The benefits of a bilingual brain - Mia Nacamulli

Prednosti dvojezičnog mozga - Mija Nakamuli (Mia Nacamulli)

16,060,025 views

2015-06-23 ・ TED-Ed


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The benefits of a bilingual brain - Mia Nacamulli

Prednosti dvojezičnog mozga - Mija Nakamuli (Mia Nacamulli)

16,060,025 views ・ 2015-06-23

TED-Ed


Please double-click on the English subtitles below to play the video.

Prevodilac: Tijana Mihajlović Lektor: Ivana Krivokuća
00:06
¿Hablas español? Parlez-vous français? 你会说中文吗?
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¿Hablas español? Parlez-vous français? 你会说中文吗?
00:12
If you answered, "sí," "oui," or "会" and you're watching this in English,
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Ako ste odgovorili „si”, „oui” ili „是的”, a gledate ovo na engleskom,
00:18
chances are you belong to the world's bilingual and multilingual majority.
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verovatno pripadate dvojezičnoj i multijezičnoj većini sveta.
00:23
And besides having an easier time traveling
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Pored toga što će vam biti lakše dok putujete
00:25
or watching movies without subtitles,
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ili gledate filmove bez prevoda,
00:27
knowing two or more languages means that your brain
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poznavanje dva ili više jezika znači da vaš mozak
00:29
may actually look and work differently than those of your monolingual friends.
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može izgledati i funkcionisati drugačije
nego mozgovi vaših monolingvalnih prijatelja.
00:34
So what does it really mean to know a language?
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Pa, šta u stvari znači znati jezik?
00:38
Language ability is typically measured in two active parts, speaking and writing,
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Jezička sposobnost se obično meri
kroz dva aktivna dela - pričanje i pisanje,
00:43
and two passive parts, listening and reading.
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i dva pasivna dela - slušanje i čitanje.
00:46
While a balanced bilingual has near equal
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Uravnotežena dvojezična osoba
00:49
abilities across the board in two languages,
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ima skoro jednake ove sposobnosti kod oba jezika,
00:52
most bilinguals around the world know and use their languages
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većina dvojezičnih osoba širom sveta zna i koristi svoje jezike
00:55
in varying proportions.
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u različitim merama.
00:57
And depending on their situation and how they acquired each language,
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U zavisnosti od njihove situacije i načina na koji su usvojili svaki jezik,
01:01
they can be classified into three general types.
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mogu se podeliti na tri opšta tipa.
01:04
For example, let's take Gabriella,
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Hajde da za primer uzmemo Gabrijelu,
01:07
whose family immigrates to the US from Peru when she's two-years old.
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čija se porodica doselila u SAD iz Perua kada je imala dve godine.
01:12
As a compound bilingual,
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Kao ujednačena dvojezična osoba,
01:13
Gabriella develops two linguistic codes simultaneously,
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Gabrijela razvija dva lingvistička koda istovremeno,
01:18
with a single set of concepts,
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sa pojedinačnim grupama koncepata,
01:20
learning both English and Spanish
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učeći i engleski i španski
01:22
as she begins to process the world around her.
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dok počinje da obrađuje reči u svojoj okolini.
01:25
Her teenage brother, on the other hand, might be a coordinate bilingual,
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Njen brat tinejdžer, sa druge strane, može biti koordinisana dvojezična osoba,
01:29
working with two sets of concepts,
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koja radi sa dve grupe koncepata,
01:31
learning English in school,
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učeći engleski u školi
01:33
while continuing to speak Spanish at home and with friends.
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i nastavljajući da priča španski u kući i sa prijateljima.
01:36
Finally, Gabriella's parents are likely to be subordinate bilinguals
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Konačno, Gabrijelini roditelji su verovatno zavisne dvojezične osobe
01:41
who learn a secondary language
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koje uče drugi jezik
01:43
by filtering it through their primary language.
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propuštajući ga kroz svoj primarni jezik.
01:46
Because all types of bilingual people can become fully proficient in a language
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Pošto sve dvojezične osobe mogu postati napredni govornici nekog jezika
01:50
regardless of accent or pronunciation,
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bez obzira na akcenat ili izgovor,
01:52
the difference may not be apparent to a casual observer.
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razlika možda neće biti očigledna za usputnog posmatrača.
01:55
But recent advances in brain imaging technology
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Međutim, skorašnji napredak u tehnologiji moždane vizualizacije
01:58
have given neurolinguists a glimpse
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omogućio je neurolingvistima da bace pogled na način
02:00
into how specific aspects of language learning affect the bilingual brain.
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na koji specifični aspekti učenja jezika utiču na dvojezični mozak.
02:05
It's well known that the brain's left hemisphere is more dominant
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Dobro je poznato da je leva hemisfera mozga dominantnija
02:09
and analytical in logical processes,
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i više analitična pri logičkim procesima,
02:11
while the right hemisphere is more active in emotional and social ones,
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dok je desna hemisfera aktivnija pri emocionalnim i društvenim procesima,
02:16
though this is a matter of degree, not an absolute split.
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iako je ovo pitanje stepena, a ne potpune podvojenosti.
02:20
The fact that language involves both types of functions
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Činjenica da jezik uključuje oba tipa funkcija
02:22
while lateralization develops gradually with age,
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dok se lateralizacija postepeno razvija sa godinama,
02:25
has lead to the critical period hypothesis.
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dovela je do hipoteze kritičnog perioda.
02:28
According to this theory,
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Prema ovoj teoriji,
02:30
children learn languages more easily
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deca lakše uče jezik
02:32
because the plasticity of their developing brains
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jer im plastičnost mozgova u razvoju
02:35
lets them use both hemispheres in language acquisition,
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dozvoljava da koriste obe hemisfere pri usvajanju jezika,
02:38
while in most adults, language is lateralized to one hemisphere,
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dok je kod većine odraslih jezik lateralizovan u jednoj hemisferi,
02:42
usually the left.
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obično u levoj.
02:44
If this is true, learning a language in childhood
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Ako je ovo tačno, učenje jezika u detinjstvu
02:47
may give you a more holistic grasp of its social and emotional contexts.
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može vam obezbediti bolje holističko shvatanje
o njegovim društvenim i emocionalnim kontekstima.
02:52
Conversely, recent research showed
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Suprotno tome, skorašnje istraživanje je pokazalo
02:54
that people who learned a second language in adulthood
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da ljudi koji su naučili strani jezik u odraslom dobu
02:57
exhibit less emotional bias and a more rational approach
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pokazuju manju emocionalnu pristrasnost i imaju racionalniji pristup
03:01
when confronting problems in the second language
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kada se susreću sa problemima u stranom jeziku
03:03
than in their native one.
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nego u maternjem jeziku.
03:05
But regardless of when you acquire additional languages,
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Ipak, bez obzira na to kada ste usvojili dodatni jezik,
03:08
being multilingual gives your brain some remarkable advantages.
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sposobnost višejezičnosti daje vašem mozgu neke izvanredne prednosti.
03:12
Some of these are even visible,
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Neke od njih su čak i vidljive,
03:13
such as higher density of the grey matter
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kao što je veća gustina sive materije
03:16
that contains most of your brain's neurons and synapses,
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koja sadrži većinu vaših moždanih neurona i sinapsi
03:19
and more activity in certain regions when engaging a second language.
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i povećana aktivnost u nekim područjima
dok upotrebljavate strani jezik.
03:23
The heightened workout a bilingual brain receives throughout its life
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Povećano vežbanje koje dvojezični mozak ima tokom svog života
03:26
can also help delay the onset of diseases, like Alzheimer's and dementia
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može da pomogne da se odloži početak bolesti,
kao što su Alchajmerova i demencija,
03:31
by as much as five years.
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čak i do pet godina.
03:33
The idea of major cognitive benefits to bilingualism
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Ideja o glavnim kognitivnim prednostima dvojezičnosti
03:35
may seem intuitive now,
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može delovati intuitivno sada,
03:37
but it would have surprised earlier experts.
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ali bi iznenadila ranije stručnjake.
03:40
Before the 1960s, bilingualism was considered a handicap
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Pre 1960-ih, dvojezičnost se smatrala hendikepom
03:44
that slowed a child's development
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koji je usporavao razvoj deteta
03:45
by forcing them to spend too much energy distinguishing between languages,
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primoravajući ih da potroše previše energije
na pravljenje razlika između jezika,
03:50
a view based largely on flawed studies.
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stanovište umnogome zasnovano na manjkavim studijama.
03:54
And while a more recent study did show
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I dok novije studije jesu pokazale
03:56
that reaction times and errors increase for some bilingual students
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da se vreme za reakciju i greške povećavaju
za neke dvojezične studente u među-jezičkom testu,
03:59
in cross-language tests,
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04:01
it also showed that the effort and attention needed
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pokazale su i da su napor i pažnja
04:03
to switch between languages triggered more activity in,
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potrebni za prebacivanje na drugi jezik pokrenuli i više aktivnosti
04:06
and potentially strengthened, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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i potencijalno osnažili dorzolateralni prefrontalni korteks.
04:11
This is the part of the brain that plays a large role
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Ovo je deo mozga koji ima veliku ulogu
04:14
in executive function, problem solving, switching between tasks,
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u izvršnoj funkciji, rešavanju problema, prebacivanju sa zadatka na zadatak,
04:18
and focusing while filtering out irrelevant information.
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kao i u usredređivanju dok se filtriraju nevažne informacije.
04:22
So, while bilingualism may not necessarily make you smarter,
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Dakle, iako vas dvojezičnost ne čini nužno pametnijima,
04:26
it does make your brain more healthy, complex and actively engaged,
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ona čini vaš mozak zdravijim, složenijim i aktivnije angažovanim,
04:30
and even if you didn't have the good fortune
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a čak i ako niste imali sreće
04:33
of learning a second language as a child,
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da naučite strani jezik kao dete,
04:35
it's never too late to do yourself a favor
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nikada nije previše kasno da učinite sebi uslugu
04:37
and make the linguistic leap from, "Hello,"
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i napravite lingvistički skok sa „zdravo”
04:40
to, "Hola," "Bonjour" or "你好’s"
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na „Hola”, „Bonjour” ili „您好”,
04:43
because when it comes to our brains a little exercise can go a long way.
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jer kada se radi o našim mozgovima, malo vežbe može značiti puno uspeha.
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