The benefits of a bilingual brain - Mia Nacamulli

Translator: Nazarbek Nazarov Reviewer: Azizbek Nazarov

¿Hablas español? Parlez-vous français? 你会说中文吗？

¿Hablas español? Parlez-vous français? 你会说中文吗？

If you answered, "sí," "oui," or "会" and you're watching this in English,

Agar siz "si", "oui" yoki "是的" deb javob bergan bo'lsangiz va siz buni inglizchada

chances are you belong to the world's bilingual and multilingual majority.

ko'rayotgan bo'lsangiz, siz ko'pchilik bilinguallar va poliglotlar qatoridasiz.

And besides having an easier time traveling

Siz sayohat qilish oson bo'lishi yoki filmlarni

or watching movies without subtitles,

subtitrsiz ko'ra olishdan tashqari,

knowing two or more languages means that your brain

ikki yoki undan ko'proq tilni bilishingiz miyangizning

may actually look and work differently than those of your monolingual friends.

o'zgacha ishlashi va monolingual do'stlar- ingizga nisbatan farq qilishini bildiradi.

So what does it really mean to know a language?

Xo'sh, "tilni egallsh" degani aslida nimani anglatadi?

Language ability is typically measured in two active parts, speaking and writing,

Tilni bilishni odatda ikkita belgiga ko'ra baholashadi: og'zaki va

yozma, va ikkita passiv belgilar: nutqni

and two passive parts, listening and reading.

eshitib tushunish va o'qib tushunish. Balansga ega bilingual

While a balanced bilingual has near equal

insonda yuqoridagi ko'rsatkichlari

abilities across the board in two languages,

ikki tilda ham bir xil bo'ladi.

most bilinguals around the world know and use their languages

Lekin dunyoda ikkita tilni teng bo'lmagan proporsiyalarda

in varying proportions.

ishlatadigan va biladigan bilinguallar ko'proq.

And depending on their situation and how they acquired each language,

Tilni egallash sharoyitiga qarab

they can be classified into three general types.

bilinguallarni uch turga ajratish mumkin.

For example, let's take Gabriella,

Masalan, Gabrielladan boshlasak,

whose family immigrates to the US from Peru when she's two-years old.

Uning oilasi AQSHdan Peruga ko'chganida u ikki yoshda edi.

As a compound bilingual,

Gabriella — haqiqiy bilingual,

Gabriella develops two linguistic codes simultaneously,

ya'ni u bir vaqtning o'zida ikkita tilni o'zlashtiradi

with a single set of concepts,

Tushunchalarni bir xil o'zlashtirib boradi.

learning both English and Spanish

U ham ispancha, ham inglizcha o'rganadi,

as she begins to process the world around her.

dunyoni endi-endi o'rganish davomida.

Her teenage brother, on the other hand, might be a coordinate bilingual,

Uning akasi esa, o'smir bo'lgani uchun

aralash bilingual bo'lib ulg'ayadi.

working with two sets of concepts,

Ular ongida ikki xil tushunchalar mavjud,

learning English in school,

ya'ni ingliz tilidan maktabda foydalansa,

while continuing to speak Spanish at home and with friends.

uyda va o'rtoqlari bilan ispan tilida gaplashadi.

Finally, Gabriella's parents are likely to be subordinate bilinguals

Uning ota-onalarida esa, subordinativ bilingvizm shakllanadi, ya'ni ular

who learn a secondary language

chet tilini o'z ona tili orqali,

by filtering it through their primary language.

solishtirib o'rganishgan.

Because all types of bilingual people can become fully proficient in a language

Barcha tipdagi bilingualla ham tilni egallashi mumkin.

regardless of accent or pronunciation,

Va talaffuzi, urg'ularining farqlanishiga qaramay,

the difference may not be apparent to a casual observer.

tinglovchi bilinguallarni turi bo'yicha ajratib olishi qiyin.

But recent advances in brain imaging technology

Neyrovizualizatsiyaning so'nggi yutuqlari shundan iboratki,

have given neurolinguists a glimpse

til o'rganishning ayrim aspektlari

into how specific aspects of language learning affect the bilingual brain.

bilingualning miyasiga ham ta'sir qilar ekan.

It's well known that the brain's left hemisphere is more dominant

Hammaga ma'lumki, mantiqiy jarayonlarda

and analytical in logical processes,

miyaning chap yarimshari ko'proq aktiv bo'ladi.

while the right hemisphere is more active in emotional and social ones,

O'ng yarimshar esa his-tuyg'ular yoki sotsial jarayonlarda

though this is a matter of degree, not an absolute split.

ko'proq aktiv holatda bo'ladi.

The fact that language involves both types of functions

Til esa bu ikki xil jarayonga ham tegishli hisoblanib,

while lateralization develops gradually with age,

yarimsharlararo assimetriya yil sayin rivojlanishi

has lead to the critical period hypothesis.

olimlarni senzitiv period gipotezasiga olib keldi.

According to this theory,

Gipotezaga ko'ra, bolalar tillarni

children learn languages more easily

oson o'rganishadi, ularning endi

because the plasticity of their developing brains

rivojlanayotgan miyasi egiluvchan bo'lganligi til o'rganish

lets them use both hemispheres in language acquisition,

jarayonida miyaning ikkita yarimsharini ham harakatga keltiradi.

while in most adults, language is lateralized to one hemisphere,

Ko'pchilik kattalarda esa yarimsharlararo assimetriya

usually the left.

chap yarimsharni aktivlashtiradi.

If this is true, learning a language in childhood

Agar gipoteza rost bo'lsa, bolalikda til o'rganish

may give you a more holistic grasp of its social and emotional contexts.

sizga emotsional va sotsial tagma'nolarni to'liq tushunishga yordam beradi.

Conversely, recent research showed

Yaqindagi tadqiqotlar shuni ko'rsatdiki,

that people who learned a second language in adulthood

chet tillarini o'rgangan insonlar katta yoshda

exhibit less emotional bias and a more rational approach

ona tili hisoblanmagan,

boshqa tillarni qo'llashda his-tuyg'ularga

when confronting problems in the second language

kamroq moyil bo'lib, bu tilga oqilona

than in their native one.

yondashuvni namoyon etishadi.

But regardless of when you acquire additional languages,

Chet tilini qachon o'rganishingizni farqi yo'q,

being multilingual gives your brain some remarkable advantages.

ko'ptillilik sizning miyangiz ish faoliyatiga ko'p foyda beradi.

Some of these are even visible,

Ba'zilarini ko'rishimiz ham

such as higher density of the grey matter

mumkin, masalan, kulrang moddaning zichligi, unda

that contains most of your brain's neurons and synapses,

miyamizdagi neyronlarning va sinapslarning ko'p qismi joylashgan.

and more activity in certain regions when engaging a second language.

Undan tashqari, til o'rganish jarayonida miyaning alohida

qismlarida faollik kuzatish

The heightened workout a bilingual brain receives throughout its life

mumkin. Bilinguallar butun umr

shug'ullanadigan intensiv til o'rganish mashg'ulotlari

can also help delay the onset of diseases, like Alzheimer's and dementia

alsgeymer, dimensiya kabi kasalliklarining kelishini o'rtacha

by as much as five years.

besh yilga cho'zishi mumkin.

The idea of major cognitive benefits to bilingualism

Bilingvizmning kognitiv foydasi haqidagi g'oyalar hozirda

may seem intuitive now,

tushunarli ko'rinadi, lekin bu kabi g'oyalar

but it would have surprised earlier experts.

o'tmish olimlarini hayratga solgan bo'lardi.

Before the 1960s, bilingualism was considered a handicap

1960-yillargacha bilinguallik bu noqulaylik deb hisoblangan, u bolaning

that slowed a child's development

rivojlanishini pasaytirgan va tillarni

by forcing them to spend too much energy distinguishing between languages,

ajratish uchun boladan ko'p vaqt

oladi deb hisoblangan. Bunaqa qarashlar

a view based largely on flawed studies.

o'sha vaqtlarda olib borilgan noto'g'ri tadqiqotlar natijasi edi. Keyinchalik

And while a more recent study did show

olib borilgan tadqiqotlar bilingual

that reaction times and errors increase for some bilingual students

talabalar nazorat ishlari yoki imtihonlarda masalalarni ishlashda

in cross-language tests,

ko'proq vaqt sarflashi isbotlansa-da, undan

it also showed that the effort and attention needed

tashqari, bir tildan ikkinchi tilga o'tishda yuzaga

to switch between languages triggered more activity in,

keladigan keskinlik va diqqat katta faollik talab qiladi,

and potentially strengthened, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

miyaning dorsolateral va prefrontal zonasini mustahkamlaydi.

This is the part of the brain that plays a large role

Miyaning bu qismi asosan,

in executive function, problem solving, switching between tasks,

tashkiliy funksiyalar, muammolarni yechish, vazifadan vazifaga o'tish,

and focusing while filtering out irrelevant information.

va shuningdek, keraksiz ma'lumotlarni olib tashlashga hizmat qiladi.

So, while bilingualism may not necessarily make you smarter,

Bilingvizm sizni aqlliroq qilishi aniq emas, lekin u sizning miyangizni

it does make your brain more healthy, complex and actively engaged,

yanada sog'lom va murakkab qiladi

va uning imkoniyatlarini kengaytiradi.

and even if you didn't have the good fortune

Va garchi bolalikda sizga chet tillarini o'rganish

of learning a second language as a child,

nasib qilmagan bo'lsa-da,

it's never too late to do yourself a favor

o'zingiz uchun "Salom" dan "Hola", "Bonjour"

and make the linguistic leap from, "Hello,"

yoki "您好" ga lingvistik sakrash qilish uchun

to, "Hola," "Bonjour" or "你好’s"

hech qachon kech emas.

because when it comes to our brains a little exercise can go a long way.

Zero, bu miyamiz bilan bog'liq ekan,

hatto kichik qadam ham katta bir safarning boshi bo'lishi mumkin.