Paul Zak: Trust, morality - and oxytocin

350,635 views ใƒป 2011-11-01

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Yubal Masalker ืžื‘ืงืจ: Ido Dekkers
00:15
Is there anything unique about human beings?
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ื”ืื ื™ืฉ ืžืฉื”ื• ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ ื‘ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื?
00:18
There is.
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ื™ืฉ.
00:20
We're the only creatures
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ืื ื• ื”ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื”ื
00:22
with fully developed moral sentiments.
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ืกื ื˜ื™ืžื ื˜ื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื ื”ืžืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืœื•ืื.
00:24
We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.
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ืื ื• ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืชื•ืจ ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื™ื.
00:27
We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื“ืขืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ืฉื™ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ืืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื.
00:30
And I personally am obsessed with morality.
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ืื ื™ ืื™ืฉื™ืช ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ ืœื’ื‘ื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
00:33
It was all due to this woman,
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ื”ื›ืœ ืงืจื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืื™ืฉื” ื–ื•,
00:35
Sister Mary Marastela,
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ื”ื ื–ื™ืจื” ืžืืจื™ ืžืืจืืกื˜ืœื”,
00:37
also known as my mom.
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ื”ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ื’ื ื›ืื™ืžื™.
00:41
As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,
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ื›ืฉื•ืœื™ื™ืช ื›ื•ืžืจ, ืฉืืคืชื™ ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื˜ื•ืจืช,
00:44
and I learned to say phrases in Latin,
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ื•ืœืžื“ืชื™ ืœื•ืžืจ ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ื™ื ื‘ืœื˜ื™ื ื™ืช,
00:46
but I also had time to think
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื’ื ื–ืžืŸ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘
00:48
about whether my mother's top-down morality
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ืื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื”ื ืขืœื” ืฉืœ ืื™ืžื™
00:50
applied to everybody.
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ืžืชืื™ืžื” ืœื›ืœ ืื—ื“.
00:52
I saw that people who were religious and non-religious
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ื”ื‘ื—ื ืชื™ ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื”ื™ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืื• ืœื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื
00:55
were equally obsessed with morality.
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ื”ื™ื• ืื•ื‘ืกืกื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื›ืœืคื™ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืžื™ื“ื”.
00:57
I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืงื™ื™ื ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื’ืฉืžื™
00:59
for moral decisions.
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ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืœื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
01:01
But I wanted to go further
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ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื™ืชื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ ืกืชื ืœื•ืžืจ
01:03
than to say our brains make us moral.
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ืฉืžื•ื—ื ื• ื”ื•ืคืš ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
01:05
I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ืขืช ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ.
01:08
I want to know
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ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื™ ืœื“ืขืช
01:10
if there was a moral molecule.
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ืื ืงื™ื™ืžืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ืžื•ืกืจ.
01:12
After 10 years of experiments,
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ืœืื—ืจ 10 ืฉื ื•ืช ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื,
01:14
I found it.
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืื•ืชื”.
01:16
Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.
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ืชืจืฆื• ืœืจืื•ืชื”? ื”ื‘ืืชื™ ืื™ืชื™ ื›ืžื”.
01:20
This little syringe
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ืžื–ืจืง ืงื˜ืŸ ื–ื”
01:22
contains the moral molecule.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ืืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ.
01:31
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
01:34
It's called oxytocin.
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ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
01:36
So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule
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ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ืขืชื™ืงื”
01:39
found only in mammals.
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ื”ื ืžืฆืืช ืจืง ืืฆืœ ื™ื•ื ืงื™ื.
01:41
In rodents, it was known
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ื‘ื—ื•ืœื“ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื ื•ื“ืขื” ื›ื›ื–ื•
01:43
to make mothers care for their offspring,
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ื”ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืื™ืžื”ื•ืช ืœื“ืื•ื’ ืœืฆืืฆืื™ื”ืŸ,
01:45
and in some creatures,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืžื” ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
01:47
allowed for toleration of burrowmates.
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ื”ื™ื ื™ืฆืจื” ืกื•ื‘ืœื ื•ืช ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื›ืจืกืžื™ื.
01:49
But in humans, it was only known
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ืื‘ืœ ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™-ืื“ื, ื”ื™ื ืจืง ื”ื™ืชื” ื™ื“ื•ืขื”
01:51
to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,
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ื›ื›ื–ื• ื”ืžืกื™ื™ืขืช ืœืœื™ื“ื” ื•ื”ื ืงืช ืฉื“ื™ื™ื,
01:53
and is released by both sexes during sex.
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ื•ื”ืžืฉืชื—ืจืจืช ืืฆืœ ืฉื ื™ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื™ื—ืกื™-ืžื™ืŸ.
01:57
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืฆืฅ ืืฆืœื™ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืขืฉื•ื™ื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ.
02:00
I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.
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ืขืฉื™ืชื™ ืžื” ืฉืจื•ื‘ื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื -- ืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืขืœื™ื” ืœืขืžื™ืชื™ื™.
02:03
One of them told me,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืืžืจ ืœื™,
02:05
"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.
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"ืคื•ืœ, ื–ื” ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ืคืฉื™ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:08
It is," he said, "only a female molecule.
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ื–ื• ืืš ื•ืจืง ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื ืฉื™ื.
02:10
It can't be that important."
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ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš."
02:12
But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.
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ืื‘ืœ ืขื ื™ืชื™,"ื’ื ืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžื™ื™ืฆืจื™ื ืื•ืชื”.
02:15
There must be a reason why."
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ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื›ืš ืกื™ื‘ื”."
02:17
But he was right, it was a stupid idea.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง, ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื˜ืคืฉื™.
02:20
But it was testably stupid.
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ื˜ืขื•ืช ื”ื ื™ืชื ืช ืœื‘ื“ื™ืงื”.
02:22
In other words, I thought I could design an experiment
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ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœืชื›ื ืŸ ื ื™ืกื•ื™
02:25
to see if oxytocin made people moral.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื ืฉื™ื ืœืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
02:29
Turns out it wasn't so easy.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื‘ืจืจ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ืงืœ.
02:31
First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.
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ืงื•ื“ื ื›ืœ, ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ื‘ื™ื™ืฉื ื™ืช.
02:34
Baseline levels are near zero,
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ืจืžื•ืช ื”ื‘ืกื™ืก ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœืืคืก
02:36
without some stimulus to cause its release.
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ืœืœื ื’ื™ืจื•ื™ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ืฉื™ื’ืจื•ื ืœืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจื”.
02:39
And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื™ื ื ื•ืฆืจืช, ื–ืžืŸ ืžื—ืฆื™ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื
02:41
and degrades rapidly at room temperature.
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ืฉืœื” 3 ื“ืงื•ืช, ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืจืงืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื˜ืžืค' ื—ื“ืจ.
02:44
So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”, ื”ื™ื” ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื”ืชืคืจืฆื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
02:46
have to grab it fast and keep it cold.
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ืœืœื›ื•ื“ ืื•ืชื” ืžื”ืจ ื•ืœืฉืžืจื” ืงืจื”.
02:48
I think I can do that.
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ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืฉืื•ื›ืœ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช.
02:50
Now luckily, oxytocin is produced
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ืœืžื–ืœื™, ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื ื•ืฆืจืช
02:52
both in the brain and in the blood,
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ื‘ืžื•ื— ื•ื‘ื“ื,
02:55
so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.
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ื›ืš ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœืชื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ื ื•ื™ืจื•ื›ื™ืจื•ืจื’ื™ื”.
02:59
Then I had to measure morality.
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ื•ืื– ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
03:02
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.
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ืœื”ืชืขืกืง ืขื ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื‘-'ื”' ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ืžืฉื™ืžื” ื›ื‘ื™ืจื”.
03:05
So I started smaller.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื”ืชื—ืœืชื™ ื‘ืงื˜ืŸ.
03:07
I studied one single virtue:
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ื—ืงืจืชื™ ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ืื—ืช:
03:10
trustworthiness.
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ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
03:12
Why? I had shown in the early 2000s
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ืžื“ื•ืข? ื”ืจืืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืืœืคื™ื™ื
03:15
that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people
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ืฉืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื ืฉื™ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื
03:18
are more prosperous.
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ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื’ืฉื’ื•ืช.
03:20
So in these countries, more economic transactions occur
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ื‘ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืืœื•, ื™ืฉ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื™ืกืงืื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช
03:23
and more wealth is created,
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ื•ื ื•ืฆืจ ื‘ื”ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื•ืฉืจ
03:25
alleviating poverty.
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ืืฉืจ ืžืคื—ื™ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ื ื™.
03:27
So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช ื”ืŸ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืœื•ืช ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ื ืžื•ื›ื”.
03:30
So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืื ื™ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื›ื™ืžื™ื™ืช ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช,
03:33
I might help alleviate poverty.
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ืื ื™ ืขืฉื•ื™ ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื”ืคื—ืชืช ืขื•ื ื™.
03:35
But I'm also a skeptic.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื™ ื’ื ืกืงืคื˜ื™.
03:37
I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"
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ืื™ื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืกืชื ืœืฉืื•ืœ ืื ืฉื™ื ืื ื”ื ืืžื™ื ื™ื.
03:39
So instead I use
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืื ื™ ืžืฉืชืžืฉ
03:41
the Jerry Maguire approach to research.
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ื‘ื’ื™ืฉืช ื’'ืจื™ ืžื’ื•ื•ืื™ื™ืจ ื‘ืžื—ืงืจ ื–ื”.
03:43
If you're so virtuous,
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ืื ืืชื” ื›ื–ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™,
03:45
show me the money.
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ืชืจืื” ืœื™ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
03:47
So what we do in my lab
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ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื–ื” ืœืคืชื•ืช ืื ืฉื™ื
03:49
is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืžื™ื“ื” ื˜ื•ื‘ื” ื•ืžื™ื“ื” ืžื’ื•ื ื” ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื.
03:51
Let me show you how we do that.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช.
03:53
So we recruit some people for an experiment.
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ืื ื• ืžื’ื™ื™ืกื™ื ื›ืžื” ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™.
03:55
They all get $10 if they agree to show up.
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ื›ื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื 10 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืื ื”ื ื‘ืื™ื.
03:58
We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.
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ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื”ื ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื”ื•ืจืื•ืช ื•ืืฃ ืคืขื ืื ื• ืœื ืžืจืžื™ื ืื•ืชื.
04:01
Then we match them in pairs by computer.
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ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ืื ื• ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืื™ืชื ื–ื•ื’ื•ืช ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžื—ืฉื‘.
04:04
And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ื•ื’ ืื“ื ืื—ื“ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื•ืžืจืช,
04:06
"Do you want to give up some of your $10
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"ื”ืื ืืชื” ืžื•ื›ืŸ ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื—ืœืง ืž-10 ื”ื“ื•ืœืจ
04:08
you earned for being here
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ืฉื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื‘ืืช ืœื›ืืŸ
04:10
and ship it to someone else in the lab?"
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ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื”?"
04:12
The trick is you can't see them,
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ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืชื,
04:14
you can't talk to them.
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ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ื‘ืจ ืื™ืชื.
04:16
You only do it one time.
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ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช ืจืง ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
04:18
Now whatever you give up
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ื›ืขืช, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื
04:20
gets tripled in the other person's account.
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ืžื•ื›ืคืœ ืคื™ 3 ื‘ื™ื“ื™ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื ืื—ืจ.
04:23
You're going to make them a lot wealthier.
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ืืชื” ืชื”ืคื•ืš ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืฉื™ืจ.
04:25
And they get a message by computer saying
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ืื—ืจ ืžืงื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื“ืขืช ืžื—ืฉื‘ ื”ืื•ืžืจืช
04:27
person one sent you this amount of money.
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ืฉืื“ื ืžืกื•ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื— ืœืš ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืกืฃ.
04:29
Do you want to keep it all,
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ื”ืื ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ืš ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื›ืœ,
04:31
or do you want to send some amount back?
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ืื• ืฉืืชื” ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื—ืœืง ื‘ื—ื–ืจื”?
04:34
So think about this experiment for minute.
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ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”.
04:36
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.
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ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ื™ืกืื•ืช ื”ืงืฉื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ื‘ืžืฉืš ืฉืขื” ื•ื—ืฆื™.
04:39
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle
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ืื™ื–ื” ืžื“ืขืŸ ืžืฉื•ื’ืข ืชื•ืงืข ืœืš ืžื—ื˜ ื‘ื–ืจื•ืข
04:41
and take four tubes of blood.
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ื•ื ื•ื˜ืœ 4 ืฉืคื•ืคืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื.
04:43
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื• ืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืžืžืš ืœื•ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื•ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื–ืจ?
04:46
So this was the birth of vampire economics.
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ื–ื• ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื™ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœืช ื”ืขืจืคื“ื™ื.
04:49
Make a decision and give me some blood.
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ืชื—ืœื™ื˜ ื•ืชืŸ ืœื™ ืงืฆืช ืžื“ืžืš.
04:52
So in fact, experimental economists
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ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื ื™ืกื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื
04:54
had run this test around the world,
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ื”ืจื™ืฆื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื” ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
04:56
and for much higher stakes,
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ื•ื‘ืกื›ื•ืžื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื™ื,
04:58
and the consensus view
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ื•ื”ืžืกืงื ื” ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช ื”ื™ืชื”
05:00
was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,
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ืฉื”ืฆืขื“ ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืœืฉื ื™ ื”ื™ื” ืฆืขื“ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ,
05:03
and the transfer from the second person back to the first
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ื•ื”ื”ืขื‘ืจื” ืžื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื—ื–ืจื” ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ
05:06
measured trustworthiness.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ืื” ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
05:08
But in fact, economists were flummoxed
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ื‘ื•ื›ื™ื
05:10
on why the second person would ever return any money.
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ืžื•ืœ ื”ืฉืืœื” ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืกื›ื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื•.
05:13
They assumed money is good,
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ื”ื ื”ื ื™ื—ื• ืฉื›ืกืฃ ื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ื˜ื•ื‘,
05:15
why not keep it all?
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ืœื ืœื”ืฉืื™ืจื• ืืฆืœืš?
05:17
That's not what we found.
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ืœื ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืžืฆืื ื•.
05:19
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉ-90 ืื—ื•ื– ืžืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ื›ืกืฃ,
05:22
and of those who received money,
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ื•ืžืืœื” ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื• ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ,
05:24
95 percent returned some of it.
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95 ืื—ื•ื– ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื• ื—ืœืง ืžืžื ื•.
05:26
But why?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข?
05:28
Well by measuring oxytocin
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ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืžื“ื™ื“ืช ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ
05:30
we found that the more money the second person received,
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืงื™ื‘ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ,
05:32
the more their brain produced oxytocin,
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ื›ืš ืžื•ื—ื• ื™ื™ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
05:34
and the more oxytocin on board,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
05:36
the more money they returned.
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ื›ืš ื”ื•ื ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืจืืฉื•ืŸ.
05:39
So we have a biology of trustworthiness.
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ืขืœ-ื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
05:42
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?
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ืื‘ืœ ืจื’ืข ืื—ื“. ืžื” ืœื ื‘ืกื“ืจ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื–ื”?
05:45
Two things.
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ืฉื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจื™ื.
05:47
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.
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ืื—ื“ ื–ื” ืฉืฉื•ื ื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื’ื•ืฃ ืœื ืงื•ืจื” ืœื‘ื“ื•.
05:50
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืžื“ื“ื ื• 9 ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช ืืฉืจ ืžื’ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
05:53
but they didn't have any effect.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืœื”ืŸ ื”ืฉืคืขื”.
05:55
But the second is
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืฉื ื™ ื”ื•ื
05:57
that I still only had this indirect relationship
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ืฉืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื–ื” ืจืง ืงืฉืจ ืœื-ื™ืฉื™ืจ
05:59
between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื•ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
06:01
I didn't know for sure
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ืœื ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื—ื•ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜
06:03
oxytocin caused trustworthiness.
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ืฉืื›ืŸ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
06:05
So to make the experiment,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ื“ืขืชื™ ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื ื™ืกื•ื™
06:07
I knew I'd have to go into the brain
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ืืฆื˜ืจืš ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืžื•ื—
06:09
and manipulate oxytocin directly.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
06:11
I used everything short of a drill
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ื”ืฉืชืžืฉืชื™ ื‘ื”ื›ืœ ืžืœื‘ื“ ื‘ืžืงื“ื—ื”
06:13
to get oxytocin into my own brain.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื—ื“ื™ืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืœืžื•ื—ื™ ืฉืœื™.
06:16
And I found I could do it
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ืชื™ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช
06:18
with a nasal inhaler.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉืืฃ ืืฃ.
06:20
So along with colleagues in Zurich,
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ื‘ื™ื—ื“ ืขื ืขืžื™ืชื™ื ื‘ืฆื™ืจื™ืš
06:22
we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,
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ืฉืžื ื• 200 ืื™ืฉ ืขืœ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืื• ืชืจื•ืคืช-ื“ืžื”,
06:24
had that same trust test with money,
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืืช ืื•ืชื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ืฉืœ ืืžื•ืŸ ืขื ื›ืกืฃ,
06:26
and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืืœื” ืขื ื”ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ, ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืคื’ื™ื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืืžื•ืŸ,
06:29
we can more than double the number of people
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ืืœื ืฉืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืคื™-2 ืื ืฉื™ื
06:32
who sent all their money to a stranger --
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ืืฉืจ ื”ืขื‘ื™ืจื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืกืคื ืœืื—ืจ --
06:34
all without altering mood or cognition.
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื ืœืœื ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ืฉื‘ืžืฆื‘ ืจื•ื—ื ืื• ื”ื›ืจืชื.
06:38
So oxytocin is the trust molecule,
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ืื– ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืืžื•ืŸ,
06:42
but is it the moral molecule?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื™ื ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ?
06:45
Using the oxytocin inhaler,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืžืฉืืฃ ื”ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
06:47
we ran more studies.
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ืขืจื›ื ื• ืขื•ื“ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื.
06:49
We showed that oxytocin infusion
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ื”ืจืื ื• ืฉื”ื—ื“ืจืช ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ
06:51
increases generosity
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ืžื’ื‘ื™ืจื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืช
06:53
in unilateral monetary transfers
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ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืฃ ื—ื“-ืฆื“ื“ื™ื•ืช
06:55
by 80 percent.
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ื‘-80 ืื—ื•ื–.
06:57
We showed it increases donations to charity
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ื”ืจืื ื• ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื’ื“ื™ืœื”
06:59
by 50 percent.
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ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืœืฆื“ืงื” ื‘-50 ืื—ื•ื–.
07:01
We've also investigated
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ื’ื ื—ืงืจื ื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœื”ืขืœืืช ืจืžืช
07:03
non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.
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ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืชืจื•ืคื•ืช.
07:05
These include massage,
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ื–ื” ื›ื•ืœืœ ืžืกื’',
07:07
dancing and praying.
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ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื•ืชืคื™ืœื”.
07:09
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.
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ื›ืŸ, ืื™ืžื™ ืฉืžื—ื” ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืชืคื™ืœื”.
07:12
And whenever we raise oxytocin,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ืจืžืช ื”ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
07:14
people willingly open up their wallets
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืคื•ืชื—ื™ื ืืช ืืจื ืงื™ื”ื
07:16
and share money with strangers.
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ื‘ื—ืคืฅ-ืœื‘ ื•ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืืช ื›ืกืคื ืขื ื–ืจื™ื.
07:18
But why do they do this?
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื“ื•ืข ื”ื ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื–ืืช?
07:20
What does it feel like
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ืžื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื” ื›ืืฉืจ
07:22
when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
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ื”ืžื•ื— ืžื•ืฆืฃ ื‘ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ?
07:24
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืฉืืœื” ื–ื•, ืขืจื›ื ื• ื ื™ืกื•ื™
07:27
where we had people watch a video
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ื‘ื• ืื ืฉื™ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜
07:29
of a father and his four year-old son,
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ืฉืœ ืื‘ ื•ื‘ื ื• ื‘ืŸ ื”ืืจื‘ืข,
07:31
and his son has terminal brain cancer.
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ื›ืืฉืจ ืœื‘ื ื• ื”ื™ื” ืกืจื˜ืŸ ืžื•ื— ืกื•ืคื ื™.
07:33
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings
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ืœืื—ืจ ืฉื”ื ืฆืคื• ื‘ืกืจื˜, ื‘ื™ืงืฉื ื• ืžื”ื ืœื“ืจื’ ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืชื™ื”ื
07:36
and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.
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ื•ืœืงื—ื ื• ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ื“ื ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ื“ื™ ืœืžื“ื•ื“ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
07:39
The change in oxytocin
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ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื ื™ื‘ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ
07:41
predicted their feelings of empathy.
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ืืช ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉืœื”ื.
07:45
So it's empathy
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื•
07:47
that makes us connect to other people.
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ืœื”ืชื—ื‘ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:49
It's empathy that makes us help other people.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื’ื•ืจืžืช ืœื ื• ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
07:52
It's empathy that makes us moral.
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ื”ื”ื–ื“ื”ื•ืช ื”ืจื’ืฉื™ืช ืฉื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
07:56
Now this idea is not new.
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ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื–ื” ืื™ื ื• ื—ื“ืฉ.
07:58
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith
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ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืœื ื™ื“ื•ืข ื‘ื–ืžื ื•, ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช,
08:00
wrote a book in 1759
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ื›ืชื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘-1759
08:02
called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
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ื”ื ืงืจื "ืชืื•ืจื™ื™ืช ืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื”ืžื•ืกืจ".
08:04
In this book, Smith argued
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ื‘ืกืคืจ ื–ื”, ืกืžื™ืช ื˜ืขืŸ
08:07
that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,
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ืฉืื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื, ืœื ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ืžืœืžืขืœื”
08:10
but for a bottom-up reason.
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ืืœืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืกื™ื‘ื” ื”ืขื•ืœื” ืžืœืžื˜ื”.
08:12
He said we're social creatures,
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ื”ื•ื ื˜ืขืŸ ืฉืื ื• ื™ืฆื•ืจื™ื ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื,
08:14
so we share the emotions of others.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื• ืฉื•ืชืคื™ื ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื—ืจื™ื.
08:16
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉื›ื•ืื‘ ืœืื—ืจ, ืื ื™ ืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘.
08:19
So I tend to avoid that.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœื”ื™ืžื ืข ืžื–ื”.
08:21
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.
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ืื ืื ื™ ืขื•ืฉื” ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืžืฉืžื— ืื•ืชืš, ืื ื™ ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื”ืฉืชืชืฃ ื‘ืฉืžื—ืชืš.
08:24
So I tend to do those things.
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื ื•ื˜ื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืžืขืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื”.
08:26
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,
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ื–ื” ืื•ืชื• ืื“ื ืกืžื™ืช ืฉ-17 ืฉื ื™ื ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš
08:28
would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --
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ื™ื›ืชื•ื‘ ืกืคืจ ื‘ืฉื "ื”ืขื•ืฉืจ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช" --
08:31
the founding document of economics.
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ื”ืžืกืžืš ื”ืžื™ื™ืกื“ ืฉืœ ื›ืœื›ืœื”.
08:33
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืžืขืฉื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ืคื™ืœื•ืกื•ืฃ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืกืจ,
08:36
and he was right on why we're moral.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืฆื“ืง ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ืžื•ืกืจื™ื™ื.
08:38
I just found the molecule behind it.
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ืื ื™ ืจืง ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื” ืฉืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื–ื”.
08:41
But knowing that molecule is valuable,
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ืื‘ืœ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืžื•ืœืงื•ืœื”,
08:44
because it tells us how to turn up this behavior
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ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื• ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขื•ืจืจ ื”ืชื ื”ื’ื•ืช ื–ื•
08:47
and what turns it off.
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ื•ืžื” ืžื›ื‘ื” ืื•ืชื”.
08:49
In particular, it tells us
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ื‘ืžื™ื•ื—ื“, ื”ื™ื ืžืกืคืจืช ืœื ื•
08:51
why we see immorality.
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ืžื“ื•ืข ืื ื• ื ืชืงืœื™ื ื‘ืื™-ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
08:54
So to investigate immorality,
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ืœื›ืŸ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ืงื•ืจ ืื™-ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช,
08:56
let me bring you back now to 1980.
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ื ื—ื–ื•ืจ ืœืฉื ืช 1980.
08:58
I'm working at a gas station
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ืื ื™ ืขื•ื‘ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื“ืœืง
09:00
on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.
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ื‘ืคืืชื™ ืกื ื˜ื”-ื‘ืจื‘ืจื”, ืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื”.
09:03
You sit in a gas station all day,
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ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ ืœื›ื ืฉืื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ื™ื•ื
09:05
you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.
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ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื“ืœืง, ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช ื•ืื™-ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
09:07
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth
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ื‘ืื—ืจ-ื”ืฆื”ืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื™ื•ื ืจืืฉื•ืŸ, ืื“ื ื ื›ื ืก ืืœื™ื™ ืœืชื
09:10
with this beautiful jewelry box.
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ืขื ืชื™ื‘ืช ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ื™ื ื™ืคื”.
09:12
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.
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ืคื•ืชื— ืื•ืชื” ื•ื‘ืคื ื™ื ื™ืฉ ืžื—ืจื•ื–ืช ืคื ื™ื ื™ื.
09:14
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.
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ื”ื•ื ืื•ืžืจ, "ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืฉื™ืจื•ืชื™ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
09:16
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"
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ืžืฆืืชื™ ืืช ื–ื”. ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชืš ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื”?"
09:19
"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."
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"ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข, ืชืŸ ืื•ืชื” ืœืžื—ืœืงืช ืื‘ื™ื“ื•ืช."
09:21
"Well this is very valuable.
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"ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื•ื” ื”ืจื‘ื”.
09:23
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."
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ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืžืฆื•ื ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ื”." ื”ืกื›ืžืชื™ ืื™ืชื•.
09:25
So we're trying to decide what to do with this,
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœื”ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช,
09:27
and the phone rings.
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ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืžืฆืœืฆืœ.
09:29
And a man says very excitedly,
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ืื“ื ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื•ืืžืจ,
09:31
"I was in your gas station a while ago,
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"ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืชื—ื ืช ื”ื“ืœืง ืœื ืžื–ืžืŸ,
09:33
and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."
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ื•ืงื ื™ืชื™ ืชื›ืฉื™ื˜ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืืฉืชื™ ื•ืื™ื ื™ ืžื•ืฆื ืื•ืชื•."
09:35
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."
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ืฉืืœืชื™, "ืฉืจืฉืจืช ืคื ื™ื ื™ื?" "ื›ืŸ."
09:37
"Hey, a guy just found it."
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"ืื– ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืฆื ืื•ืชื”."
09:39
"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.
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"ื•ื•ืื•, ื”ืฆืœืช ืืช ื—ื™ื™. ืงื— ืืช ืžืก' ื”ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืฉืœื™.
09:41
Tell that guy to wait half an hour.
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ืชื’ื™ื“ ืœื• ืœื”ืžืชื™ืŸ ื—ืฆื™ ืฉืขื”.
09:43
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."
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ืื’ื™ืข ืœืฉื ื•ืืชืŸ ืœื• 200 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ืคืจืก."
09:45
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.
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ืืžืจืชื™ ืœืื•ืชื• ืื“ื, "ืชื™ืจื’ืข.
09:47
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."
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ืชืงื‘ืœ ืคืจืก ืฉืžืŸ. ื”ืจื•ื•ื—ืช."
09:50
He said, "I can't do it.
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ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”, "ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช.
09:52
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืจื™ืื™ื•ืŸ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ื’ืืœื ื” ื‘ืขื•ื“ 15 ื“ืงื•ืช,
09:54
and I need this job, I've got to go."
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ืื ื™ ืฆืจื™ืš ืืช ื”ืขื‘ื•ื“ื”, ืื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ื‘ ืœืœื›ืช."
09:57
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"
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ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™, "ืžื” ืœื“ืขืชืš ืขืœื™ื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช?"
09:59
I'm in high school. I have no idea.
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ืœื ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ืžื•ืฉื’. ืก"ื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืชืœืžื™ื“ ืชื™ื›ื•ืŸ.
10:02
So I said, "I'll hold it for you."
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ืื– ืืžืจืชื™, "ืืฉืžื•ืจ ืื•ืชื” ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœืš."
10:04
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."
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ื”ื•ื ืขื ื”, "ื”ื™ื™ืช ืžืื•ื“ ื ื—ืžื“, ื‘ื•ื ื ืชื—ืœืง ื‘ืคืจืก."
10:07
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,
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ืืžืกื•ืจ ืœืš ืืช ื”ืฉืจืฉืจืช, ืชืŸ ืœื™ 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ,
10:09
and when the guy comes ... "
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ื•ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื‘ืขืœื™ื ื™ื‘ื•ื...."
10:11
You see it. I was conned.
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ืืชื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื. ืขื‘ื“ื• ืขืœื™ื™.
10:13
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop,
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ื–ื•ื”ื™ ืชืจืžื™ืช ืงืœืืกื™ืช ื”ื ืงืจืืช ืžืœื›ื•ื“ืช ืœืคืชื™,
10:16
and I was the pigeon.
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ื•ืื ื™ ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื”ืคืชื™.
10:18
So the way many cons work
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ื”ื“ืจืš ื‘ื” ื”ืชืจืžื™ืช ืคื•ืขืœืช
10:20
is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him,
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ื”ื™ื ืœื ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ื›ืœ,
10:23
it's that he shows he trusts the victim.
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ืืœื ืฉื”ื ื•ื›ืœ ืจืง ืžืจืื” ืœืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื›ืื™ืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžืืžื™ืŸ ื‘ื•.
10:26
Now we know what happens.
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ื›ืขืช ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื” ืงื•ืจื”.
10:28
The victim's brain releases oxytocin,
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ืžื•ื— ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ืŸ ืžืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
10:30
and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืคื•ืชื— ืืช ืืจื ืงื• ื•ื ื•ืชืŸ ืืช ื›ืกืคื•.
10:33
So who are these people
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ืื– ืžื™ ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืืฉืจ ืžืคืขื™ืœื™ื
10:35
who manipulate our oxytocin systems?
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ื‘ืขื•ืจืžื” ืืช ืžืขืจื›ื•ืช ื”ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืฉืœื ื•?
10:38
We found, testing thousands of individuals,
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ืœืื—ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงืช ืืœืคื™ ืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฆืื ื•
10:41
that five percent of the population
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ืฉ-5 ืื—ื•ื– ืžื”ืื•ื›ืœื•ืกื™ื”
10:43
don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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ืื™ื ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™.
10:47
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
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ื’ื ืื ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืœื”ื, ืžื•ื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืœื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
10:50
If there's money on the table, they keep it all.
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ืื ื›ืกืฃ ื ืžืฆื ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ, ื”ื ืฉื•ืžืจื™ื ืืช ื›ื•ืœื• ืœืขืฆืžื.
10:53
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.
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ื‘ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ืฉืœื™ ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ื˜ื›ื ื™ ืœืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืืœื•.
10:55
We call them bastards.
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ืื ื• ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœื”ื ืžืžื–ืจื™ื.
10:58
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:00
These are not people you want to have a beer with.
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ืืœื” ืœื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื ืจืฆื” ืœืฉืชื•ืช ืขื™ืžื ื‘ื™ืจื”.
11:02
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.
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ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืคืชื™ื.
11:06
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื‘ื”ืŸ ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื“ื›ื ืืช ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ื–ื•.
11:08
One is through improper nurturing.
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ืื—ืช ืžื”ืŸ ื”ื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ื‘ืœืชื™ ื”ื•ืœืžื™ื.
11:11
So we've studied sexually abused women,
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ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ื ืฉื™ื ืฉืขื‘ืจื• ื ื™ืฆื•ืœ ืžื™ื ื™,
11:14
and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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ื•ืžื—ืฆื™ืชืŸ ืœื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื•ืช ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืชื—ืช ื’ื™ืจื•ื™.
11:17
You need enough nurturing
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ื“ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื’ื™ื“ื•ืœ ื•ื˜ื™ืคื•ื— ืžืกืคืงื™ื
11:19
for this system to develop properly.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื–ื• ืชืชืคืชื— ื›ืจืื•ื™.
11:21
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.
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ื’ื ืžืชื— ื ืคืฉื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ืžื“ื›ื ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
11:24
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out,
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ื–ื” ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืื ื—ื ื• ืžืชื•ื—ื™ื,
11:26
we're not acting our best.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื‘ืžื™ื˜ื‘ื ื•.
11:29
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting --
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ื™ืฉ ื“ืจืš ื ื•ืกืคืช ื‘ื” ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืžื“ื•ื›ื ื•ื”ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ื ืช --
11:32
through the action of testosterone.
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
11:35
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ื“ืจื ื• ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื.
11:38
And instead of sharing money,
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ื•ืื– ื‘ืžืงื•ื ืœื”ืชื—ืœืง ืขื ื›ืกืคื,
11:40
they become selfish.
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ื”ื ื”ืคื›ื• ืœืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื.
11:42
But interestingly,
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืฉื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ื’ื‘ื•ื”
11:45
high testosterone males are also more likely
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ื’ื ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื›ืกืคื
11:47
to use their own money to punish others for being selfish.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ ืื—ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื™ื•ืชื ืื ื•ื›ื™ื™ื.
11:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
11:52
Now think about this. It means, within our own biology,
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ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื–ื”. ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžื›ื™ืœื”
11:55
we have the yin and yang of morality.
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ืืช ื”ื™ื™ืŸ-ื•ื”ื™ืื ื’ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
11:58
We have oxytocin that connects us to others,
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื—ืจื™ื,
12:00
makes us feel what they feel.
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ื”ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืืช ืžื” ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
12:02
And we have testosterone.
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ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื’ื ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ.
12:04
And men have 10 times the testosterone as women,
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ืœื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื™ืฉ ืค-10 ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืœืขื•ืžืช ื ืฉื™ื.
12:06
so men do this more than women --
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ืœื›ืŸ ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื›ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื ืฉื™ื --
12:08
we have testosterone that makes us want to punish
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ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื˜ืกื˜ื•ืกื˜ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœืจืฆื•ืช ืœื”ืขื ื™ืฉ
12:11
people who behave immorally.
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ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืชื ื”ื’ื™ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ืžื•ืกืจื™ื•ืช.
12:13
We don't need God or government telling us what to do.
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ืื™ืŸ ืœื ื• ืฆื•ืจืš ื‘ืืœื•ื”ื™ื ืื• ื‘ืžืžืฉืœื”
12:15
It's all inside of us.
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ืฉื™ื’ื™ื“ื• ืœื ื• ืžื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช. ื–ื” ื”ื›ืœ ื‘ืชื•ื›ื ื•.
12:18
So you may be wondering:
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ืื•ืœื™ ืืชื ืชื•ื”ื™ื:
12:20
these are beautiful laboratory experiments,
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ืžืขื‘ื“ื” ื ื—ืžื“ื™ื,
12:22
do they really apply to real life?
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืื ื”ื ื ื›ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ื™ื?
12:24
Yeah, I've been worrying about that too.
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ื’ื ืื ื™ ื—ืฉื‘ืชื™ ืขืœ ื–ื”.
12:26
So I've gone out of the lab
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ืœื›ืŸ ื™ืฆืืชื™ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
12:28
to see if this really holds in our daily lives.
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ืœื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื ื–ื” ืชืงืฃ ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ื”ื™ื•ืžื™ื•ืžื™ื™ื.
12:30
So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England.
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ื‘ืงื™ืฅ ืฉืขื‘ืจ, ื ื›ื—ืชื™ ื‘ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื‘ื“ืจื•ื ืื ื’ืœื™ื”.
12:33
200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion.
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200 ืื™ืฉ ื•ืื™ืฉื” ื”ื™ื• ื‘ืื—ื•ื–ื” ื•ื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช ื™ืคื”ื™ื™ืคื™ื”.
12:36
I didn't know a single person.
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ืœื ื”ื›ืจืชื™ ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉื.
12:38
And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall.
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ื ืกืขืชื™ ื‘ืจื›ื‘ ืฉื›ื•ืจ.
12:40
And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice
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ืฉืœืคืชื™ ืฆื ื˜ืจื™ืคื•ื’ื” ื•ืงืจื— ื™ื‘ืฉ
12:42
and needles and tubes.
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ื•ืžื—ื˜ื™ื ื•ืฆื™ื ื•ืจื™ื•ืช.
12:44
And I took blood from the bride and the groom
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ืœืงื—ืชื™ ื“ื ืžื”ื—ืชืŸ ื•ื”ื›ืœื”
12:46
and the wedding party and the family and the friends
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ื•ืžื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื‘ืžืกื™ื‘ื”, ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื
12:48
before and immediately after the vows.
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ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืžื™ื™ื“ ืื—ืจื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช ื”ืืžื•ื ื™ื.
12:50
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
12:52
And guess what?
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ื•ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื”?
12:54
Weddings cause a release of oxytocin,
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ื—ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื’ื•ืจืžื•ืช ืœืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ,
12:56
but they do so in a very particular way.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืŸ ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ื“ืจืš ืžืื•ื“ ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ืช.
12:59
Who is the center of the wedding solar system?
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ืžื™ ื”ืžืจื›ื– ืฉืœ ื”ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื—ืชื•ื ื”?
13:01
The bride.
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ื”ื›ืœื”.
13:03
She had the biggest increase in oxytocin.
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ืืฆืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉื™ื—ืจื•ืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื”ื›ื™ ื’ื‘ื•ื”.
13:05
Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride?
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ืžื™ ืื•ื”ื‘ ื—ืชื•ื ื” ื›ืžืขื˜ ื›ืžื• ื”ื›ืœื”?
13:08
Her mother, that's right.
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ื”ืืžื ืฉืœื”.
13:10
Her mother was number two.
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ื”ืืžื ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ืชื” ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื”ืฉื ื™.
13:12
Then the groom's father, then the groom,
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ืื—ืจ-ื›ืš ื”ืื‘ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืชืŸ, ื”ื—ืชืŸ,
13:14
then the family, then the friends --
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ื•ื‘ืกื•ืฃ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื™ื --
13:16
arrayed around the bride
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ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ื›ืœื”
13:18
like planets around the Sun.
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ื›ืžื• ื›ื•ื›ื‘ื™-ืœื›ืช ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ื”ืฉืžืฉ.
13:20
So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืœื ื• ืฉื™ืฆืจื ื• ื˜ืงืก
13:23
to connect us to this new couple,
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ื”ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœื–ื•ื’ ื”ื—ื“ืฉ,
13:25
connect us emotionally.
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ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืจื’ืฉื™ืช.
13:27
Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing
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ืœืžื”? ืžืคื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ืฉื”ื ื™ืฆืœื™ื—ื• ื‘ืจื‘ื™ื™ื”
13:30
to perpetuate the species.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืžืฉื™ืš ืืช ื”ื–ืจืข.
13:33
I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money
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ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ื’ื ืžื•ื“ืื’ ืฉืžื” ื ื™ืกื•ื™ื™ ื”ืืžื™ื ื•ืช ืขื ืกื›ื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื
13:36
didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers.
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ืœื ื‘ืืžืช ื“ืœื• ื›ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช ืื ื• ืกื•ืžื›ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืขืœ ื–ืจื™ื.
13:40
So even though I have a fear of heights,
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ืœื›ืŸ ืœืžืจื•ืช ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื™ ืคื—ื“ ื’ื‘ื”ื™ื,
13:42
I recently strapped myself to another human being
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ืงืฉืจืชื™ ืืช ืขืฆืžื™ ืœืื“ื ืื—ืจ
13:44
and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft.
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ื•ืฆื ื—ืชื™ ืžืžื˜ื•ืก ื‘ื’ื•ื‘ื” 4 ืง"ืž.
13:47
I took my blood before and after,
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ื ื˜ืœืชื™ ื“ื’ื™ืžื•ืช ืžื“ืžื™ ืœืคื ื™ ื•ืื—ืจื™,
13:49
and I had a huge spike of oxytocin.
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ื•ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฆืœื™ ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืื“ื™ืจื” ื‘ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
13:52
And there are so many ways we can connect to people.
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ืงื™ื™ืžื•ืช ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื”ืจื‘ื” ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื.
13:55
For example, through social media.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื, ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช.
13:57
Many people are Tweeting right now.
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ืžืžืฉ ื‘ืจื’ืข ื–ื” ืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืฆื™ื™ืฆื™ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื•ื™ื˜ืจ.
13:59
So we investigated the role of social media
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ืœื›ืŸ ื‘ื“ืงื ื• ืืช ื”ืชืคืงื™ื“ ืฉืžืžืœืื•ืช ืจืฉืชื•ืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ื•ืช
14:01
and found the using social media
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ื•ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉื”ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช
14:03
produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin.
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ื™ืฆืจ ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื‘ืžืกืคืจ ื‘ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ ืกืคืจื•ืช.
14:06
So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System.
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ืขืจื›ืชื™ ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื›ื–ื” ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืจืฉืช ืฉื™ื“ื•ืจ ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ืช.
14:09
And they had the reporters and their producers participate.
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ื”ืฉืชืชืคื• ื‘ื• ื”ื›ืชื‘ื™ื ื•ื”ืžืคื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœื”ื.
14:13
And one of these guys, he must have been 22,
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ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื‘ื˜ื— ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืŸ 22,
14:15
he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin.
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ื”ื™ืชื” ืืฆืœื• ืงืคื™ืฆื” ืฉืœ 150 ืื—ื•ื– ื‘ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
14:18
I mean, astounding; no one has this.
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ื–ื” ืžื“ื”ื™ื; ืœืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืื™ืŸ ื“ื‘ืจ ื›ื–ื”.
14:20
So he was using social media in private.
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ื”ื•ื ื ื”ื’ ืœืฉื”ื•ืช ื‘ืจืฉืช ื—ื‘ืจืชื™ืช ื‘ื–ืžื ื• ื”ืคื ื•ื™.
14:22
When I wrote my report to the Koreans,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื›ืชื‘ืชื™ ืืช ื”ื“ื•"ื— ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื™ืื ื™ื,
14:24
I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing,"
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ืืžืจืชื™, "ืชืจืื•, ืื™ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื” ืื“ื ื–ื” ืขื•ืฉื”,"
14:26
but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend.
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ืื‘ืœ ืฉื™ืขืจืชื™ ืœืขืฆืžื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื™ืžื• ืื• ื—ื‘ืจืชื•.
14:29
They checked.
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ื”ื ื‘ื“ืงื•. ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืงืฉืจ
14:31
He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page.
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ืขื ื—ื‘ืจืชื• ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื“ืฃ ื”ืคื™ื™ืกื‘ื•ืง ืฉืœื”.
14:33
There you go. That's connection.
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ื”ื ื” ืœื›ื. ื–ื” ืงืฉืจ.
14:36
So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people,
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ื™ืฉ ื”ืžื•ืŸ ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืชืงืฉืจ ืขื ืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื,
14:39
and it seems to be universal.
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ื•ื ืจืื” ืฉื–ื” ื“ื‘ืจ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกืœื™.
14:41
Two weeks ago,
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ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
14:43
I just got back from Papua New Guinea
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ืจืง ื—ื–ืจืชื™ ืžืคืคื•ืื” ื’ื™ื ืื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”
14:45
where I went up to the highlands --
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ื‘ื” ื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืื–ื•ืจ ื”ืจืจื™ --
14:47
very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers
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ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืงืœืื™ื
14:50
living as they have lived for millenia.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื›ืžื• ืฉื—ื™ื• ืœืคื ื™ 1000 ืฉื ื”.
14:53
There are 800 different languages in the highlands.
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื 800 ืฉืคื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืื–ื•ืจ ื–ื”.
14:56
These are the most primitive people in the world.
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ื”ื ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืคืจื™ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
14:59
And they indeed also release oxytocin.
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ื•ื’ื ื”ื ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
15:02
So oxytocin connects us to other people.
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ื›ืš ืฉืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ืžื—ื‘ืจ ืื•ืชื ื• ืœืื ืฉื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
15:06
Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.
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ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืจื ืœื ื• ืœื”ืจื’ื™ืฉ ืžื” ืื—ืจื™ื ืžืจื’ื™ืฉื™ื.
15:08
And it's so easy to cause people's brains
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ื–ื” ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ืงืœ ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœืžื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื ืฉื™ื
15:11
to release oxytocin.
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ืœืฉื—ืจืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ.
15:13
I know how to do it,
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ืื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ื™ืฆื“ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช,
15:15
and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest.
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ื•ื”ื“ืจืš ื”ื—ื‘ื™ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื™ ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืืช ื–ื”, ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื ื”ืงืœื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
15:17
Let me show it to you.
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ืืจืื” ืœื›ื ืื•ืชื”.
15:24
Come here. Give me a hug.
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ื‘ื•ื, ืชืŸ ืœื™ ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืง.
15:26
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
15:28
There you go.
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ื”ื ื” ื›ื›ื”.
15:30
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
15:39
So my penchant for hugging other people
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ืœื›ืŸ ื—ื™ื‘ืชื™ ืœื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื’ืจืžื” ืœื™
15:41
has earned me the nickname Dr. Love.
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ืœื–ื›ื•ืช ื‘ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ "ื“"ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”".
15:43
I'm happy to share a little more love in the world,
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ืื ื™ ืฉืžื— ืœื—ืœื•ืง ืงืฆืช ืื”ื‘ื” ืขื ื”ืขื•ืœื,
15:45
it's great,
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ื–ื” ื ื”ื“ืจ,
15:47
but here's your prescription from Dr. Love:
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื” ื”ืžืจืฉื ืฉืœื›ื ืž"ื“"ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”":
15:49
eight hugs a day.
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8 ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
15:52
We have found that people who release more oxytocin
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ืžืฆืื ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืžืฉื—ืจืจื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื•ืงืกื™ื˜ื•ืฆื™ืŸ
15:54
are happier.
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื.
15:56
And they're happier
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ื”ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
15:58
because they have better relationships of all types.
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ื›ื™ ื™ืฉ ืœื”ื ื™ื—ืกื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื.
16:01
Dr. Love says eight hugs a day.
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"ื“"ืจ ืื”ื‘ื”" ืื•ืžืจ 8 ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื.
16:04
Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier
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8 ื—ื™ื‘ื•ืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ื -- ื•ืชื”ื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื•ืฉืจื™ื
16:06
and the world will be a better place.
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ื•ื”ืขื•ืœื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืžืงื•ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื˜ื•ื‘.
16:08
Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose.
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ืื ืื ืื™ื ื›ื ืื•ื”ื‘ื™ื ืœื’ืขืช ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื, ืื ื™ ืชืžื™ื“ ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชื—ื•ื‘ ืœื›ื ืืช ื–ื” ืœืืฃ.
16:11
(Laughter)
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(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
16:13
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื”.
16:15
(Applause)
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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