How interpreters juggle two languages at once - Ewandro Magalhaes

Prevodilac: Milenka Okuka Lektor: Mile Živković

In 1956, during a diplomatic reception in Moscow,

Godine 1956, tokom diplomatskog prijema u Moskvi,

Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev told Western Bloc ambassadors,

sovjetski vođa Nikita Hruščov je rekao amabasadorima Zapadnog bloka:

"My vas pokhoronim!"

"Mы вас похороним!"

His interpreter rendered that into English as,

Njegov tumač je to preveo na engleski:

"We will bury you!"

"Mi ćemo vas sahraniti!"

This statement sent shockwaves through the Western world,

Ova izjava je uzburkala zapadni svet,

heightening the tension between the Soviet Union and the US

pojačavajući napetost između Sovjetskog Saveza i SAD-a

who were in the thick of the Cold War.

koji su bili na vrhuncu Hladnog rata.

Some believe this incident alone set East/West relations back a decade.

Neki veruju da je baš ovaj incident

unazadio odnose Istoka i Zapada za deceniju.

As it turns out, Khrushchev's remark was translated a bit too literally.

Kako se ispostavilo, primedba Hruščova je prevedena malčice isuviše doslovno.

Given the context, his words should have been rendered as,

S obzirom na kontekst, njegove reči je trebalo prevesti kao:

"We will live to see you buried,"

"Doživećemo da viidmo vašu sahranu,"

meaning that Communism would outlast Capitalism,

u smislu da će komunizam nadživeti kapitalizam,

a less threatening comment.

što je bio manje preteći komentar.

Though the intended meaning was eventually clarified,

Iako je stvarno značenje vremenom razjašnjeno,

the initial impact of Khrushchev's apparent words

prvobitni uticaj doslovnih reči Hruščova

put the world on a path that could have led to nuclear armageddon.

je smestio svet na stazu koja je mogla da dovede do nuklearnog armagedona.

So now, given the complexities of language and cultural exchange,

Pa sad, imajući u vidu složenost jezika i kulturološke razmene,

how does this sort of thing not happen all the time?

kako se ovakve stvari ne dešavaju stalno?

Much of the answer lies with the skill and training of interpreters

Odgovor najvećim delom počiva u veštini i obuci tumača

to overcome language barriers.

u prevazilaženju jezičkih barijera.

For most of history, interpretation was mainly done consecutively,

Većim delom istorije, prevođenje je uglavnom rađeno konsekutivno,

with speakers and interpreters making pauses to allow each other to speak.

gde govornici i prevodioci prave pauze da bi dozvolili jedni drugima da govore.

But after the advent of radio technology,

No pojavom radijske tehnologije,

a new simultaneous interpretations system was developed in the wake of World War II.

novi sistem simultanog prevođenja je razvijen početkom Drugog svetskog rata.

In the simultaneous mode

U simultanom prevođenju

interpreters instantaneously translate a speaker's words

prevodioci momentalno prevode reči govornika

into a microphone while he speaks.

u mikrofon dok on govori.

Without pauses, those in the audience can choose the language

Bez pauza, publika može da odabere jezik

in which they want to follow.

na kom želi da prati govor.

On the surface, it all looks seamless,

Na površini sve to izgleda besprekorno,

but behind the scenes,

ali iza kulisa,

human interpreters work incessantly

ljudski tumači rade neprekidno

to ensure every idea gets across as intended.

da bi se postarali da se svaka ideja prenese pravilno.

And that is no easy task.

A to nije lak zadatak.

It takes about two years of training for already fluent bilingual professionals

Potrebne su oko dve godine obuke za profesionalce koji tečno govore dva jezika

to expand their vocabulary and master the skills necessary

da bi proširili svoj rečnik i savladali veštine neophodne

to become a conference interpreter.

da bi postali tumači na konferencijama.

To get used to the unnatural task of speaking while they listen,

Kako bi se navikli na neprirodan zadatak govorenja dok slušaju,

students shadow speakers

učenici pažljivo prate govornike

and repeat their every word exactly as heard in the same language.

i ponavljaju svaku reč baš kao što je čuju na datom jeziku.

In time, they begin to paraphrase what is said,

Vremenom počinju da parafraziraju izrečeno,

making stylistic adjustments as they go.

praveći stilska podešavanja u hodu.

At some point, a second language is introduced.

U nekom momentu im se uvodi drugi jezik.

Practicing in this way creates new neural pathways in the interpreter's brain,

Ovakvo vežbanje stvara nove nervne veze u mozgu tumača,

and the constant effort of reformulation gradually becomes second nature.

a stalni napor preformulisanja vremenom postaje nova priroda.

Over time and through much hard work,

Vremenom, i uz mnogo vrednog rada,

the interpreter masters a vast array of tricks to keep up with speed,

tumač savladava veliko mnoštvo trikova da ne bi zaostajao,

deal with challenging terminology,

bavi se teškom terminologijom

and handle a multitude of foreign accents.

i savladava mnoštvo stranih naglasaka.

They may resort to acronyms to shorten long names,

Mogu da pribegavaju akronimima kako bi skratili duga imena,

choose generic terms over specific,

da izaberu opšte termine nasuprot specifičnih

or refer to slides and other visual aides.

ili da koriste slajdove i druge vizuelne pomoći.

They can even leave a term in the original language,

Mogu čak i da ostave termin na prvobitnom jeziku,

while they search for the most accurate equivalent.

dok traže najadekvatnijeg ekvivalenta.

Interpreters are also skilled at keeping aplomb in the face of chaos.

Tumači su takođe vešti u održavanju samopouzdanja usred haosa.

Remember, they have no control over who is going to say what,

Setite se da oni nemaju kontrolu nad tim ko će šta reći

or how articulate the speaker will sound.

ili koliko će artikulisano da zvuči govornik.

A curveball can be thrown at any time.

Bilo kad može da im dopadne vruć krompir.

Also, they often perform to thousands of people

Takođe, često nastupaju pred hiljadama ljudi

and in very intimidating settings,

i u veoma zastrašujućim okolnostima,

like the UN General Assembly.

poput Generalne skupštine UN-a.

To keep their emotions in check,

Da bi kontrolisali svoje emocije,

they carefully prepare for an assignment,

pažljivo se pripremaju za zadatak,

building glossaries in advance,

unapred praveći rečnike,

reading voraciously about the subject matter,

čitajući halapljivo o glavnoj temi

and reviewing previous talks on the topic.

i pregledajući prethodne govore o toj temi.

Finally, interpreters work in pairs.

Konačno, tumači rade u parovima.

While one colleague is busy translating incoming speeches in real time,

Dok je jedan kolega zauzet prevođenjem nastupajućih govora u realnom vremenu,

the other gives support by locating documents,

drugi mu pruža podršku locirajući dokumenta,

looking up words,

pretražujući reči,

and tracking down pertinent information.

i pronalazeći važne informacije.

Because simultaneous interpretation requires intense concentration,

Kako simultano prevođenje zahteva intenzivnu koncentraciju,

every 30 minutes, the pair switches roles.

svakih 30 minuta par menja uloge.

Success is heavily dependent on skillful collaboration.

Uspeh je usko povezan s veštinom saradnje.

Language is complex,

Jezik je složen

and when abstract or nuanced concepts get lost in translation,

i kad se apstraktni i istančani pojmovi izgube u prevodu,

the consequences may be catastrophic.

posledice mogu da budu katastrofalne.

As Margaret Atwood famously noted, "War is what happens when language fails."

Kako je Margaret Atvud sjajno primetila: "Rat nastaje kad jezik omane."

Conference interpreters of all people are aware of that

Niko nije svestan toga koliko tumači na konferencijama

and work diligently behind the scenes to make sure it never does.

i oni marljivo rade iza kulisa da bi se postarali da se to nikad ne desi.