stoler på dem udløser deres hjerne ikke oxytocin.

If there's money on the table, they keep it all.

Hvis der er penge på spil, beholder de det hele.

So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.

Der er et teknisk begreb for disse slags mennesker i mit laboratorie.

We call them bastards.

Vi kalder dem for idioter.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

These are not people you want to have a beer with.

Det er ikke mennesker som disse man har lyst til at dele en øl med.

They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.

De deler mange af de samme egenskaber som psykopater.

Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.

Men der er andre måder systemet kan stoppes.

One is through improper nurturing.

Én er igennem forkert pleje.

So we've studied sexually abused women,

Så vi har studeret sexuelt misbrugte kvinder,

and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.

og omkring halvdelen af dem udløser ikke oxytocin ved stimulans.

You need enough nurturing

Man har brug for nok pleje

for this system to develop properly.

for at systemet kan udvikle sig ordenligt.

Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.

Udover det, hæmmer høj koncentration af stress også oxytocin.

So we all know this, when we're really stressed out,

Vi ved alle, at når vi er rigtig stresset,

we're not acting our best.

opfører vi os ikke ordenligt.

There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting --

Der findes en anden måde hvori oxytocin hæmmes, som er interesant --

through the action of testosterone.

igennem resultatet af testosteron.

So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.

Så vi har, igennem eksperimenter, givet testosteron til mænd.

And instead of sharing money,

Og istedet for at dele penge,

they become selfish.

blev de selviske.

But interestingly,

Men interesant nok

high testosterone males are also more likely

er mænd med højt testosterontal også mere tilbøjelige

to use their own money to punish others for being selfish.

til at bruge deres egne penge til at straffe andre for at være selviske.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

Now think about this. It means, within our own biology,

Tænk nu på det her: Det betyder, i vores egen biologi,

we have the yin and yang of morality.

har vi en dualitet af morale.

We have oxytocin that connects us to others,

Vi har oxytocin der forbinder os til andre,

makes us feel what they feel.

og får os til at føle hvad de føler.

And we have testosterone.

Og vi har testosteron.

And men have 10 times the testosterone as women,

Og mænd har 10 gange mere testosteron end kvinder,

so men do this more than women --

så mænd gør det her mere end kvinder --

we have testosterone that makes us want to punish

vi har testosteron der gør vi får lyst til at straffe

people who behave immorally.

mennesker der opfører sig umoralsk.

We don't need God or government telling us what to do.

Vi har ikke brug for Gud eller regeringen til at fortælle os hvad vi burde gøre.

It's all inside of us.

Det er alt sammen inden i os.

So you may be wondering:

Så i undrer jer nok:

these are beautiful laboratory experiments,

det er flotte laboratorie eksperimenter,

do they really apply to real life?

men gælder det også i det virkelige liv?

Yeah, I've been worrying about that too.

Jo, det har jeg også tænkt.

So I've gone out of the lab

Så jeg har forladt laboratoriet

to see if this really holds in our daily lives.

for at se om det nu også holder i det daglige liv.

So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England.

Så sidste sommer deltog jeg i et bryllup i sydengland.

200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion.

Der var 200 mennesker i et flot viktoriansk palæ.

I didn't know a single person.

Jeg kendte ikke en eneste person.

And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall.

Og jeg kørte derop i min lejede Opel.

And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice

Og så tog jeg en centrifuge og noget tøris ud

and needles and tubes.

og nåle og glasrør.

And I took blood from the bride and the groom

Så tog jeg blod fra bruden og gommen

and the wedding party and the family and the friends

og resten af bryllupsgæsterne, og familien og vennerne

before and immediately after the vows.

lige før og direkte efter løfterne.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

And guess what?

Og gæt hvad der skete.

Weddings cause a release of oxytocin,

Bryllupper forårsager en udløsning af oxytocin,

but they do so in a very particular way.

men de gør det i en meget speciel måde.

Who is the center of the wedding solar system?

Hvem er i centrum af bryllupets solsystem?

The bride.

Bruden.

She had the biggest increase in oxytocin.

Hun havde den største forøgelse af oxytocin.

Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride?

Hvem elsker brylluppet næsten lige så meget som bruden?

Her mother, that's right.

Nemlig, hendes mor.

Her mother was number two.

Hendes mor var nummer to.

Then the groom's father, then the groom,

Så gommens far, og så gommen,

then the family, then the friends --

så familien, så vennerne --

arrayed around the bride

omsluttet rundt om bruden

like planets around the Sun.

som planeterne rundt om solen.

So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual

Jeg jeg synes det fortæller os at vi har designet denne ritual

to connect us to this new couple,

for at forbinde os med det nye par,

connect us emotionally.

forbinde os følelsesmæssigt.

Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing

Hvorfor? Fordi vi har brug for at de kan reproducere succesfuldt

to perpetuate the species.

for at forevige menneskearten.

I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money

Jeg var også bange for at mit tillids-eksperiment med små mængder af penge

didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers.

ikke rigtig fangede hvor ofte vi rent faktisk lægger vores liv i fremmede folks hænder.

So even though I have a fear of heights,

Så selvom jeg er bange for højder,

I recently strapped myself to another human being

bandt jeg mig fornylig fast til et andet mennesker

and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft.

og hoppede ud af et fly i 12.000 fods højde.

I took my blood before and after,

Jeg målte mit blod før og efter,

and I had a huge spike of oxytocin.

og havde en stor forøgelse af oxytocin.

And there are so many ways we can connect to people.

Og der er så mange måder vi mennesker kan forbinde os med hinanden.

For example, through social media.

For eksempel gennem sociale medier.

Many people are Tweeting right now.

Mange Tweet'er lige nu.

So we investigated the role of social media

Så vi undersøgte de sociale mediers rolle

and found the using social media

og fandt at ved brug af sociale medier

produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin.

steg mængden af oxytocin med to cifre.

So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System.

Så jeg udførte et eksperiment for Det Koreanske Udsendelses System.

And they had the reporters and their producers participate.

Og de fik reporterne og deres producere til at deltage.

And one of these guys, he must have been 22,

Og én af fyrene, han må have været 22,

he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin.

han havde 150% forøgelse af oxytocin.

I mean, astounding; no one has this.

Det er helt utroligt; Ingen havde det.

So he was using social media in private.

Han brugte sociale medier i det private.

When I wrote my report to the Koreans,

Da jeg skrev min rapport til koreanerne

I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing,"

sagde jeg: "Jeg vidste ikke hvad fyren gjorde,"

but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend.

men mit gæt var, at han interagerede med sin mor eller kæreste.

They checked.

De tjekkede.

He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page.

Han var på sin kærestes Facebook-side.

There you go. That's connection.

Der har i det. Det er samvær.

So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people,

Så der er altså tonsvis af måder vi kan forbinde os med andre mennesker,

and it seems to be universal.

og det synes at være universelt.

Two weeks ago,

For to uger siden

I just got back from Papua New Guinea

var jeg lige kommet tilbage fra Papua Ny Guinea

where I went up to the highlands --

hvor jeg var oppe i højlandet --

very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers

meget isolerede stammer af landmænd på underhold

living as they have lived for millenia.

der levede som de havde gjort i årtusinder.

There are 800 different languages in the highlands.

Der er 800 forskellige slags sprog i højlandet.

These are the most primitive people in the world.

Det er de mest primitive mennesker i kloden.

And they indeed also release oxytocin.

Og de udløser minsandten også oxytocin.

So oxytocin connects us to other people.

Så oxytocin forbinder os med andre mennesker.

Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.

Oxytocin får os til at føle hvad andre føler.

And it's so easy to cause people's brains

Og det er så let at få menneskers hjerne

to release oxytocin.

til at udløse oxytocin.

I know how to do it,

Jeg ved hvordan man gør,

and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest.

og min yndlingsmåde at gøre det, er også den nemmeste.

Let me show it to you.

Lad mig vise jer.

Come here. Give me a hug.

Kom her. Giv mig et knus.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

There you go.

Sådan.

(Applause)

(Applaus)

So my penchant for hugging other people

Så min forkærlighed for at give folk knus

has earned me the nickname Dr. Love.

har givet mig tilnavnet Dr. Kærlighed.

I'm happy to share a little more love in the world,

Jeg deler gerne lidt mere kærlighed til verden,

it's great,

det er fantastisk,

but here's your prescription from Dr. Love:

men her er jeres recept fra Dr. Kærlighed:

eight hugs a day.

otte knus om dagen.

We have found that people who release more oxytocin

Vi har fundet ud af at folk der udløser meget oxytocin

are happier.

er lykkeligere.

And they're happier

Og de er lykkeligere

because they have better relationships of all types.

fordi de har bedre forhold over hele linjen.

Dr. Love says eight hugs a day.

Dr. Kærlighed siger otte knus om dagen.

Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier

Otte knus om dage -- I vil blive lykkeligere

and the world will be a better place.

og verden vil blive et bedre sted.

Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose.

Hvis I ikke kan lide at røre folk, kan jeg selvfølgelig bare skubbe denne her op jeres næse.

(Laughter)

(Latter)

Thank you.

Tak skal i have.

(Applause)

(Klapsalver)