What is color? - Colm Kelleher

1,022,511 views ใƒป 2012-12-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Ido Dekkers ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Mark Freehoff
00:13
One of the most striking properties about life is that it has color.
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ืื—ืช ื”ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื–ื” ืฉื”ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืข.
00:18
To understand the phenomenon of color, it helps to think about light as a wave.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ืชื•ืคืขื” ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข, ื–ื” ืขื•ื–ืจ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืขืœ ืื•ืจ ื›ื’ืœ.
00:22
But, before we get to that,
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ืื‘ืœ, ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ื’ื™ืข ืœื–ื”,
00:24
let's talk a little bit about waves in general.
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ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืขื˜ ืขืœ ื’ืœื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื›ืœืœื™.
00:27
Imagine you're sitting on a boat on the ocean watching a cork bob up and down in the water.
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ื“ืžื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืืชื ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืกื™ืจื” ื‘ื™ื ื•ืฆื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืคืงืง ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ ื‘ืžื™ื.
00:33
The first thing you notice about the motion is that it repeats itself.
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ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ ืฉืืชื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื•ื–ืจืช ืขืœ ืขืฆืžื”.
00:36
The cork traces the same path over and over again... up and down, up and down.
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ื”ืคืงืง ืขื•ืงื‘ ืื—ืจื™ ืื•ืชื• ืžืกืœื•ืœ ืฉื•ื‘ ื•ืฉื•ื‘... ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื” ืœืžืขืœื” ื•ืœืžื˜ื”.
00:41
This repetitive or periodic motion is characteristic of waves.
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ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื˜ื™ืคื•ืกื™ืช ืœื’ืœื™ื.
00:47
Then you notice something else...
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ืื– ืืชื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื• ืื—ืจ...
00:48
using a stopwatch, you measure the time it takes for the piece of cork
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ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืขื•ืŸ ืขืฆืจ, ืืชื ืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœืคื™ืกืช ื”ืฉืขื
00:51
to go over its highest position down to its lowest and then back up again.
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ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื”ื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืฉืœื• ืœื ืงื•ื“ื” ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื•ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”.
00:56
Suppose this takes two seconds.
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ื ื ื™ื— ืฉื–ื” ืœื•ืงื— ืฉืชื™ ืฉื ื™ื•ืช.
00:58
To use the physics jargon, you've measured the period of the waves that cork is bobbing on.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ืคื™ื–ื™ืงืœื™ื™ื, ืืชื ืžื“ื“ืชื ืืช ื”ืคืจืง ืฉืœ ื”ื’ืœ ื‘ื• ื”ืคืงืง ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“.
01:02
That is, how long it takes a wave to go through its full range of motion once.
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ื–ื”, ื›ืžื” ื–ืžืŸ ืฉืœื•ืงื— ืœื’ืœ ืœืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื ืขื“ ื”ืชื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœื• ืคืขื ืื—ืช.
01:06
The same information can be expressed in a different way by calculating the wave's frequency.
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ืื•ืชื• ืžื™ื“ืข ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื‘ื•ื˜ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ืื—ืจืช ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื—ื™ืฉื•ื‘ ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืœ.
01:12
Frequency, as the name suggest, tells you how frequent the waves are.
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ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ืฉื ืžืฆื™ืข, ืื•ืžืจืช ืœื›ื ื›ืžื” ืชื›ื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืœ.
01:16
That is, how many of them go by in one second.
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ืฉื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ, ื›ืžื” ืžื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:19
If you know how many seconds one full wave takes,
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ืื ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื•ืช ืœื•ืงื— ื›ืœ ื’ืœ ืฉืœื,
01:22
then it's easy to work out how many waves go by in one second.
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ืื– ื–ื” ืงืœ ืœื—ืฉื‘ ื›ืžื” ื’ืœื™ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื›ืœ ืฉื ื™ื”.
01:26
In this case, since each wave takes 2 seconds, the frequency is 0.5 waves per second.
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ื”ื–ื”, ืžืื—ืจ ื•ื›ืœ ื’ืœ ืœื•ืงื— 2 ืฉื ื™ื•ืช, ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื™ื 0.5 ื’ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื™ื”.
01:32
So enough about bobbing corks... What about light and color?
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ืื– ืžืกืคื™ืง ืขืœ ืคืงืงื™ื ืžืชื ื•ืขืขื™ื... ืžื” ืขื ืื•ืจ ื•ืฆื‘ืข?
01:36
If light is a wave, then it must have a frequency. Right?
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ืื ืื•ืจ ื”ื•ื ื’ืœ, ืื– ื—ื™ื™ื‘ืช ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืœื• ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช. ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:39
Well... yes, it does.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ... ื›ืŸ, ื™ืฉ ืœื•.
01:40
And it turns out that we already have a name for the frequency of the light that our eyes detect.
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ื•ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ืฉื ืœืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื™ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœืจืื•ืช.
01:45
It's called color.
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ื–ื” ื ืงืจื ืฆื‘ืข.
01:46
That's right. Color is nothing more than a measure of how quickly the light waves are waving.
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ื–ื” ื ื›ื•ืŸ. ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ืœื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืžื™ื“ื” ืœื›ืžื” ืžื”ืจ ื”ืื•ืจ ืžืชื ื•ื“ื“ ืžื•ืœื ื•.
01:51
If our eyes were quick enough, we might be able to observe this periodic motion directly,
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ืื ื”ืขื™ื™ื ื™ื ืฉืœื ื• ื”ื™ื• ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคื™ืง, ืื•ืœื™ ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ืชื ื•ืขื” ื”ืžื—ื–ื•ืจื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช,
01:55
like we can with the cork and the ocean.
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ื›ืžื• ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ืืช ื”ืคืงืง ื•ื”ื™ื.
01:57
But the frequency of the light we see is so high,
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืื™ื ื”ื™ื ื›ื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”,
02:00
it waves up and down about 400 million million times a second,
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ื”ื™ื ืขื•ืœื” ื•ื™ื•ืจื“ืช ื‘ืขืจืš 400 ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืžืœื™ื•ืŸ ืคืขืžื™ื ื‘ืฉื ื™ื”,
02:04
that we can't possibly see it as a wave. But we can tell, by looking at its color, what its frequency is.
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ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืœื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืื•ืชื• ื›ื’ืœ. ืื‘ืœ ืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื’ื™ื“, ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ื”ืกืชื›ืœื•ืช ืขืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืข, ืžื” ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช.
02:10
The lowest frequency light that we can see is red and the highest frequency is purple.
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ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉืœ ืื•ืจ ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ื”ื™ื ืื“ื•ื ื•ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื ืกื’ื•ืœ.
02:14
In between all the other frequencies form a continuous band of color, called the visible spectrum.
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ื‘ื™ื™ื ื”ื ื›ืœ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ื•ืฆืจื•ืช ืจืฆื•ืขื” ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฆื‘ืข, ืฉื ืงืจืืช ื”ืžื ืขื“ (ืกืคืงื˜ืจื•ื) ื”ื ืจืื”.
02:20
So, what if you had a yellow pencil sitting on your desk?
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ืื–, ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื” ืœื›ื ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ืžื•ื ื— ืขืœ ื”ืฉื•ืœื—ืŸ?
02:24
Well, the sun emits all colors of light, so light of all colors is hitting your pencil.
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืžืคื™ืฆื” ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืจ, ืื– ืื•ืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืคื•ื’ืข ื‘ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ืฉืœื›ื.
02:29
The pencil looks yellow because it reflects yellow light more than it reflects the other colors.
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ื”ืขื™ืคืจื•ืŸ ื ืจืื” ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืื•ืจ ืฆื”ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:34
What happens to the blue, purple and red light?
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ืœืื•ืจ ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื”ืกื’ื•ืœ ื•ืœืื“ื•ื?
02:36
They get absorbed and the energy they are carrying is turned into heat.
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ื”ื ื ืกืคื’ื™ื ื•ื”ืื ืจื’ื™ื” ืฉื”ื ื ื•ืฉืื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ืช ืœื—ื•ื.
02:40
It is similar with objects of other colors.
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ื–ื” ื“ื•ืžื” ืœื—ืคืฆื™ื ื‘ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื.
02:42
Blue things reflect blue light, red things reflect red light and so on.
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ื—ืคืฆื™ื ื›ื—ื•ืœื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ื›ื—ื•ืœ, ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืจื™ื ืื•ืจ ืื“ื•ื ื•ื›ืš ื”ืœืื”.
02:46
White objects reflect all colors of light,
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ืœื‘ืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืจ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื,
02:48
while black things do exactly the opposite and absorb at all frequencies.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืฉื—ื•ืจ ืขื•ืฉื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื”ื”ืคืš ื•ืกื•ืคื’ ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ืชื“ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช.
02:52
This - by the way - is why it's uncomfortable to wear your favorite Metallica t-shirt on a sunny day.
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ื–ื” - ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ - ื”ืกื™ื‘ื” ืฉื›ืœ ื›ืš ืœื ื ื•ื— ืœืœื‘ื•ืฉ ืืช ื—ื•ืœืฆืช ืžื˜ืืœื™ืงื” ื”ืื”ื•ื‘ื” ืขืœื™ื›ื ื‘ื™ื•ื ืฉืžืฉื™.

Original video on YouTube.com
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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