Paul Zak: Trust, morality - and oxytocin

341,776 views ・ 2011-11-01

TED


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譯者: Wenjer Leuschel 審譯者: Yingzhi Vera Gu
00:15
Is there anything unique about human beings?
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人類有何獨特之處呢?
00:18
There is.
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有的
00:20
We're the only creatures
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人類是唯一完整地
00:22
with fully developed moral sentiments.
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發展出道德感的動物
00:24
We're obsessed with morality as social creatures.
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作為社會動物,我們熱衷於道德
00:27
We need to know why people are doing what they're doing.
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我們要求知道人的行為所為為何
00:30
And I personally am obsessed with morality.
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我自己也熱衷於道德
00:33
It was all due to this woman,
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那是由於這位女士的緣故
00:35
Sister Mary Marastela,
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這位是瑪莉馬拉斯特拉修女
00:37
also known as my mom.
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也叫做我媽
00:41
As an altar boy, I breathed in a lot of incense,
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當輔祭童時,我常聞焚香味
00:44
and I learned to say phrases in Latin,
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也學會了說一點拉丁語詞
00:46
but I also had time to think
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但我還是有時間思考
00:48
about whether my mother's top-down morality
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我母親的由上而下的道德
00:50
applied to everybody.
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是否適用於每一個人
00:52
I saw that people who were religious and non-religious
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我看到有宗教和無宗教信仰的人
00:55
were equally obsessed with morality.
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都同樣熱衷於道德
00:57
I thought, maybe there's some earthly basis
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我想也許在道德的決定背後
00:59
for moral decisions.
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有一些世俗的基礎
01:01
But I wanted to go further
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但是我想更深入研究
01:03
than to say our brains make us moral.
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不想只說道德來自我們的大腦
01:05
I want to know if there's a chemistry of morality.
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我想明白道德是否有化學的基礎
01:08
I want to know
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我想知道
01:10
if there was a moral molecule.
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有否道德的分子存在
01:12
After 10 years of experiments,
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經過十年的實驗
01:14
I found it.
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我找到了那個分子了
01:16
Would you like to see it? I brought some with me.
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要看看道德分子嗎?我帶來了一些
01:20
This little syringe
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這個小針筒
01:22
contains the moral molecule.
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裡頭裝的是道德分子
01:31
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
01:34
It's called oxytocin.
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它叫做催產素
01:36
So oxytocin is a simple and ancient molecule
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催產素是一種既簡單又古老的分子
01:39
found only in mammals.
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哺乳類動物身上才找得到它
01:41
In rodents, it was known
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在嚙齒目動物身上
01:43
to make mothers care for their offspring,
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它會讓母獸照顧後代
01:45
and in some creatures,
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它也會讓某些動物
01:47
allowed for toleration of burrowmates.
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能容忍別的動物同居一穴
01:49
But in humans, it was only known
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但在人類身上,我們只知道
01:51
to facilitate birth and breastfeeding in women,
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它會為女人催生、催乳
01:53
and is released by both sexes during sex.
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做愛時兩性都會釋放出催產素
01:57
So I had this idea that oxytocin might be the moral molecule.
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因此我想到催產素可能就是道德分子
02:00
I did what most of us do -- I tried it on some colleagues.
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像多數人一樣-我問了一些同事的意見
02:03
One of them told me,
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其中一位告訴我
02:05
"Paul, that is the world's stupidist idea.
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「保羅,這是世界上最蠢的想法。」
02:08
It is," he said, "only a female molecule.
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他說:「這不過是女性分子而已
02:10
It can't be that important."
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不可能那麼重要。」
02:12
But I countered, "Well men's brains make this too.
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但是我回答:「男人的腦袋裡也製造這東西
02:15
There must be a reason why."
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其中肯定有道理的。」
02:17
But he was right, it was a stupid idea.
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不過他倒說對了,確實是個蠢想法
02:20
But it was testably stupid.
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但這是個可以測試的蠢想法
02:22
In other words, I thought I could design an experiment
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換言之,我認為可以設計一個實驗
02:25
to see if oxytocin made people moral.
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來看看催產素是否會讓人有道德
02:29
Turns out it wasn't so easy.
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結果發現並沒有那麼容易
02:31
First of all, oxytocin is a shy molecule.
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首先,催產素是一種害羞的分子
02:34
Baseline levels are near zero,
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最通常的情況是零水平
02:36
without some stimulus to cause its release.
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沒有受到刺激催產素不會釋放的
02:39
And when it's produced, it has a three-minute half-life,
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產生後的半衰期只有三分鐘
02:41
and degrades rapidly at room temperature.
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而且在室溫下會很快衰變
02:44
So this experiment would have to cause a surge of oxytocin,
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因此做實驗要能引發大量催產素
02:46
have to grab it fast and keep it cold.
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而且必須趕快攫取冷藏起來
02:48
I think I can do that.
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我想我有辦法做到
02:50
Now luckily, oxytocin is produced
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很幸運地,催產素産生了
02:52
both in the brain and in the blood,
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在腦袋裡、在血液裡都有
02:55
so I could do this experiment without learning neurosurgery.
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因此我不用學習神經科手術就能做實驗
02:59
Then I had to measure morality.
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然後我必須測量道德
03:02
So taking on Morality with a capital M is a huge project.
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從大處著想來研究道德是一項大計劃
03:05
So I started smaller.
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所以我從小處著手
03:07
I studied one single virtue:
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我只單單研究一項美德:
03:10
trustworthiness.
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那就是值得信賴度
03:12
Why? I had shown in the early 2000s
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爲什麽?我在21世紀初指出
03:15
that countries with a higher proportion of trustworthy people
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在一個國家中若有較多人值得信賴
03:18
are more prosperous.
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這個國家就會比較繁榮
03:20
So in these countries, more economic transactions occur
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那樣的國家裡會發生較多的經濟交易
03:23
and more wealth is created,
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因此會産生較多的財富
03:25
alleviating poverty.
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因而改善貧窮的問題
03:27
So poor countries are by and large low trust countries.
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貧窮國家大體上是信賴感低落的國家
03:30
So if I understood the chemistry of trustworthiness,
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那麼如果我瞭解值得信賴度的化學原理
03:33
I might help alleviate poverty.
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我就有可能幫助改善貧窮
03:35
But I'm also a skeptic.
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不過我也有懷疑
03:37
I don't want to just ask people, "Are you trustworthy?"
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我不想只問「你值不值得信賴」?
03:39
So instead I use
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因此我改採用
03:41
the Jerry Maguire approach to research.
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傑利馬蓋爾的方式進行研究
03:43
If you're so virtuous,
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如果你那麼具有美德
03:45
show me the money.
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就讓我看到錢
03:47
So what we do in my lab
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於是我們在實驗室裡做的是
03:49
is we tempt people with virtue and vice by using money.
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用錢來測試人的美德和惡德
03:51
Let me show you how we do that.
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我來解釋這是怎麽做的
03:53
So we recruit some people for an experiment.
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我們招募了一些人來做這個實驗
03:55
They all get $10 if they agree to show up.
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如果同意來參加,就能得到$10
03:58
We give them lots of instruction, and we never ever deceive them.
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我們給那些人許多指示,並沒有欺騙他們
04:01
Then we match them in pairs by computer.
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然後我們用電腦給他們配對
04:04
And in that pair, one person gets a message saying,
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那一對之中有一人收到信息說
04:06
"Do you want to give up some of your $10
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「你肯從到這兒來
04:08
you earned for being here
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所賺到的$10裡拿出一些
04:10
and ship it to someone else in the lab?"
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送給實驗室裡的某個人嗎?」
04:12
The trick is you can't see them,
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妙的是,你看不見別人
04:14
you can't talk to them.
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你也不能和別人談話
04:16
You only do it one time.
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你只做這麽一次
04:18
Now whatever you give up
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好啦,不管你給出多少
04:20
gets tripled in the other person's account.
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另外那個人的帳戶就淨得三倍
04:23
You're going to make them a lot wealthier.
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你會讓別人變得非常富有
04:25
And they get a message by computer saying
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而他們會收到電腦的信息說
04:27
person one sent you this amount of money.
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第一號人士給你這些錢
04:29
Do you want to keep it all,
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你想全部留著呢
04:31
or do you want to send some amount back?
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還是要送一些回去?
04:34
So think about this experiment for minute.
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那麼請想一下這個實驗
04:36
You're going to sit on these hard chairs for an hour and a half.
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你坐在硬板椅上一個半鐘頭
04:39
Some mad scientist is going to jab your arm with a needle
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有個瘋狂的科學家用針
04:41
and take four tubes of blood.
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紮你手臂,抽出四管血液
04:43
And now you want me to give up this money and ship it to a stranger?
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而你現在要我把這個錢送給一個陌生人?
04:46
So this was the birth of vampire economics.
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這就是吸血鬼經濟的由來
04:49
Make a decision and give me some blood.
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你做個決定,再給我一點血
04:52
So in fact, experimental economists
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其實全世界到處都有
04:54
had run this test around the world,
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實驗經濟學家進行這種實驗
04:56
and for much higher stakes,
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而且賭注比這還高出許多
04:58
and the consensus view
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所得到的共同看法是
05:00
was that the measure from the first person to the second was a measure of trust,
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第一個人給予第二個人的是對信賴的測量
05:03
and the transfer from the second person back to the first
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而第二個人傳回給第一個人的是
05:06
measured trustworthiness.
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可測量到的值得信賴度
05:08
But in fact, economists were flummoxed
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但經濟學家感到困惑的
05:10
on why the second person would ever return any money.
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其實是爲什麽第二個人會還錢
05:13
They assumed money is good,
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他們假設錢是個好東西
05:15
why not keep it all?
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爲什麽不全部留下來?
05:17
That's not what we found.
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但那不是我們發現的事實
05:19
We found 90 percent of the first decision-makers sent money,
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我們發現首先做決定送錢出去的人有90%
05:22
and of those who received money,
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而那些收到錢的人當中
05:24
95 percent returned some of it.
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有95%還了一點錢回去
05:26
But why?
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爲什麽會這樣?
05:28
Well by measuring oxytocin
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我們測量了催產素
05:30
we found that the more money the second person received,
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發現第二個人收到越多錢
05:32
the more their brain produced oxytocin,
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腦袋裡就産生越多催產素
05:34
and the more oxytocin on board,
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腦袋裡有越多的催產素
05:36
the more money they returned.
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他們還回去的錢就越多
05:39
So we have a biology of trustworthiness.
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我們這下就找到了值得信賴度的生態
05:42
But wait. What's wrong with this experiment?
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不過慢著,這實驗有什麽不對勁呢?
05:45
Two things.
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有兩個不對勁
05:47
One is that nothing in the body happens in isolation.
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第一個是:體內所發生的不會是獨立的事件
05:50
So we measured nine other molecules that interact with oxytocin,
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因此我們也測量與催產素互動的其他九種分子
05:53
but they didn't have any effect.
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但是他們並沒有什麽作用
05:55
But the second is
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第二個是:
05:57
that I still only had this indirect relationship
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關於催產素和值得信賴度之間的關係
05:59
between oxytocin and trustworthiness.
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我還是只有這麽個間接證據
06:01
I didn't know for sure
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我當時還不能確定明白
06:03
oxytocin caused trustworthiness.
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催產素真的會導致值得信賴度
06:05
So to make the experiment,
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因此,要做好這個實驗
06:07
I knew I'd have to go into the brain
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我知道我得進入腦袋裡
06:09
and manipulate oxytocin directly.
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並直接操弄催產素
06:11
I used everything short of a drill
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除了鑽子之外,我什麽都用了
06:13
to get oxytocin into my own brain.
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以便把催產素弄到自己的腦袋裡
06:16
And I found I could do it
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結果我發現我可以辦到
06:18
with a nasal inhaler.
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用一支鼻吸入器就行了
06:20
So along with colleagues in Zurich,
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於是我和蘇黎世的同事們
06:22
we put 200 men on oxytocin or placebo,
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利用催產素或安慰劑對200人
06:24
had that same trust test with money,
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用錢進行同樣的那個試驗
06:26
and we found that those on oxytocin not only showed more trust,
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結果發現吸入催產素的人不僅表現更多的信賴
06:29
we can more than double the number of people
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我們甚至辦到讓會把錢送給陌生人的人數
06:32
who sent all their money to a stranger --
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增加到一倍以上
06:34
all without altering mood or cognition.
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他們的心情和認知狀態都沒有什麽改變
06:38
So oxytocin is the trust molecule,
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那麼催產素果真是信賴的分子
06:42
but is it the moral molecule?
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但它會不會就是道德分子呢?
06:45
Using the oxytocin inhaler,
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利用催產素吸入器
06:47
we ran more studies.
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我們進行了更多的研究
06:49
We showed that oxytocin infusion
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我們證實了注射催產素
06:51
increases generosity
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會讓人更慷慨大方
06:53
in unilateral monetary transfers
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在單向的送錢行爲上
06:55
by 80 percent.
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有80%的人如此
06:57
We showed it increases donations to charity
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我們證實了催産素
06:59
by 50 percent.
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會讓慈善捐款增加50%
07:01
We've also investigated
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我們也探討了如何
07:03
non-pharmacologic ways to raise oxytocin.
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能不用藥來增加催產素
07:05
These include massage,
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這些方式包括按摩
07:07
dancing and praying.
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跳舞和禱告
07:09
Yes, my mom was happy about that last one.
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是的,我媽對最後這一項感到高興
07:12
And whenever we raise oxytocin,
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只要我們增加催產素
07:14
people willingly open up their wallets
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人們就會樂於打開他們的錢包
07:16
and share money with strangers.
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拿錢來分享給陌生人
07:18
But why do they do this?
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但是他們爲什麽會這樣做?
07:20
What does it feel like
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當你的腦袋裡充滿了催產素
07:22
when your brain is flooded with oxytocin?
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你會有怎樣的感受?
07:24
To investigate this question, we ran an experiment
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爲了探討這個問題,我們做了一個試驗
07:27
where we had people watch a video
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我們讓一些人看影片
07:29
of a father and his four year-old son,
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片中有一個父親和他四歲的兒子
07:31
and his son has terminal brain cancer.
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他的兒子腦癌末期
07:33
After they watched the video, we had them rate their feelings
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看過影片後,請他們爲自己的感受打分數
07:36
and took blood before and after to measure oxytocin.
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事前事後都測量他們體內的催產素
07:39
The change in oxytocin
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催產素的含量
07:41
predicted their feelings of empathy.
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預測了他們的同理心
07:45
So it's empathy
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那麼正是同理心
07:47
that makes us connect to other people.
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讓我們和別人産生聯繫
07:49
It's empathy that makes us help other people.
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正是同理心讓我們會幫助別人
07:52
It's empathy that makes us moral.
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正是同理心使我們有了道德
07:56
Now this idea is not new.
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這個想法並不新奇
07:58
A then unknown philosopher named Adam Smith
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有一位大家知道的哲學家叫
08:00
wrote a book in 1759
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亞當史密斯在1759年寫了一本書
08:02
called "The Theory of Moral Sentiments."
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書名「道德感的理論」
08:04
In this book, Smith argued
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在這本書裡,史密斯論證說
08:07
that we are moral creatures, not because of a top-down reason,
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人之爲道德動物並非由上而下的推理結果
08:10
but for a bottom-up reason.
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而是由下而上的推理結果
08:12
He said we're social creatures,
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他說人是社會動物
08:14
so we share the emotions of others.
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因此我們分享別人的情感
08:16
So if I do something that hurts you, I feel that pain.
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因此我若傷害你,我會感受到那個痛苦
08:19
So I tend to avoid that.
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因此我傾向於避免傷害你
08:21
If I do something that makes you happy, I get to share your joy.
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我若讓你愉快,我便能分享你的喜悅
08:24
So I tend to do those things.
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因此我傾向於讓你愉快
08:26
Now this is the same Adam Smith who, 17 years later,
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正是這位亞當史密斯
08:28
would write a little book called "The Wealth of Nations" --
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在17年後寫出一本叫「國富論」的小冊子-
08:31
the founding document of economics.
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這本書是經濟學的基礎文獻
08:33
But he was, in fact, a moral philosopher,
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但他其實是道德哲學家,他對人之所以
08:36
and he was right on why we're moral.
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有道德的看法確實正確
08:38
I just found the molecule behind it.
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我才剛剛找到使人有道德的分子
08:41
But knowing that molecule is valuable,
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但是知道了這個分子很有價值
08:44
because it tells us how to turn up this behavior
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因爲它告訴我們如何提高道德
08:47
and what turns it off.
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也告訴我們窒息道德的是什麽
08:49
In particular, it tells us
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它尤其告訴我們
08:51
why we see immorality.
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爲什麽我們會看到不道德
08:54
So to investigate immorality,
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因此爲了探討不道德
08:56
let me bring you back now to 1980.
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讓我帶領各位回到1980年
08:58
I'm working at a gas station
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那時我在一個加油站工作
09:00
on the outskirts of Santa Barbara, California.
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在加利佛尼亞州的聖塔巴巴拉
09:03
You sit in a gas station all day,
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整天坐在加油站裡
09:05
you see lots of morality and immorality, let me tell you.
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各位,保證看到許多道德和不道德
09:07
So one Sunday afternoon, a man walks into my cashier's booth
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有一天下午,有個人走進我的出納室
09:10
with this beautiful jewelry box.
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帶著漂亮的首飾盒
09:12
Opens it up and there's a pearl necklace inside.
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打開來看是珍珠項鏈在裡頭
09:14
And he said, "Hey, I was in the men's room.
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他說:「我在洗手間裡
09:16
I just found this. What do you think we should do with it?"
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發現這個東西,你看我們該怎麽處理?」
09:19
"I don't know, put it in the lost and found."
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「我不知道,交給失物招領處吧。」
09:21
"Well this is very valuable.
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「這東西可是非常有價值的
09:23
We have to find the owner for this." I said, "Yea."
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我們得找到失主。」我說:「是呀。」
09:25
So we're trying to decide what to do with this,
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我們試著決定怎麽處理
09:27
and the phone rings.
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這時電話響了
09:29
And a man says very excitedly,
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有個男人激動地說
09:31
"I was in your gas station a while ago,
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「不久前我在你們的加油站
09:33
and I bought this jewelry for my wife, and I can't find it."
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我買了首飾給太太,現在找不到了。」
09:35
I said, "Pearl necklace?" "Yeah."
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我說:「珍珠項鏈?」「是的。」
09:37
"Hey, a guy just found it."
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「嘿,剛剛有人找到它了。」
09:39
"Oh, you're saving my life. Here's my phone number.
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「哦,你救了我的命,我的電話是...
09:41
Tell that guy to wait half an hour.
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告訴那個人等我半個鐘頭
09:43
I'll be there and I'll give him a $200 reward."
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我會過來,會給他$200賞金。」
09:45
Great, so I tell the guy, "Look, relax.
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好極了,我告訴那個人:「放心啦
09:47
Get yourself a fat reward. Life's good."
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真不錯,你有大賞金可以拿了。」
09:50
He said, "I can't do it.
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他說:「那可不成
09:52
I have this job interview in Galena in 15 minutes,
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15分鐘內我得在加林納面試
09:54
and I need this job, I've got to go."
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我需要這個工作,我得走了。」
09:57
Again he asked me, "What do you think we should do?"
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他又問:「你想我們該怎麽辦?」
09:59
I'm in high school. I have no idea.
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當時我還是高中生,不曉得該怎麽辦
10:02
So I said, "I'll hold it for you."
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我就說:「我幫你把錢收下來。」
10:04
He said, "You know, you've been so nice, let's split the reward."
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他說:「你人真好,我和你分賞金好了
10:07
I'll give you the jewelry, you give me a hundred dollars,
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我給你首飾,你給我一百元
10:09
and when the guy comes ... "
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那個人來的時候...」
10:11
You see it. I was conned.
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各位都曉得,我受騙了
10:13
So this is a classic con called the pigeon drop,
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這個典型的騙局叫做「放鴿子」
10:16
and I was the pigeon.
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我就是那只鴿子
10:18
So the way many cons work
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瞧,騙局能得逞
10:20
is not that the conman gets the victim to trust him,
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並非騙子讓受騙者信賴他
10:23
it's that he shows he trusts the victim.
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而是他表現出信賴受騙者
10:26
Now we know what happens.
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我們現在曉得是怎回事了
10:28
The victim's brain releases oxytocin,
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受騙者腦袋裡釋放出催產素
10:30
and you're opening up your wallet or purse, giving away the money.
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於是你打開錢包把錢送出去了
10:33
So who are these people
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操弄我們的催産素系統的
10:35
who manipulate our oxytocin systems?
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是些什麽人?
10:38
We found, testing thousands of individuals,
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經過測驗過幾千個人之後
10:41
that five percent of the population
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我們發現有5%的人
10:43
don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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面對刺激不會釋放出催產素
10:47
So if you trust them, their brains don't release oxytocin.
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因此你若信賴他們,他們的腦袋裡不會釋放出催產素
10:50
If there's money on the table, they keep it all.
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要是桌子上有錢,他們會全部拿去
10:53
So there's a technical word for these people in my lab.
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我的實驗室裡給這種人一個技術名詞
10:55
We call them bastards.
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我們管這種人叫「狗娘養的」
10:58
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:00
These are not people you want to have a beer with.
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你不會想跟這種人喝杯小酒
11:02
They have many of the attributes of psychopaths.
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這種人具有許多精神變態者的特質
11:06
Now there are other ways the system can be inhibited.
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還有其他方式壓制催産素系統
11:08
One is through improper nurturing.
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其中之一是營養不當
11:11
So we've studied sexually abused women,
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我們也研究了受性虐待的女人
11:14
and about half those don't release oxytocin on stimulus.
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其中約有一半面對刺激不會釋放出催產素
11:17
You need enough nurturing
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催産素系統要發展適當
11:19
for this system to develop properly.
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必須有足夠的營養
11:21
Also, high stress inhibits oxytocin.
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此外,高度的精神壓力也會壓制催產素
11:24
So we all know this, when we're really stressed out,
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大家都知道,精神壓力真很大時
11:26
we're not acting our best.
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我們的行爲表現不會良好
11:29
There's another way oxytocin is inhibited, which is interesting --
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還有另一個方式壓制催產素,很有趣-
11:32
through the action of testosterone.
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受制於睾丸素
11:35
So we, in experiments, have administered testosterone to men.
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我們在實驗裡對男人施用了睾丸素
11:38
And instead of sharing money,
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這下他們不僅不分錢
11:40
they become selfish.
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反而變得自私了
11:42
But interestingly,
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不過有趣的是
11:45
high testosterone males are also more likely
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睾丸素量大的男人也比較
11:47
to use their own money to punish others for being selfish.
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傾向于用自己的錢來懲罰別人的自私表現
11:50
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
11:52
Now think about this. It means, within our own biology,
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想想看,那是說,在我們自己身體的
11:55
we have the yin and yang of morality.
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生態系統裡,道德是陰陽並蓄的
11:58
We have oxytocin that connects us to others,
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我們有催產素聯繫著我們和別人
12:00
makes us feel what they feel.
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讓我們感受到他們的感受
12:02
And we have testosterone.
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我們也有睾丸素
12:04
And men have 10 times the testosterone as women,
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男人的睾丸素十倍于女人的
12:06
so men do this more than women --
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因此男人比女人還常做出這種事-
12:08
we have testosterone that makes us want to punish
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我們的睾丸素使得我們想要懲罰
12:11
people who behave immorally.
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行爲表現不道德的人
12:13
We don't need God or government telling us what to do.
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我們不需要上帝或政府告訴我們怎麽辦
12:15
It's all inside of us.
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我們的身體裡什麽都有了
12:18
So you may be wondering:
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你也許會納悶:
12:20
these are beautiful laboratory experiments,
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這些都是漂亮的實驗室解說
12:22
do they really apply to real life?
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適用于真實的人生嗎?
12:24
Yeah, I've been worrying about that too.
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沒錯,我原來也一直擔心這個
12:26
So I've gone out of the lab
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因此我走出實驗室
12:28
to see if this really holds in our daily lives.
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看看這是否確立於我們每日的生活中
12:30
So last summer, I attended a wedding in Southern England.
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去年夏天我在南英格蘭參加了一個婚禮
12:33
200 people in this beautiful Victorian mansion.
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200人齊聚在一棟維多利亞式的大宅邸
12:36
I didn't know a single person.
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我一個人也不認識
12:38
And I drove up in my rented Vauxhall.
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我開著一輛佛賀前去
12:40
And I took out a centrifuge and dry ice
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拿出一具離心機和乾冰
12:42
and needles and tubes.
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還有針頭和試管
12:44
And I took blood from the bride and the groom
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從新郎和新娘,從參加婚禮的人
12:46
and the wedding party and the family and the friends
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以及新人的親友身上採血
12:48
before and immediately after the vows.
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分別在新人說出誓言前後
12:50
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
12:52
And guess what?
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猜猜看結果如何
12:54
Weddings cause a release of oxytocin,
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婚禮會導致催產素釋放
12:56
but they do so in a very particular way.
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不過婚禮導致的催產素釋放很特別
12:59
Who is the center of the wedding solar system?
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誰是婚禮太陽系的中心點?
13:01
The bride.
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當然是新娘
13:03
She had the biggest increase in oxytocin.
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新娘釋放的催產素最多
13:05
Who loves the wedding almost as much as the bride?
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誰幾乎和新娘一樣喜愛婚禮?
13:08
Her mother, that's right.
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她的母親,沒猜錯
13:10
Her mother was number two.
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她的母親是第二名
13:12
Then the groom's father, then the groom,
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然後是新郎的父親,再來是新郎
13:14
then the family, then the friends --
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然後是家人,然後是朋友們-
13:16
arrayed around the bride
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排列在新娘的四周
13:18
like planets around the Sun.
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像是環繞著太陽的行星
13:20
So I think it tells us that we've designed this ritual
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所以我認爲我們設計了這個儀式,爲的是要將我們
13:23
to connect us to this new couple,
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與一對新人聯繫在一起
13:25
connect us emotionally.
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在情緒上將我們聯繫起來
13:27
Why? Because we need them to be successful at reproducing
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爲什麽?因爲我們需要他們成功地繁衍
13:30
to perpetuate the species.
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好延續這個物種
13:33
I also worried that my trust experiments with small amounts of money
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我也擔心我用一點小錢做的信賴實驗
13:36
didn't really capture how often we actually trust our lives to strangers.
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並沒有真確捕捉到我們其實常常把生命信託給陌生人的事實
13:40
So even though I have a fear of heights,
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比方說我雖然有懼高的恐懼
13:42
I recently strapped myself to another human being
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不久前我把自己和另一個人綁在一起
13:44
and stepped out of an airplane at 12,000 ft.
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從3658公尺的高度踏出空中
13:47
I took my blood before and after,
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事前事後我都采了血
13:49
and I had a huge spike of oxytocin.
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我的催產素著實激烈遽增
13:52
And there are so many ways we can connect to people.
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還有許多方式我們可以與別人聯繫在一起
13:55
For example, through social media.
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例如透過社群媒體
13:57
Many people are Tweeting right now.
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很多人現在正在推特大推特推
13:59
So we investigated the role of social media
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所以我們也探討了社群媒體的角色
14:01
and found the using social media
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結果發現使用社群媒體
14:03
produced a solid double-digit increase in oxytocin.
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實實在在産生了兩位數的催產素增長
14:06
So I ran this experiment recently for the Korean Broadcasting System.
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我最近爲韓國廣播公司做了這麽一個實驗
14:09
And they had the reporters and their producers participate.
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他們的記者和節目製作人都參與了
14:13
And one of these guys, he must have been 22,
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其中有個男生應該有22歲吧
14:15
he had 150 percent spike in oxytocin.
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他的催產素遽增150%
14:18
I mean, astounding; no one has this.
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我是說,令人驚奇;沒有人這樣
14:20
So he was using social media in private.
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他私下使用社群媒體
14:22
When I wrote my report to the Koreans,
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當我寫報告給韓國人時
14:24
I said, "Look, I don't know what this guy was doing,"
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我說:「我不知這男生當時在做什麽
14:26
but my guess was interacting with his mother or his girlfriend.
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不過我猜他當時正在跟他母親或女友互動
14:29
They checked.
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他們查了一下
14:31
He was interacting on his girlfriend's Facebook page.
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他當時正在他女友的臉書頁上進行互動
14:33
There you go. That's connection.
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這就對了,這就是人與人的聯繫
14:36
So there's tons of ways that we can connect to other people,
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我們有幾大卡車的方式與別人聯繫
14:39
and it seems to be universal.
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而且似乎是放諸而四海皆準
14:41
Two weeks ago,
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兩個星期前
14:43
I just got back from Papua New Guinea
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我剛從巴布亞新幾內亞回到家
14:45
where I went up to the highlands --
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我在那裡爬上高地-
14:47
very isolated tribes of subsistence farmers
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非常孤單獨存的農人部落
14:50
living as they have lived for millenia.
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幾千年來就是這麽過活的
14:53
There are 800 different languages in the highlands.
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高地上有800種不同的語言
14:56
These are the most primitive people in the world.
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這些人是全世界最原始的民族
14:59
And they indeed also release oxytocin.
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他們確實也會釋放出催產素
15:02
So oxytocin connects us to other people.
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因此催產素聯繫著我們與別人
15:06
Oxytocin makes us feel what other people feel.
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催產素使我們感受到別人的感受
15:08
And it's so easy to cause people's brains
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而要導致別人的腦袋裡釋放出催產素
15:11
to release oxytocin.
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又是那麼容易
15:13
I know how to do it,
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我知道怎麽辦到
15:15
and my favorite way to do it is, in fact, the easiest.
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我最喜歡的方式,其實也是最簡單的方式
15:17
Let me show it to you.
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我來示範一下
15:24
Come here. Give me a hug.
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請過來,給我抱抱
15:26
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
15:28
There you go.
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這就對了
15:30
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
15:39
So my penchant for hugging other people
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我愛擁抱別人的癖好
15:41
has earned me the nickname Dr. Love.
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讓我得到了一個綽號叫做愛情醫師
15:43
I'm happy to share a little more love in the world,
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我很高興能在世界上分享多一點愛情
15:45
it's great,
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很棒的
15:47
but here's your prescription from Dr. Love:
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不過現在愛情醫師給你們一個處方:
15:49
eight hugs a day.
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每天要擁抱八次
15:52
We have found that people who release more oxytocin
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我們發現釋放越多催產素的人
15:54
are happier.
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越是快樂生活
15:56
And they're happier
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而他們快活的原因是
15:58
because they have better relationships of all types.
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因爲他們有各種較好的人際關係
16:01
Dr. Love says eight hugs a day.
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愛情醫師說,每天要擁抱八次
16:04
Eight hugs a day -- you'll be happier
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每天擁抱八次,你會更快活
16:06
and the world will be a better place.
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世界會變得更美好
16:08
Of course, if you don't like to touch people, I can always shove this up your nose.
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當然,你若不喜歡碰觸別人,我還有這可以推進你的鼻子裡
16:11
(Laughter)
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(笑聲)
16:13
Thank you.
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謝謝大家
16:15
(Applause)
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(掌聲)
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