Paul Zak: Trust, morality - and oxytocin

349,035 views ใƒป 2011-11-01

TED


์•„๋ž˜ ์˜๋ฌธ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ”ํด๋ฆญํ•˜์‹œ๋ฉด ์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.

๋ฒˆ์—ญ: Jeong-Lan Kinser ๊ฒ€ํ† : InHyuk Song
00:15
Is there anything unique about human beings?
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์ธ๊ฐ„์— ๊ด€ํ•ด์„œ๋งŒ ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š” ๋ญ”๊ฐ€ ํŠน๋ณ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด ์žˆ๋‚˜์š”?
00:18
There is.
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์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:20
We're the only creatures
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์ธ๊ฐ„์€ ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ์™„์ „ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๋ฐœ๋‹ฌ์‹œํ‚จ
00:22
with fully developed moral sentiments.
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์œ ์ผํ•œ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:24
We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋กœ์„œ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:27
We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ํ–‰๋™์˜ ์ด์œ ๋ฅผ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜์ง€์š”
00:30
And I personally am obsessed with morality.
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๊ฐœ์ธ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ €๋Š” ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:33
It was all due to this woman,
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ชจ๋‘
00:35
Sister Mary Marastela,
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๋ฉ”๋ฆฌ ๋งˆ๋ผ์Šคํ…”๋ผ ์ˆ˜๋…€์ด์ž
00:37
also known as my mom.
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๋˜ ๋‚˜์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ํ•œ ์—ฌ์ธ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
00:41
As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,
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์ œ๋‹จ ์†Œ๋…„์œผ๋กœ์„œ, ์ €๋Š” ํ–ฅ๋ฃŒ๋ฅผ ๋“ค์ด๋งˆ์…จ๊ณ ,
00:44
and I learned to say phrases in Latin,
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๋ผํ‹ด์–ด๋กœ ๊ตฌ์ ˆ๋“ค์„ ๋งํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐฐ์› ์ง€๋งŒ,
00:46
but I also had time to think
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๋˜ํ•œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์˜ ์ƒ๋ช…ํ•˜๋‹ฌ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์ด์•ผ๊ธฐํ•˜๋Š” ๋„๋•์„ฑ์ด
00:48
about whether my mother's top-down morality
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๋ชจ๋“ ์ด์—๊ฒŒ ์ ์šฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ๋„
00:50
applied to everybody.
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์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๋Š” ์‹œ๊ฐ„์„ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:52
I saw that people who were religious and non-religious
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์ €๋Š” ์ข…๊ต๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๊ฑด ์•„๋‹ˆ๊ฑด
00:55
were equally obsessed with morality.
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๋˜‘๊ฐ™์ด ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ์ง‘์ฐฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชฉ๊ฒฉํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
00:57
I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—, ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ์œ„ํ•œ
00:59
for moral decisions.
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์•ฝ๊ฐ„์˜ ์„ธ์†์ ์ธ ํ† ๋Œ€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:01
But I wanted to go further
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€
01:03
than to say our brains make us moral.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ ๋‹ค๊ณ  ๋งํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๋ณด๋‹ค๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์•„๊ฐ€๊ณ  ์‹ถ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:05
I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.
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์ €๋Š” ๋„๋•์„ฑ์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ํ™”ํ•™๊ณต์‹์ด ์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:08
I want to know
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์ €๋Š” ๋„๋•์„ฑ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ด๋ฆ„์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๊ฐ€
01:10
if there was a moral molecule.
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์กด์žฌํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:12
After 10 years of experiments,
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10๋…„์˜ ์‹คํ—˜๋์—,
01:14
I found it.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:16
Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.
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์ข€ ๋ณด์‹œ๊ฒ ์–ด์š”? ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ข€ ๊ฐ€์ ธ์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:20
This little syringe
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์ด ์ž‘์€ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋Š”
01:22
contains the moral molecule.
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๋„๋• ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋‹ด๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:31
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
01:34
It's called oxytocin.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ (obytocin)์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:36
So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹  (oxytocin)์€ ํฌ์œ ๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋งŒ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌ๋˜๋Š”
01:39
found only in mammals.
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๋‹จ์ˆœํ•˜๊ณ  ์˜ค๋ž˜๋œ ๋ถ„์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:41
In rodents, it was known
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์„ค์น˜๋ฅ˜์—์„œ๋Š”,
01:43
to make mothers care for their offspring,
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์—„๋งˆ๋“ค์ด ์ž์†์„ ๋Œ๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ,
01:45
and in some creatures,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์—์„œ๋Š”,
01:47
allowed for toleration of burrowmates.
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๊ตด์† ๋™๋ฌผ๋“ค์˜ ๊ณต์กด์„ ํ—ˆ์šฉํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:49
But in humans, it was only known
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ธ๊ฐ„์—๊ฒŒ๋Š”,
01:51
to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,
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์—ฌ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์ถœ์‚ฐ๊ณผ ๋ชจ์œ ๋ฅผ ์ด‰์ง„ํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
01:53
and is released by both sexes during sex.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์—ฌ์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋‚จ์„ฑ์˜ ์„ฑ๊ต์ค‘์— ๋ฐœ์‚ฐ๋˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ๋งŒ ์•Œ๋ ค์ ธ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
01:57
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ (oxytocin)์ด ๋„๋• ๋ถ„์ž์ผ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฅธ๋‹ค๋Š” ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ์ง€์š”
02:00
I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.
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์ €๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ๋Œ€๋ถ€๋ถ„์ด ํ•˜๋˜ ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์ง€์š”
02:03
One of them told me,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
02:05
"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.
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"ํด, ์ด๊ฑด ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์•ผ
02:08
It is," he said, "only a female molecule.
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์™œ๋ƒ๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ฑด, "๋‹จ์ง€ ์—ฌ์„ฑ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋‹ˆ๊น
02:10
It can't be that important."
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์ค‘์š”ํ• ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด"
02:12
But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋ฐ˜๋ฐ•ํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, "๊ธ€์Ž„, ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋„ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งŒ๋“ค์–ด
02:15
There must be a reason why."
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๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๋ฐ˜๋“œ์‹œ ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์„๊ฑฐ์•ผ"
02:17
But he was right, it was a stupid idea.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ์˜ณ๊ธด ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค, ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ์•„์ด๋””์–ด์˜€์œผ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ์š”
02:20
But it was testably stupid.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ถฉ๋ถ„ํžˆ ์‹œํ—˜ํ•ด ๋ณผ ๋งŒํ•œ ๋ฐ”๋ณด๊ฐ™์€ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด์—ˆ์ฃ 
02:22
In other words, I thought I could design an experiment
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์ฆ‰, ์ €๋Š” ์ด๋ฅผ ์œ„ํ•œ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ๋””์ž์ธํ•ด ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:25
to see if oxytocin made people moral.
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š”์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ๋ง์ด์ฃ .
02:29
Turns out it wasn't so easy.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ์‰ฝ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:31
First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.
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์ผ๋‹จ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ๋กœ, ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์€ ์ˆ˜์ค์Œ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ„์ž๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:34
Baseline levels are near zero,
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค๋„๋ก ์œ ๋„ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ž๊ทน ์—†์ด๋Š”
02:36
without some stimulus to cause its release.
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๋ฒ ์ด์Šค๋ผ์ธ ์ˆ˜์ค€์€ ์ œ๋กœ์— ๊ฐ€๊น์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์ฆ‰ ์ €์ ˆ๋กœ๋Š” ๊ฑฐ์˜ ๋‚˜์˜ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค).
02:39
And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์ด ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜๋ฉด, 3๋ถ„ 30์ดˆ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์ƒ์กดํ•˜๋‹ค๊ฐ€
02:41
and degrades rapidly at room temperature.
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์ƒ์˜จ์—์„œ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•˜๊ฒŒ ๊ฐ์†Œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
02:44
So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,
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๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•ด์•ผ ํ•˜๊ณ 
02:46
have to grab it fast and keep it cold.
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์žฌ๋นจ๋ฆฌ ํฌํšํ•˜๊ณ  ์ฐจ๊ฐ‘๊ฒŒ ์œ ์ง€ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:48
I think I can do that.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:50
Now luckily, oxytocin is produced
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์ž ์šด์ข‹๊ฒŒ๋„, ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์€
02:52
both in the brain and in the blood,
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๋‘๋‡Œ์™€ ํ˜ˆ์•ก ๋‚ด ๋‘๊ณณ ๋ชจ๋‘์—์„œ ์ƒ์‚ฐ๋˜์–ด์„œ,
02:55
so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋‡Œ ์‹ ๊ฒฝ์ˆ˜์ˆ ์„ ๋ฐฐ์šฐ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ ์„œ๋„ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
02:59
Then I had to measure morality.
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์ด์ œ ๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•ด์•ผ ํ–ˆ์ง€์š”
03:02
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.
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๋Œ€๋ฌธ์ž M์„ ๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ์ทจํ•˜๊ธฐ๋Š” ์ƒ๋‹นํžˆ ํฐ ํ”„๋กœ์ ํŠธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:05
So I started smaller.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ž‘๊ฒŒ ์‹œ์ž‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:07
I studied one single virtue:
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์ €๋Š” ๋‹จ ํ•˜๋‚˜์˜ ๋ฏธ๋•์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:10
trustworthiness.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ:
03:12
Why? I had shown in the early 2000s
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”? ์ œ๊ฐ€ 2000๋…„๋Œ€ ์ดˆ๊ธฐ์—
03:15
that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์ด ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๋ถ„์„ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€
03:18
are more prosperous.
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๋”์šฑ ๋ฒˆ์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฑธ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฐ ์ ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:20
So in these countries, more economic transactions occur
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์ด๋Ÿฐ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์—์„œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์  ์—…๋ฌด๊ฐ€ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๊ณ 
03:23
and more wealth is created,
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์ฐฝ์กฐ๋˜๊ณ ,
03:25
alleviating poverty.
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๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:27
So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ฐ€๋‚œํ•œ ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋“ค์€ ๋Œ€์ฒด๋กœ ๋‚ฎ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๊ตญ๊ฐ€๋กœ ๋‚˜์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:30
So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋„์˜ ํ™”ํ•™์„ ์ดํ•ดํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด,
03:33
I might help alleviate poverty.
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๋นˆ๊ณค์„ ์™„ํ™”์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋„์šธ์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:35
But I'm also a skeptic.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ €๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ ์˜์‹ฌ์ด ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:37
I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งˆ๋ƒฅ, "๋‹น์‹ ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•  ๋งŒํ•œ๊ฐ€์š”?"๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ฌป๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:39
So instead I use
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๊ทธ ๋Œ€์‹ 
03:41
the Jerry Maguire approach to research.
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์ œ๋ฆฌ ๋งฅ๊ณผ์ด์–ด์‹ ์ ‘๊ทผ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ฆฌ์„œ์น˜์— ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:43
If you're so virtuous,
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๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด
03:45
show me the money.
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๋ˆ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ๋„๋ก ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(์‡ผ์šฐ ๋ฏธ ๋” ๋จธ๋‹ˆ)
03:47
So what we do in my lab
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
03:49
is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.
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๋ˆ์„ ์ด์šฉํ•ด์„œ ๋•๊ณผ ์•…๋•์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ ํ˜นํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:51
Let me show you how we do that.
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๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:53
So we recruit some people for an experiment.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ๋ชจ์ง‘ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:55
They all get $10 if they agree to show up.
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์ถœ์„ํ•˜๋Š”๋ฐ ๋™์˜ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด $10๋ฅผ ์ง€๊ธ‰ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
03:58
We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ง€์นจ์„ ์ฃผ์ง€๋งŒ, ์ ˆ๋Œ€๋กœ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๊ธฐ๋งŒํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:01
Then we match them in pairs by computer.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๋กœ ๋งค์น˜์‹œ์ผœ ์ง์„ ์ง“๊ฒŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:04
And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,
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๊ทธ ์Œ์—์„œ, ํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€
04:06
"Do you want to give up some of your $10
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"์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์˜จ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋ฐ›์€
04:08
you earned for being here
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10๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ ์ค‘ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์„ ์–‘๋ณดํ•ด์„œ
04:10
and ship it to someone else in the lab?"
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์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅผ ๋ˆ„๊ตฐ๊ฐ€์—๊ฒŒ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์›ํ•˜์„ธ์š”?" ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:12
The trick is you can't see them,
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์— ์ˆจ๊ฒจ์ง„ ํŠธ๋ฆญ์€, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋ณผ ์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
04:14
you can't talk to them.
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๊ทธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๋งํ•  ์ˆ˜๋„ ์—†๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:16
You only do it one time.
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์ด๊ฑธ ํ•œ ๋ฒˆ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:18
Now whatever you give up
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์ž, ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋ˆ์„ ํฌ๊ธฐํ•˜๊ธฐ๋งŒ ํ•˜๋ฉด
04:20
gets tripled in the other person's account.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์˜ ๊ณ„์ขŒ๋Š” ์„ธ๋ฐฐ๊ฐ€ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:23
You're going to make them a lot wealthier.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋ถ€์ž๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“ค ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค(๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๋„ ๊ทธ๋Ÿด ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๊ฒŒ ๋˜๋Š”๊ฑฐ์ฃ )
04:25
And they get a message by computer saying
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๋Š” ์ปดํ“จํ„ฐ๊ฐ€ ์ด ์ •๋„์˜ ๋ˆ์„
04:27
person one sent you this amount of money.
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๋ณด๋ƒˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๋ฉ”์„ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ฐ›์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:29
Do you want to keep it all,
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ๊ทธ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์ฐจ์ง€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”,
04:31
or do you want to send some amount back?
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์•„๋‹ˆ๋ฉด ๋ฐ˜๋Œ€๋กœ ๋ˆ์˜ ์ผ๋ถ€๋ฅผ ๋„๋กœ ๋Œ๋ ค ๋ฐ›๊ณ  ์‹ถ์œผ์‹ ๊ฐ€์š”?
04:34
So think about this experiment for minute.
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์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ž ๊น ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด๋ณด์„ธ์š”
04:36
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๋”ฑ๋”ฑํ•œ ์˜์ž์— ํ•œ ์‹œ๊ฐ„ ๋ฐ˜ ์ •๋„๋ฅผ ์•‰์•„๊ณ„์‹ค๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:39
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle
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๋ช‡๋ช‡์˜ ์ •์‹ ๋‚˜๊ฐ„ ๊ณผํ•™์ž๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ํŒ”์„ ์žก์•„์„œ ์ฃผ์‚ฌ๋ฐ”๋Š˜๋กœ
04:41
and take four tubes of blood.
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4ํŠœ๋ธŒ์˜ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ๋ฝ‘์„ ์˜ˆ์ •์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:43
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?
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์ž ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ์–‘๋ณดํ•˜๊ณ  ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ณด๋‚ด๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋ฐ”๋ผ์‹ญ๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
04:46
So this was the birth of vampire economics.
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํกํ˜ˆ๊ท€ ๊ฒฝ์ œ์˜ ํƒœ๋™์ด์ฃ 
04:49
Make a decision and give me some blood.
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๊ฒฐ์ •์„ ๋‚ด๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ฑ„์ทจํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
04:52
So in fact, experimental economists
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์‚ฌ์‹ค ์‹คํ—˜ ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
04:54
had run this test around the world,
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์ „์„ธ๊ณ„์ ์œผ๋กœ ์ด ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ•˜์—ฌ
04:56
and for much higher stakes,
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ํ›จ์”ฌ ๋” ๋†’์€ ์ด๊ถŒ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด
04:58
and the consensus view
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ทธ ํ•ฉ์˜๋œ ๊ฒฌํ•ด๋ฅผ ์•Œ์•„๋ณด๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
05:00
was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,
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์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ ํ•œ ์ธก์ •์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์˜ ์ธก์ •์ด์—ˆ๊ณ 
05:03
and the transfer from the second person back to the first
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ๋‹ค์‹œ ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ๋กœ ๋ณด๋‚ด์ฃผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€
05:06
measured trustworthiness.
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'์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ'์˜ ์ธก์ •์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:08
But in fact, economists were flummoxed
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์ž๋“ค์€
05:10
on why the second person would ever return any money.
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๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋ˆ์„ ํ•œ๋ฒˆ์ด๋ผ๋„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋ฐ›์„์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•œ ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์–ด๋ฆฌ๋‘ฅ์ ˆํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:13
They assumed money is good,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ์ด ์ข‹๋‹ค๊ณ  ์ง์ž‘ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
05:15
why not keep it all?
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์™œ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฐ„์งํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๊ฒ ์–ด?
05:17
That's not what we found.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์•Œ์•„๋‚ธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:19
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒซ๋ฒˆ์งธ ์˜์‚ฌ๊ฒฐ์ •์ž๋“ค์ด ๋ˆ์„ ํƒ€์ธ์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ์†กํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ๊ณผ
05:22
and of those who received money,
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๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ค‘
05:24
95 percent returned some of it.
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95ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์•ฝ๊ฐ„์„ ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:26
But why?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์™œ์š”?
05:28
Well by measuring oxytocin
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๊ธ€์Ž„์š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
05:30
we found that the more money the second person received,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์„ ๋ฐ›์œผ๋ฉด ๋ฐ›์„์ˆ˜๋ก
05:32
the more their brain produced oxytocin,
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•˜๊ณ 
05:34
and the more oxytocin on board,
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๋” ๋งŽ์ธ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์ด ๋ณด๋“œ์— ์žˆ์„์ˆ˜๋ก,
05:36
the more money they returned.
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๋” ๋งŽ์€ ๋ˆ์ด ๋ฐ˜ํ™˜๋˜์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:39
So we have a biology of trustworthiness.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์˜ ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฒŒ ๋œ ๊ฒƒ์ด์ฃ 
05:42
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?
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์—ฌ๊ธฐ์„œ ์ž ๊น๋งŒ์š”, ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์— ๋ฌด์Šจ ์ผ์ด ์ƒ๊ธด๊ฑธ๊นŒ์š”?
05:45
Two things.
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๋‘๊ฐ€์ง€์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค.
05:47
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ์‹ ์ฒด์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•˜๋Š” ๊ทธ ๋ฌด์—‡๋„ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ์ ์ธ ์ƒํ™ฉ์—์„œ ๋ฐœ์ƒํ•œ๊ฒŒ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ๋Š” ์ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:50
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ๊ณผ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๋Š” ๋‹ค๋ฅธ 9๊ฐ€์ง€ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์ธก์ •ํ–ˆ์ง€๋งŒ,
05:53
but they didn't have any effect.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์–ด๋–ค ํšจ๊ณผ๋„ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
05:55
But the second is
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์จฐ๋Š”
05:57
that I still only had this indirect relationship
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ์ „ํžˆ ์ด ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ๊ณผ ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ๊ฐ„์˜
05:59
between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
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๊ฐ„์ ‘์ ์ธ ๊ด€๊ณ„๋งŒ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ ๋ฟ์ด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:01
I didn't know for sure
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์ €๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์ด ์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”์ง€
06:03
oxytocin caused trustworthiness.
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ํ™•์‹คํžˆ ์•Œ ์ˆ˜ ์—†์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:05
So to make the experiment,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ์‹คํ—˜์„ ํ•˜๊ธฐ์œ„ํ•ด,
06:07
I knew I'd have to go into the brain
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์ €๋Š” ๋‘๋˜๋กœ ๋“ค์–ด๊ฐ€์„œ
06:09
and manipulate oxytocin directly.
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ์ง์ ‘ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•ด์•ผ๋งŒํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:11
I used everything short of a drill
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์ œ ์Šค์Šค๋กœ์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ ์•ˆ์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋Œ์–ด๋“ค์ผ
06:13
to get oxytocin into my own brain.
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๋ชจ๋“  ๊ฒƒ์„ ์‹œ๋„ํ•ด ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:16
And I found I could do it
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„
06:18
with a nasal inhaler.
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๋น„๊ฐ•ํก์ž…๊ธฐ๋กœ ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:20
So along with colleagues in Zurich,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ฎœ๋ฆฌํžˆ์— ์žˆ๋Š” ๋™๋ฃŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ•จ๊ป˜,
06:22
we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 200๋ช…์˜ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ํ”Œ๋ผ์‹œ๋ณด๋ฅผ ํˆฌ์ž…ํ•ด,
06:24
had that same trust test with money,
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์•ž์„œ ๋ˆ์œผ๋กœ ํ–ˆ๋˜ ์‹ ์šฉ ํ…Œ์ŠคํŠธ๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ๊ณ ,
06:26
and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ณต์šฉํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‹ ์šฉ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์„๋ฟ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
06:29
we can more than double the number of people
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋ˆ ์ „๋ถ€๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ
06:32
who sent all their money to a stranger --
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๋ฌด๋“œ๋‚˜ ๋˜๋Š” ์ธ์ง€๋ฅผ ๋ชจ๋‘ ๋ฐ”๊พธ์ง€ ์•Š๊ณ 
06:34
all without altering mood or cognition.
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๋ณด๋‚ด๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ์ˆซ์ž๋ฅผ ๋‘๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:38
So oxytocin is the trust molecule,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋‹ˆ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์€ ์‹ ๋ขฐ๋ถ„์ž์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:42
but is it the moral molecule?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๊ฑด ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ๋ถ„์ž์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
06:45
Using the oxytocin inhaler,
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹  ํก์ž…๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ,
06:47
we ran more studies.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ๋ฅผ ์‹œํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:49
We showed that oxytocin infusion
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹  ์ฃผ์ž…์ด
06:51
increases generosity
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์ผ๋ฐฉ์ ์ธ ์ž๊ธˆ ์ด์†ก์—์„œ
06:53
in unilateral monetary transfers
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80ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ
06:55
by 80 percent.
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๊ด€๋Œ€ํ•จ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
06:57
We showed it increases donations to charity
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” 50ํผ์„ผํŠธ๋กœ
06:59
by 50 percent.
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์ž์„ ๊ธฐ๊ธˆ์— ๊ธฐ๋ถ€๊ธˆ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:01
We've also investigated
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋˜ํ•œ
07:03
non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ๋น„-์•ฝ์ œ์ ์ธ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:05
These include massage,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€
07:07
dancing and praying.
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์ถค์ถ”๋Š”๊ฒƒ๊ณผ ๊ธฐ๋„ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์˜ ๋ฉ”์‹œ์ง€๋ฅผ ํฌํ•จํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:09
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.
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๋งž์•„์š”, ์ œ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋Š” ๋งˆ์ง€๋ง‰๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ดํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:12
And whenever we raise oxytocin,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์‹œํ‚ฌ๋•Œ๋งˆ๋‹ค
07:14
people willingly open up their wallets
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๊ธฐ๊บผ์ด ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ‘์„ ์—ด์–ด
07:16
and share money with strangers.
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๋ˆ์„ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ๋“ค๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:18
But why do they do this?
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ด์œ ๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜๊นŒ์š”?
07:20
What does it feel like
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๋‘๋˜๊ฐ€ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์˜ ํ™์ˆ˜๋ฅผ ์ด๋ฃฐ๋•Œ๋Š”
07:22
when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
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์–ด๋–ค ๋Š๋‚Œ์ด ๋“ค๊นŒ์š”?
07:24
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment
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์ด ์งˆ๋ฌธ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์„ํ•ด์„œ
07:27
where we had people watch a video
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ์‹œ์ฒญํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค,
07:29
of a father and his four year-old son,
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์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ํ•œ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€์™€ ๊ทธ์˜ ๋„ค์‚ด์งœ๋ฆฌ ์•„๋“ค์— ๊ด€ํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์œผ๋กœ
07:31
and his son has terminal brain cancer.
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๊ทธ ์•„๋“ค์ด ์น˜๋ช…์ ์ธ ๋‡Œ์•”์„๊ฐ€์ง„ ๋น„๋””์˜ค์˜€์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:33
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค๋ฅผ ๋‹ค ๋ณด๊ณ ๋‚˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ๊ณ 
07:36
and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ์ธก์ •ํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์‹œ์ฒญ ์ด์ „๊ณผ ์ดํ›„์— ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ฒด์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:39
The change in oxytocin
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์˜ ๋ณ€ํ™”๊ฐ€
07:41
predicted their feelings of empathy.
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๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…์˜ ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๊ฐ์ •์„ ์˜ˆ์ธกํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:45
So it's empathy
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…์ด
07:47
that makes us connect to other people.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:49
It's empathy that makes us help other people.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์ง€์›ํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:52
It's empathy that makes us moral.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ๊ฐ์ •์ด์ž…์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:56
Now this idea is not new.
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์ž, ์ด ์•„์ด๋””์–ด๋Š” ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹™๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
07:58
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith
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๊ทธ๋•Œ ๋‹น์‹œ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž๋กœ ์•Œ๋ ค์ง„ ์•„๋‹ด ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๋Š”
08:00
wrote a book in 1759
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1759๋…„์— ์ฑ…์„ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ
08:02
called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
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"๋„๋•๊ฐ์ •๋ก " ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ ธ์ฃ 
08:04
In this book, Smith argued
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์ด ์ฑ…์—์„œ, ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค๊ฐ€ ์ฃผ์žฅํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
08:07
that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ์˜ํ•˜๋‹ฌ์‹์— ์˜ํ•ด์„œ๊ฐ€ ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ
08:10
but for a bottom-up reason.
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ํ•˜์˜์ƒ๋‹ฌํ˜•์˜ ์ด์œ ์— ์˜ํ•ด ์›€์ง์ด๋Š” ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด๋ผ๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:12
He said we're social creatures,
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌํšŒ์ ์ธ ์ƒ๋ฌผ์ฒด์ด์–ด์„œ
08:14
so we share the emotions of others.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค๊ณผ ์ •์„œ๋ฅผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•œ๋‹ค๊ณ  ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:16
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ์ƒ์ฒ˜๋ฅผ ์ž…ํ˜”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ณ ํ†ต์„ ๋Š๋‚๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:19
So I tend to avoid that.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ”ผํ•˜๋ ค๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”
08:21
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•œ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ ๊ธฐ์จ์„ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„๊ณผ ๊ณต์œ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:24
So I tend to do those things.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์ด ์žˆ์ง€์š”
08:26
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,
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์ž ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ฐ”๋กœ 17๋…„์ดํ›„์—
08:28
would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --
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๊ฒฝ์ œํ•™์˜ ์ดˆ์„์ด ๋œ "๊ตญ๋ถ€๋ก "์ด๋ผ๋Š” ์ž‘์€ ์ฑ…์„ ์“ด
08:31
the founding document of economics.
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๋ฐ”๋กœ ๊ทธ ๊ฐ™์€ ์•„๋‹ด ์Šค๋ฏธ์Šค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:33
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ๋Š”, ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๋„๋•์ ์ธ ์ฒ ํ•™์ž์˜€๊ณ ,
08:36
and he was right on why we're moral.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์™œ ๋„๋•์ ์ธ์ง€์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด์„œ ์˜ณ์•˜์Œ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ฃผ์—ˆ์ฃ 
08:38
I just found the molecule behind it.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ง‰ ๊ทธ ๋ฐฐ๊ฒฝ์˜ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:41
But knowing that molecule is valuable,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ๊ทธ ๋ถ„์ž๋ฅผ ์•„๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
08:44
because it tells us how to turn up this behavior
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ด๋Ÿฌํ•œ ํ–‰๋™์„ ๋‚˜ํƒ€๋‚˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๊ณผ
08:47
and what turns it off.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์ด ์‚ฌ๋ผ์ง€๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด์ฃผ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์— ์ค‘์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:49
In particular, it tells us
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ํŠน๋ณ„ํžˆ, ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์—๊ฒŒ
08:51
why we see immorality.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ๋ณด๋Š” ์ด์œ ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:54
So to investigate immorality,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋น„๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ•˜๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ,
08:56
let me bring you back now to 1980.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์„ ์ œ๊ฐ€ 1980๋…„๋Œ€๋กœ ๋˜๋Œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
08:58
I'm working at a gas station
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์ €๋Š” ์บ˜๋ฆฌํฌ๋‹ˆ์•„ ์‚ฐํƒ€ ๋ฐ”๋ฐ”๋ผ์˜ ๊ต์™ธ์˜
09:00
on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.
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์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ์—์„œ ์ผํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:03
You sit in a gas station all day,
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์ข…์ผ ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ์— ์•‰์•„์žˆ์œผ๋ฉด,
09:05
you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.
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๋ง์”€๋“œ๋ฆฌ์ง€๋งŒ, ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋„๋•์„ฑ๊ณผ ๋น„๋„๋•์„ฑ์„ ๋ด…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:07
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์–ด๋Š ์ผ์š”์ผ ์˜คํ›„์—, ํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์ œ ํ˜„๊ธˆ ๋ถ€์Šค์—
09:10
with this beautiful jewelry box.
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์ด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋ณด์„์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๊ฑธ์–ด์˜ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:12
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.
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๊ทธ๊ฑธ ์—ด์–ด๋ณด๋‹ˆ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ์•ˆ์—๋Š” ์ง„์ฃผ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์–ด์š”
09:14
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "์ด๋ด, ๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋‚จ์žํ™”์žฅ์‹ค์— ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ
09:16
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"
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์ด๊ฑธ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์–ด. ๊ทธ๊ฑธ๊ฐ–๊ณ  ๋ญ˜ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊ฑฐ๋ผ๊ณ  ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด?"
09:19
"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."
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"๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์–ด, ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ถ„์‹ค๋ฌผ์„ผํ„ฐ์— ๋„ฃ์–ด๋ด"
09:21
"Well this is very valuable.
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"๊ธ€์Ž„ ์ด๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํžˆ ๊ฐ€์น˜์žˆ๋Š”๊ฑฐ์•ผ
09:23
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ ์ฃผ์ธ์„ ์ฐพ์•„์•ผ๋งŒํ•ด." ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "์˜ˆ"
09:25
So we're trying to decide what to do with this,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฑธ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ•ด์•ผํ• ์ง€ ์• ๋ฅผ์“ฐ๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๊ณ ,
09:27
and the phone rings.
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์ „ํ™”๊ฐ€ ์šธ๋ ธ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:29
And a man says very excitedly,
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋งค์šฐ ํฅ๋ถ„ํ•˜์—ฌ ๋งํ•˜๊ธฐ๋ฅผ,
09:31
"I was in your gas station a while ago,
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"๋‚˜๋Š” ๋‹น์‹ ๋„ค ์ฃผ์œ ์†Œ์— ์ž ์‹œ ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ,
09:33
and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."
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์ด ๋ณด์„์„ ๋‚ด ๋ถ€์ธ์„ ์œ„ํ•ด ์ƒ€๋Š”๋ฐ, ์ฐพ์„์ˆ˜๊ฐ€ ์—†์–ด์š”"
09:35
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "์ง„์ฃผ ๋ชฉ๊ฑธ์ด?" "์˜ˆ"
09:37
"Hey, a guy just found it."
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"ํ—ค์ด, ์–ด๋–ค ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ด ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๋ง‰ ์ฐพ์•˜์–ด์š”"
09:39
"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.
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"์˜ค, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚ด ์ƒ๋ช…์„ ๊ตฌํ–ˆ์–ด์š”! ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ๋‚ด ์ „ํ™”๋ฒˆํ˜ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
09:41
Tell that guy to wait half an hour.
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๊ทธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์—๊ฒŒ 30๋ถ„๋งŒ ๊ธฐ๋‹ค๋ฆฌ๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ด ์ฃผ์„ธ์š”
09:43
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ฑฐ๊ธฐ๋กœ ๊ฐ€์„œ 200๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ๋ณด์ƒ์œผ๋กœ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
09:45
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.
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๊ต‰์žฅํ•˜๊ตฐ, ๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด์„์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ•œ ๋‚จ์ž์—๊ฒŒ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "๋ณด์„ธ์š”, ๋งˆ์Œ์„ ํŽธํžˆ ๊ฐ€์ง€์„ธ์š”
09:47
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."
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์ด ๋ถ„์ด ๋ณด์ƒ ํ•˜๊ฒ ๋Œ€์š”. ์ธ์ƒ ์ข‹์€๋ฐ์š”"
09:50
He said, "I can't do it.
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฐ๋ฐ ๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "์•ˆ๋˜๋Š”๋ฐ์š”"
09:52
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,
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์ฑ„์šฉ ์ธํ„ฐ๋ทฐ๊ฐ€ 15๋ถ„ ๋’ค์— ์žˆ์–ด์„œ์š”
09:54
and I need this job, I've got to go."
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์ €๋Š” ์ด ์ง์—…์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•˜๊ณ , ๊ฐ€์•ผ๋งŒ ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
09:57
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‹ค์‹œ ๋ฌป๊ธฐ๋ฅผ, "์–ด๋–ป๊ฒŒ ํ•ด์•ผ ํ• ๊นŒ์š”"
09:59
I'm in high school. I have no idea.
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์ €๋Š” ๊ณ ๋“ฑํ•™์ƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์•„๋ฌด๋Ÿฐ ์ƒ๊ฐ์ด ์—†์–ด์š”
10:02
So I said, "I'll hold it for you."
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋ณด๊ด€ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
10:04
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."
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๊ทธ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "์ •๋ง ์นœ์ ˆํ•˜์‹œ๊ตฐ์š”. ๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ๋ณด์ƒ๊ธˆ์„ ๋ฐ˜์”ฉ ๋‚˜๋ˆ„์ฃ "
10:07
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,
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๋‚ด๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ ๋ณด์„์„ ์ค„ํ…Œ๋‹ˆ, ๋‹น์‹ ์ด ๋‚ด๊ฒŒ 100๋‹ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ฅผ ์ฃผ๊ณ ,
10:09
and when the guy comes ... "
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๊ทธ ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ์˜ค๋ฉด..."
10:11
You see it. I was conned.
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๋ˆˆ์น˜ ์ฑ„์…จ๋‚˜์š”? ์ €๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๋ฅผ ๋‹นํ–ˆ์ง€์š”
10:13
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ด๊ฒƒ์€ ์ „ํ˜•์ ์ธ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ ๋˜ฅ์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถˆ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์ธ๋ฐ,
10:16
and I was the pigeon.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋น„๋‘˜๊ธฐ์˜€์ง€์š”
10:18
So the way many cons work
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ์ด ์ผํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€
10:20
is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him,
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์‚ฌ๊ธฐ๊พผ์ด ๊ทธ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋„๋ก ํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด ์•„๋‹ˆ๋ผ,
10:23
it's that he shows he trusts the victim.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ทธ ํฌ์ƒ์ž๋ฅผ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ณด์—ฌ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:26
Now we know what happens.
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์ž ์ด์ œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ฌด์Šจ์ผ์ด ์ผ์–ด๋‚˜๋Š”์ง€ ์••๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:28
The victim's brain releases oxytocin,
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๊ทธ ํฌ์ƒ์ž์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๊ณ 
10:30
and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์€ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ง€๊ฐ‘์ด๋‚˜ ํ•ธ๋“œ๋ฐฑ์„ ์—ด์–ด, ๋ˆ์„ ์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:33
So who are these people
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์ด์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€
10:35
who manipulate our oxytocin systems?
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹  ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์กฐ์ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ผ๊นŒ์š”?
10:38
We found, testing thousands of individuals,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ์˜ ๊ฐœ์ธ๋“ค์˜ ์‹คํ—˜ํ•ด์„œ
10:41
that five percent of the population
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์ธ๊ตฌ์˜ 5ํผ์„ผํŠธ๊ฐ€ ์ž๊ทน์—์„œ
10:43
don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:47
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋งŒ์ผ ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•œ๋‹ค ํ•˜๋”๋ผ๋„, ๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:50
If there's money on the table, they keep it all.
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๋งŒ์ผ ํƒ์ž์— ๋ˆ์ด ์žˆ๋‹ค๋ฉด, ๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ์ „๋ถ€ ๊ฐ€์ง€์ง€์š”
10:53
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ์—๋Š” ์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„ ์œ„ํ•œ ๊ธฐ์ˆ ์ ์ธ ์–ดํœ˜๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:55
We call them bastards.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์„ ๋‚˜์œ๋†ˆ๋“ค์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋ถ€๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
10:58
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:00
These are not people you want to have a beer with.
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์€ ํ•จ๊ป˜ ๋งฅ์ฃผ๋ฅผ ๋งˆ์‹œ๊ณ  ์‹ถ์ง€ ์•Š์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ฃ 
11:02
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ •์‹ ๋ณ‘์ž๋“ค์˜ ํŠน์„ฑ์„ ๋งŽ์ด ์ง€๋‹Œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:06
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.
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์‹ ๋ขฐ์„ฑ ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ๋ช‡๊ฐ€์ง€๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:08
One is through improper nurturing.
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ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€๋Š” ๋ถ€์ ์ ˆํ•œ ์–‘์œก์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:11
So we've studied sexually abused women,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์„ฑ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‘๋Œ€๋‹นํ•œ ์—ฌ์ธ๋“ค์„ ์—ฐ๊ตฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
11:14
and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์˜ ์ ˆ๋ฐ˜์€ ์ž๊ทน์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€ ์•Š์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:17
You need enough nurturing
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์ด ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์„ ์ ์ ˆํžˆ ๋ฐœ์ „์‹œํ‚ค๊ธฐ ์œ„ํ•ด์„œ๋Š”
11:19
for this system to develop properly.
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์ถฉ๋ถ„ํ•œ ์–‘์œก์ด ํ•„์š”ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:21
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.
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๋˜ํ•œ, ๋†’์€ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ์–ต์ œํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:24
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ชจ๋‘ ์•Œ๊ณ , ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์ŠคํŠธ๋ ˆ์Šค๋ฅผ ๋งŽ์ด ๋ฐ›์„๋•Œ๋ฉด
11:26
we're not acting our best.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์šฐ๋ฆฌ ์ตœ์„ ์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:29
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting --
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์ด ์–ต์ œ๋˜๋Š” ๋˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ํ•œ๊ฐ€์ง€ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กœ์šด ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€
11:32
through the action of testosterone.
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ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์˜ ํ™œ๋™์„ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:35
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ, ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹คํ—˜์—์„œ, ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์„ ์ฃผ์ž…ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:38
And instead of sharing money,
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ์ž ๋ˆ์„ ๊ณต์œ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋Œ€์‹ ์—,
11:40
they become selfish.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:42
But interestingly,
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ํฅ๋ฏธ๋กญ๊ฒŒ๋„,
11:45
high testosterone males are also more likely
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ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์ด ์ฃผ์ž…๋œ ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์€ ๋˜ํ•œ
11:47
to use their own money to punish others for being selfish.
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๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์ด๊ธฐ์ ์ธ ๊ฒƒ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์ž์‹ ์˜ ๋ˆ์„ ์จ๊ฐ€๋ฉฐ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ• ๋ ค๊ณ  ๋“œ๋Š” ๊ฐ€๋Šฅ์„ฑ์ด ๋†’์•˜๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
11:52
Now think about this. It means, within our own biology,
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์ž ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ด ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ƒ๋ฌผํ•™์ ์ธ ์กด์žฌ๋กœ์„œ
11:55
we have the yin and yang of morality.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋“  ๋„๋•์„ฑ์˜ ์–‘๊ณผ ์Œ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
11:58
We have oxytocin that connects us to others,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”,
12:00
makes us feel what they feel.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:02
And we have testosterone.
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์ง€์š”
12:04
And men have 10 times the testosterone as women,
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์€ ์—ฌ์ž๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค 10๋ฐฐ๋‚˜ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์„ ๊ฐ€์ง€๊ณ  ์žˆ์–ด์„œ,
12:06
so men do this more than women --
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๋‚จ์ž๋“ค์€ ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์—ฌ์„ฑ๋“ค๋ณด๋‹ค ๋” ๋งŽ์ด ํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค--
12:08
we have testosterone that makes us want to punish
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋น„๋„๋•์ ์œผ๋กœ ํ–‰๋™ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์„
12:11
people who behave immorally.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์ฒ˜๋ฒŒํ•˜๊ณ  ์‹ถ์–ดํ•˜๋„๋ก ๋งŒ๋“œ๋Š” ํ…Œ์Šคํ† ์Šคํ…Œ๋ก ์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:13
We don't need God or government telling us what to do.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์‹ ์ด๋‚˜ ์ •๋ถ€๊ฐ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฒŒ์— ๋ฌด์—‡์„ ํ• ์ง€ ๋งํ•˜๊ฒŒ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์—†์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:15
It's all inside of us.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์ „๋ถ€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋‚ด๋ฉด์— ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:18
So you may be wondering:
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๊ทธ๋Ÿฌ๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ• ์ง€๋„ ๋ชจ๋ฆ…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
12:20
these are beautiful laboratory experiments,
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์ด๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ์‹คํ—˜์ธ๋ฐ?
12:22
do they really apply to real life?
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๊ทธ๊ฒŒ ์ •๋ง ์‹ค์ œ์ƒํ™œ์— ์ ์šฉ์ด ๋ ๊นŒ?
12:24
Yeah, I've been worrying about that too.
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๋งž์•„์š”, ์ €๋„ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ๊ถ๊ธˆํ•ดํ•˜๊ณค ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:26
So I've gone out of the lab
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„  ์ €๋Š” ์—ฐ๊ตฌ์†Œ ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ๋‚˜๊ฐ€์„œ
12:28
to see if this really holds in our daily lives.
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๋งŒ์ผ ์ด๊ฒƒ์ด ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ๋งค์ผ ์ผ์ƒ์— ์ ‘๋ชฉ๋˜๋Š”์ง€ ๋ณด์•˜์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:30
So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England.
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์ง€๋‚œ ์—ฌ๋ฆ„, ์ €๋Š” ๋‚จ์˜๊ตญ์—์„œ ์—ด๋ฆฐ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์— ์ฐธ์„ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:33
200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion.
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์ด ์•„๋ฆ„๋‹ค์šด ๋น…ํ† ๋ฆฐ์•ˆ ๋งจ์…˜์— 200๋ช…์˜ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:36
I didn't know a single person.
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์ €๋Š” ํ•œ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋„ ๋ชฐ๋ž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:38
And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ณต์†”(Vauxhall) ๋ ŒํŠธ์นด๋ฅผ ์šด์ „ํ•ด์„œ ๊ฐ”๊ณ 
12:40
And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice
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์ œ ์›์‹ฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ๋“œ๋ผ์ด ์•„์ด์Šค์™€
12:42
and needles and tubes.
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์ฃผ์‚ฌ๊ธฐ์™€ ํŠœ๋ธŒ๋ฅผ ๊บผ๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:44
And I took blood from the bride and the groom
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์ €๋Š” ์‹ ๋ถ€์™€ ์‹ ๋ž‘
12:46
and the wedding party and the family and the friends
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๊ทธ๋ฆฌ๊ณ  ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹ ๋ถ€์„œ์™€ ๊ฐ€์กฑ๊ณผ ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ์„œ
12:48
before and immediately after the vows.
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์„œ์•ฝ๋งน์„ธ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ์ด์ „๊ณผ ์ดํ›„์— ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ฒด์ทจํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:50
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
12:52
And guess what?
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ง์ž‘ํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์œผ์‹œ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๊นŒ?
12:54
Weddings cause a release of oxytocin,
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๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์€ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์˜ ๋ฐฉ์ถœ์„ ์œ ๋ฐœ์‹œํ‚ค์ง€๋งŒ,
12:56
but they do so in a very particular way.
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ์•„์ฃผ ํŠน์ •ํ•œ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์œผ๋กœ ๊ทธ๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
12:59
Who is the center of the wedding solar system?
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๊ทธ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹ ํƒœ์–‘๊ณ„์˜ ์ค‘์‹ฌ์— ๋ˆ„๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ฃ ?
13:01
The bride.
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์‹ ๋ถ€์ฃ 
13:03
She had the biggest increase in oxytocin.
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๊ทธ๋…€๊ฐ€ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹  ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ํฌ๊ฒŒ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:05
Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride?
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๊ฑฐ์˜ ์‹ ๋ถ€๋งŒํผ ๊ฒฐํ˜ผ์‹์„ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘ํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์€ ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ์ธ๊ฐ€์š”?
13:08
Her mother, that's right.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ์ง€์š”, ๋งž์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:10
Her mother was number two.
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๊ทธ๋…€์˜ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๊ฐ€ ๋‘๋ฒˆ์งธ ๋งŽ์ด ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•œ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:12
Then the groom's father, then the groom,
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๋ž‘์˜ ์•„๋ฒ„์ง€, ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์‹ ๋ž‘,
13:14
then the family, then the friends --
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๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ๊ฐ€์กฑ, ๊ทธ๋‹ค์Œ์—๋Š” ์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค--
13:16
arrayed around the bride
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ํƒœ์–‘์˜ ์ฃผ๋ณ€์˜ ํ–‰์„ฑ๋“ค๊ณผ๋„ ๊ฐ™์ด
13:18
like planets around the Sun.
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์‹ ๋ถ€์ฃผ๋ณ€์— ์ •๋ ฌ๋˜์–ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:20
So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฐ€ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•˜๊ธฐ์—๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„
13:23
to connect us to this new couple,
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์ด ์ƒˆ๋กœ์šด ํ•œ์Œ์—๊ฒŒ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€
13:25
connect us emotionally.
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์ •์„œ์ ์œผ๋กœ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ค๋Š” ์˜๋ก€์‹์œผ๋กœ ๋””์ž์ธํ–ˆ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋งํ•ด์ค๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:27
Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing
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์™œ๋ƒ๊ตฌ์š”? ์™œ๋ƒํ•˜๋ฉด ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์ข…์กฑ์„ ์˜์†์‹œํ‚ค๋Š”
13:30
to perpetuate the species.
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์žฌ์ƒ์‚ฐ์„ ์„ฑ๊ณต์ ์ด๊ฒŒ ํ•  ํ•„์š”๊ฐ€ ์žˆ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:33
I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋˜ ๊ฑฑ์ •ํ–ˆ๋˜๊ฒƒ์€ ์ž‘์€ ๊ธˆ์•ก์˜ ๊ธˆ์ „์œผ๋กœ ํ•˜๋Š” ์ œ ์‹ ๋ขฐ ์‹คํ—˜์ด
13:36
didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‹ค์ œ๋กœ ์ด๋ฐฉ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ๊ฒŒ ์–ผ๋งˆ๋‚˜ ์ž์ฃผ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ์˜ ์ผ์ƒ์„ ์‹ ๋ขฐํ•˜๋Š”์ง€ ํฌ์ฐฉํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š์•˜๋‚˜ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:40
So even though I have a fear of heights,
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ œ๊ฒŒ๋Š” ๊ณ ๊ณต์˜ ๊ณตํฌ๊ฐ€ ์žˆ์ง€๋งŒ
13:42
I recently strapped myself to another human being
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์ €๋Š” ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ์ œ ์ž์‹ ์„ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์ธ๊ฐ„์กด์žฌ์— ๋งค๋‹ฌ์•„์„œ
13:44
and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft.
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12,000 ํ”ผํŠธ ์ƒ๊ณต์—์„œ ๋น„ํ–‰๊ธฐ๋ฐ–์œผ๋กœ ๊ฑธ์Œ์„ ๋‚ด๋””๋Ž ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:47
I took my blood before and after,
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์ €๋Š” ์ œ ํ˜ˆ์•ก์„ ์ด์ „๊ณผ ์ดํ›„์— ์ฒด์ทจํ–ˆ๊ณ 
13:49
and I had a huge spike of oxytocin.
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๊ทน๋„๋กœ ๋†’์€ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์–ป์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:52
And there are so many ways we can connect to people.
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ๋Œ€๋‹จํžˆ ๋งŽ์€ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:55
For example, through social media.
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์˜ˆ๋ฅผ๋“ค์–ด, ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:57
Many people are Tweeting right now.
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๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ํ˜„์žฌ๋„ ํŠธ์œ„ํŒ…์„ ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
13:59
So we investigated the role of social media
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์†Œ์…œ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด์˜ ์—ญํ• ์„ ์กฐ์‚ฌํ–ˆ๊ณ 
14:01
and found the using social media
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์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์ด
14:03
produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin.
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€์—์„œ ํ™•์‹คํ•œ ๋‘์ž๋ฆฌ์ˆ˜์˜ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ์ƒ์‚ฐํ•œ๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋ฐœ๊ฒฌํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:06
So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €๋Š” ์ด ์‹คํ—˜์„ ์ตœ๊ทผ์— ํ•œ๊ตญ ๋ฐฉ์†ก ์‹œ์Šคํ…œ์— ๋Œ€ํ•ด ์‹คํ–‰ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:09
And they had the reporters and their producers participate.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ฐธ์—ฌํ•  ๋ฆฌํฌํ„ฐ๋“ค๊ณผ ํ”„๋กœ๋“€์„œ๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์—ˆ์ง€์š”
14:13
And one of these guys, he must have been 22,
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์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ค‘ ํ•œ ๋ช…์€ 22์‚ด์ด์—ˆ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”
14:15
he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์—์„œ 150ํผ์„ผํŠธ์˜ ๊ธ‰๊ฒฉํ•œ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:18
I mean, astounding; no one has this.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ์˜๋ฏธํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€, ๋†€๋ผ์šด๊ฑฐ์ง€์š”; ๊ทธ ์–ด๋Š ๋ˆ„๊ตฌ๋„ ์ด๋ ‡๊ฒŒ ๋งŽ์€ ์ฆ๊ฐ€๋ฅผ ํ•˜์ง€๋Š” ์•Š์•˜๊ฑฐ๋“ ์š”
14:20
So he was using social media in private.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ๋ดค๋”๋‹ˆ ๊ทธ๋Š” ๊ฐœ์ธ์ƒํ™œ์—์„œ ์†Œ์…œ ๋ฏธ๋””์–ด๋ฅผ ์ด์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:22
When I wrote my report to the Koreans,
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํ•œ๊ตญ์ธ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์ด ๋ณด๊ณ ์„œ๋ฅผ ์ผ๋Š”๋ฐ์š”,
14:24
I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing,"
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๋งํ•˜๊ธธ, "์ €๋Š” ์ด ๋‚จ์ž๊ฐ€ ๋ญ˜ํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋Š”์ง€ ๋ชจ๋ฅด๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค"
14:26
but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend.
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์ œ ์ง์ž‘์€ ์–ด๋จธ๋‹ˆ๋‚˜ ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ๋“ค์ด ์„œ๋กœ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ๋‹ค๋Š” ๊ฒƒ์ด์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:29
They checked.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ํ™•์ธ์„ ํ–ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:31
He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page.
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๊ทธ๋Š” ์—ฌ์ž์นœ๊ตฌ์˜ ํŽ˜์ด์Šค๋ถ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€๋ฅผ ํ†ตํ•ด์„œ ์ƒํ˜ธ์ž‘์šฉํ•˜๊ณ  ์žˆ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:33
There you go. That's connection.
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์ž ๋ณด์„ธ์š”. ์ด๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:36
So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people,
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐํ•  ์ˆ˜ ์žˆ๋Š” ์ˆ˜์ฒœ๊ฐ€์ง€์˜ ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•๋“ค์ด ์žˆ๊ณ 
14:39
and it seems to be universal.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์€ ๋ณดํŽธ์ ์ธ๊ฒƒ ๊ฐ™์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:41
Two weeks ago,
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2์ฃผ์ „์—,
14:43
I just got back from Papua New Guinea
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ํŒŒํ‘ธ์•„ ๋‰ด ๊ธฐ๋‹ˆ์—์„œ
14:45
where I went up to the highlands --
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์ˆ˜ ์ฒœ๋…„๋™์•ˆ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด ์‚ด์•„์™”๋˜ ๋ฐฉ์‹์œผ๋กœ ์‚ฌ๋Š”
14:47
very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers
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์ž๊ธ‰์ž์กฑ ๋†๋ถ€๋“ค์˜ ์•„์ฃผ ๊ณ ๋ฆฝ๋œ ์ข…์กฑ์˜
14:50
living as they have lived for millenia.
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ํ•˜์ด๋žœ๋“œ๋กœ ์˜ฌ๋ผ๊ฐ”๋˜๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋ง‰ ๋Œ์•„์™”์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:53
There are 800 different languages in the highlands.
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๊ทธ ํ•˜์ด๋žœ๋“œ์—๋Š” 800๊ฐœ์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์–ธ์–ด๋“ค์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
14:56
These are the most primitive people in the world.
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๊ทธ๊ฒƒ๋“ค์€ ์„ธ๊ณ„์—์„œ ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์›์‹œ์ ์ธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด์ง€์š”
14:59
And they indeed also release oxytocin.
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ์ง„์ •์œผ๋กœ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:02
So oxytocin connects us to other people.
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋ฅผ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์—๊ฒŒ ์—ฐ๊ฒฐ์‹œํ‚ต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:06
Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.
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์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์€ ์šฐ๋ฆฌ๊ฐ€ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด ๋Š๋ผ๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ๋Š๋ผ๊ฒŒ ๋งŒ๋“ญ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:08
And it's so easy to cause people's brains
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์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์˜ ๋‘๋‡Œ๊ฐ€ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋„๋ก
15:11
to release oxytocin.
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์œ ๋ฐœํ•˜๋Š”๊ฒƒ์€ ์ •๋ง ์‰ฝ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:13
I know how to do it,
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์ €๋Š” ๊ทธ๊ฒƒ์„ ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์„ ์•Œ๊ณ  ์žˆ๊ณ 
15:15
and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest.
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์ œ๊ฐ€ ๊ทธ๊ฑธ ํ•˜๋Š” ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜๋Š” ๋ฐฉ๋ฒ•์€, ์‚ฌ์‹ค, ๊ฐ€์žฅ ์‰ฌ์šด๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:17
Let me show it to you.
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๋ณด์—ฌ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๊ฒ ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:24
Come here. Give me a hug.
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์ด๋ฆฌ์˜ค์„ธ์š”. ์•ˆ์•„์ฃผ์„ธ์š”
15:26
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
15:28
There you go.
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์ข‹์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:30
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
15:39
So my penchant for hugging other people
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๊ทธ๋ž˜์„œ ์ €์˜ ๋‹ค๋ฅธ ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๊ปด์•ˆ๋Š” ๊ฐ•ํ•œ ๊ฒฝํ–ฅ์€
15:41
has earned me the nickname Dr. Love.
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋ผ๋Š” ๋ณ„๋ช…์„ ์ œ๊ฒŒ ์ฃผ์—ˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:43
I'm happy to share a little more love in the world,
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์ €๋Š” ์กฐ๊ธˆ ๋” ๋งŽ์€ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘์„ ์„ธ๊ณ„์— ๋‚˜๋ˆ„๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๊ฒŒ ์ƒ๊ฐํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:45
it's great,
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๊ทธ๊ฑด ๊ต‰์žฅํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:47
but here's your prescription from Dr. Love:
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ํ•˜์ง€๋งŒ ์—ฌ๊ธฐ ์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ•์‚ฌ์—๊ฒŒ์„œ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์—๊ฒŒ ๋“œ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ์ฒ˜๋ฐฉ์ „์ด ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค:
15:49
eight hugs a day.
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์—ฌ๋Ÿ๋ฒˆ ํฌ์˜นํ•˜๊ธฐ
15:52
We have found that people who release more oxytocin
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์šฐ๋ฆฌ๋Š” ๋ณด๋‹ค ๋งŽ์€ ์˜ฅ์‹œํ† ์‹ ์„ ๋ฐฉ์ถœํ•˜๋Š” ์‚ฌ๋žŒ๋“ค์ด
15:54
are happier.
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๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•˜๋‹ค๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์•Œ์•„๋ƒˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
15:56
And they're happier
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๊ทธ๋“ค์€ ๊ทธ๋“ค์ด
15:58
because they have better relationships of all types.
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๋ชจ๋“  ์ข…๋ฅ˜์˜ ๋” ๋‚˜์€ ์ธ๊ฐ„๊ด€๊ณ„๋ฅผ ๊ฐ€์กŒ๊ธฐ ๋•Œ๋ฌธ์ด ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:01
Dr. Love says eight hugs a day.
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์‚ฌ๋ž‘๋ฐ•์‚ฌ๋Š” ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— ์—ฌ๋Ÿ๋ฒˆ์˜ ํฌ์˜น์ด๋ผ๊ณ  ๋งํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:04
Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier
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ํ•˜๋ฃจ์— 8๋ฒˆ์˜ ํฌ์˜น์ด๋ฉด ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ๋” ํ–‰๋ณตํ•ด์ง€๊ณ 
16:06
and the world will be a better place.
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์„ธ๊ณ„๋Š” ๋” ๋‚˜์€๊ณณ์ด ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:08
Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose.
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๋ฌผ๋ก , ๋งŒ์ผ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์ด ์‚ฌ๋žŒ์„ ๋งŒ์ง€๋Š”๊ฒƒ์„ ์ข‹์•„ํ•˜์ง€ ์•Š๋Š”๋‹ค๋ฉด, ์ €๋Š” ํ•ญ์ƒ ์—ฌ๋Ÿฌ๋ถ„์˜ ์ฝ”์— ์ด๊ฒƒ์„ ์‘ค์…” ๋„ฃ์„์ˆ˜ ์žˆ์Šต๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:11
(Laughter)
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(์›ƒ์Œ)
16:13
Thank you.
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๊ฐ์‚ฌํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค
16:15
(Applause)
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(๋ฐ•์ˆ˜)
์ด ์›น์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ ์ •๋ณด

์ด ์‚ฌ์ดํŠธ๋Š” ์˜์–ด ํ•™์Šต์— ์œ ์šฉํ•œ YouTube ๋™์˜์ƒ์„ ์†Œ๊ฐœํ•ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์ „ ์„ธ๊ณ„ ์ตœ๊ณ ์˜ ์„ ์ƒ๋‹˜๋“ค์ด ๊ฐ€๋ฅด์น˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ˆ˜์—…์„ ๋ณด๊ฒŒ ๋  ๊ฒƒ์ž…๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๊ฐ ๋™์˜์ƒ ํŽ˜์ด์ง€์— ํ‘œ์‹œ๋˜๋Š” ์˜์–ด ์ž๋ง‰์„ ๋”๋ธ” ํด๋ฆญํ•˜๋ฉด ๊ทธ๊ณณ์—์„œ ๋™์˜์ƒ์ด ์žฌ์ƒ๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ๋น„๋””์˜ค ์žฌ์ƒ์— ๋งž์ถฐ ์ž๋ง‰์ด ์Šคํฌ๋กค๋ฉ๋‹ˆ๋‹ค. ์˜๊ฒฌ์ด๋‚˜ ์š”์ฒญ์ด ์žˆ๋Š” ๊ฒฝ์šฐ ์ด ๋ฌธ์˜ ์–‘์‹์„ ์‚ฌ์šฉํ•˜์—ฌ ๋ฌธ์˜ํ•˜์‹ญ์‹œ์˜ค.

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