The secret formula to Agatha Christie's murder mysteries - Jamie Bernthal

857,304 views ใƒป 2022-08-18

TED-Ed


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืชืจื’ื•ื: Nirit Bracha-Maor ืขืจื™ื›ื”: Ido Dekkers
00:06
Agatha Christie is the best-selling novelist of all time.
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ืื’ืชื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™, ื ื—ืฉื‘ืช ืœืื—ืช ื”ืกื•ืคืจื•ืช ื”ื ืžื›ืจื•ืช ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื.
00:11
But in 1916, she wasnโ€™t even the most promising writer in her family.
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 1916, ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ื ื—ืฉื‘ื” ื›ื›ื•ืชื‘ืช ื”ืžื‘ื˜ื™ื—ื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื—ืชื”.
00:16
Her older sister Madge had already written several short stories,
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ืื—ื•ืชื” ื”ื‘ื›ื•ืจื”, ืžืื“ื’โ€™, ื›ื‘ืจ ื”ืกืคื™ืงื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ื›ืžื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื,
00:20
while Agatha hadnโ€™t published any.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืื’ืชื”, ืœื ืคืจืกืžื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืื—ื“.
00:22
So when Agatha shared her desire to write a mystery novel,
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ืœื›ืŸ, ื›ืฉืื’ืชื” ืฉืชืคื” ื‘ืจืฆื•ื ื” ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืจื•ืžืŸ ืžืชื—,
00:26
Madge scoffed.
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ืžืื“ื’โ€ฒ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืขื’ื” ืœื”,
00:27
She bet that Agatha wouldnโ€™t be able to create a compelling mysteryโ€”
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ื•ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื” ืื™ืชื”, ืฉืื’ืชื” ืœื ืชืฆืœื™ื— ืœื›ืชื•ื‘ ืขืœื™ืœืช ืžืชื— ืžืฉื›ื ืขืช,
00:31
and certainly not something she couldn't solve.
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ื•ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžืฉื”ื• ืขื ืกื•ืฃ ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ืœื ืชื•ื›ืœ ืคืชื•ืจ.
00:34
Today, the novel that came of that bet
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ืจื•ืžืŸ ืฉื ื›ืชื‘ ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ื–ื•,
00:37
stands alongside almost 100 other mysteries written by Christie,
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ื”ื•ื ื—ืœืง ืžื›ืžืื” ืกืคืจื™ ืžืชื— ืฉื›ืชื‘ื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™.
00:41
each one a cleverly constructed puzzle box
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ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื, ื”ื•ื ืคืื–ืœ ืฉื ื‘ื ื” ื‘ืชื—ื›ื•ื ืจื‘,
00:44
of clues, misdirection, and human drama.
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ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืจืžื–ื™ื, ื”ื˜ืขื™ื•ืช ื•ื“ืจืžื” ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
00:48
So let's investigate how she crafted these perfect crimes.
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ืื–, ื‘ื•ืื• ื ื‘ื“ื•ืง ืื™ืš ื”ื™ื ืขืฆื‘ื” ืืช ื”ืคืฉืขื™ื ื”ืžื•ืฉืœืžื™ื ื”ืืœื”.
00:52
Christie designed her stories in many ways,
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืชื›ื ื ื” ืืช ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืฉืœื” ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื•ื ื•ืช,
00:55
but one of the most important decisions was the setting.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื—ื“ ื”ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื”ื™ื” ื”ืชืคืื•ืจื”.
00:58
From a remote island to a snow-stalled train car,
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ืžืื™ ืžืจื•ื—ืง ื•ืขื“ ืงืจื•ืŸ ืจื›ื‘ืช ืชืงื•ืข ื‘ืฉืœื’,
01:02
she favored locations isolated from society.
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืขื“ื™ืคื” ืืชืจื™ื ื”ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืžื”ื—ื‘ืจื”.
01:05
By restricting the scope of her stories,
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื’ื‘ืœืช ืžืจื—ื‘ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ,
01:08
Christie limited possible suspects and built tension
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ืฆืžืฆืžื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื, ื•ื‘ื ืชื” ืžืชื—,
01:11
by forcing characters to stay putโ€”
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื‘ื” ืืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืœื”ื™ืฉืืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื
01:14
even with a killer among them.
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ื’ื ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื”ื™ื” ื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื.
01:16
Sometimes she further heightened the drama
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ืœืคืขืžื™ื, ื”ื™ื ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืขืฆื™ืžื” ืืช ื”ืžืชื—,
01:19
by making the characters strangers,
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฆืจื” ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื”ื›ื™ืจื• ืื—ื“ ืืช ื”ืฉื ื™,
01:21
unsure who they can trust.
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ื•ืœื ื™ื“ืขื• ื‘ืžื™ ื”ืŸ ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื‘ื˜ื•ื—.
01:24
But while her settings are eerie and extraordinary,
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ืื•ืœื, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉื”ืชืคืื•ืจื” ืฉื‘ื—ืจื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืคื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื™ื•ืฆืืช ื“ื•ืคืŸ,
01:27
her characters are just the opposite.
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ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื™ื• ื”ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ื’ืžื•ืจ.
01:30
One of the biggest criticisms of Christieโ€™s novels
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ืื—ืช ื”ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจื•ืช ื”ื›ื™ ื”ื ืคื•ืฆื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืคืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™,
01:32
is that theyโ€™re full of two-dimensional people.
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ื”ื™ื ืฉืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื” ืžืœืื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื˜ื•ื—ื•ืช.
01:35
But Christie avoided complex characters for a reason.
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ืื‘ืœ, ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ื ืžื ืขื” ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืžื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช.
01:38
By reducing people to a handful of simple traits,
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงื•ืžืฅ ืชื›ื•ื ื•ืช ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•ืช,
01:42
she provided readers with predictable suspects.
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ื”ื™ื ืกื™ืคืง ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื ืžืจืืฉ.
01:45
Well, usually predictable.
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ื˜ื•ื‘, ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืฆืคื•ื™ื™ื.
01:48
Christie also used the audience's expectations against them.
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืฆื™ืคื™ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื” ื”ืงื”ืœ ื ื’ื“ื.
01:52
However, this typecasting sometimes relied on
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ืขื ื–ืืช, ื”ื˜ื™ื™ืคืงืืกื˜ ื”ื–ื”, ื”ืชื‘ืกืก ืœื ืคืขื
01:55
what contemporary readers know to be harmful stereotypes.
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ืขืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืฆืžื, ื”ื’ื“ื™ืจื• ื›ืกื˜ืจืื•ื˜ื™ืคื™ื ื”ืจืกื ื™ื™ื.
01:59
She frequently caricatured particular occupations and ethnic groups
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ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ืชืืจื” ืžืงืฆื•ืขื•ืช ื•ืงื‘ื•ืฆื•ืช ืืชื ื™ื•ืช ื›ืงืจื™ืงื˜ื•ืจื•ืช
02:03
for comic effect,
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ืœืฆื•ืจืš ืืคืงื˜ ืงื•ืžื™,
02:05
reinforcing the prejudices of her time.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ืงืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขื•ืช ื”ืงื“ื•ืžื•ืช ืฉื”ื™ื• ื‘ืชืงื•ืคืชื”.
02:07
This is certainly not an element of Christieโ€™s work worth emulating,
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ื–ื” ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ืœื ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืฉื•ื•ื” ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื•
02:11
and fortunately, many modern mystery writers
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ื•ืœืžื–ืœื ื•, ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืกื•ืคืจื™ ื”ืžืชื— ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ื,
02:14
have found less problematic ways to use this technique.
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ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ืคื—ื•ืช ื‘ืขื™ืชื™ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืฉืชืžืฉ ื‘ื˜ื›ื ื™ืงื” ื–ื•.
02:17
Even when she got it wrong,
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ื’ื ื›ืฉืฉื’ืชื”,
02:19
Christie worked to make her characters feel authentic.
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ื”ืชืืžืฆื” ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืฉื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื” ื™ื”ื™ื• ืืžื™ื ื•ืช.
02:22
She closely observed the people around her,
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื ื” ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ืืช ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ืกื‘ื™ื‘ืชื”,
02:25
and constantly scribbled down details from overheard conversations.
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ื•ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืงื‘ื•ืข ืฉืจื‘ื˜ื” ืคืจื˜ื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืฉื™ื—ื•ืช ืฉืฉืžืขื”.
02:30
She would then rearrange these details to piece her mysteries together,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื™ืชื” ืžืืจื’ื ืช ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืžื™ื“ืข, ื›ื“ื™ ืฉื™ืฉืชืœื‘ ื‘ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืฆืจื”,
02:34
often switching who the murderer was as she worked.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืคืขืžื™ื ืžื—ืœื™ืคื” ืืช ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืจื•ืฆื— ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื›ืชื™ื‘ื”.
02:37
This approach kept information murky and disoriented even the sharpest readers.
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ื’ื™ืฉื” ื–ื•, ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ืขืžื™ืžื•ืช ื•ื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ ื’ื ืžืงื•ืจืื™ื” ื”ืฉื ื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:43
However, thereโ€™s an important balance to strike
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ื”ื™ื” ืœืฉืžื•ืจ ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืขื“ื™ืŸ
02:46
between being clever and being confusing.
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ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื ื™ื ื•ืช ืœื‘ืœื‘ื•ืœ.
02:48
Nobody wants to read a predictable mystery,
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ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืœื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงืจื•ื ืžื•ืชื—ืŸ ืฆืคื•ื™ ืžืจืืฉ,
02:51
but if things get too convoluted you can lose your reader altogether.
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ืื‘ืœ ืื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืžืชืกื‘ื›ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื“ื™, ืขืœื•ืœื™ื ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืื‘ื“ ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
02:55
Christie handled this in part by keeping her language simple and accessible.
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ืฉืžืจื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืงืจื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืฉืคื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ื” ื•ื ื’ื™ืฉื”.
03:01
She used short sentences and clear, snappy dialogue
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ื”ื™ื ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื‘ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงืฆืจื™ื ื•ื‘ืจื•ืจื™ื, ื•ื‘ื“ื™ืืœื•ื’ื™ื ื ืžืจืฆื™ื,
03:05
to help readers follow information.
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ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœืขื–ื•ืจ ืœืงื•ืจืื™ื” ืœืขืงื•ื‘ ืื—ืจ ื”ืžื™ื“ืข.
03:07
This kind of clarity is essential,
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ื‘ื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื• , ื”ื™ื ื”ื›ืจื—ื™ืช,
03:09
because the best mysteries string their audience along
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ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืžื•ืชื—ื ื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ืžื•ื‘ื™ืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืฉืœื”ื
03:12
with a carefully laid trail of clues.
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ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ืฉืชื•ืœื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘ ื‘ืขืœื™ืœื”.
03:15
With Christie, a good clue is one the reader will remember,
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ืืฆืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™, ืจืžื– ื˜ื•ื‘ ื”ื•ื ืจืžื– ืฉื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ื™ื–ื›ืจื•,
03:18
but usually, fail to completely understand.
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ืื‘ืœ ืœืจื•ื‘ ืœื ืœื’ืžืจื™ ื™ื‘ื™ื ื•.
03:22
For example, when a character cries that โ€œEverything tastes foul today,โ€
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื›ืฉืื—ืช ื”ื“ืžื•ื™ื•ืช ืื•ืžืจืช โ€œืœื”ื›ื•ืœ ื™ืฉ ื˜ืขื ืจืข ื”ื™ื•ืโ€
03:27
just minutes before he dies,
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ืจื’ืข ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืชื”.
03:29
the reader races to determine who poisoned his beverage.
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ื”ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืžื™ื“ ืจืฆื™ื ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžื™ ื”ืจืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืฉืงื”.
03:32
But theyโ€™re likely failing to truly consider this clue.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื ื›ื ืจืื” ืœื ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจืžื– ืขื“ ื”ืกื•ืฃ.
03:37
If everything tasted foul that day,
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ื›ื™ ืื ืœื”ื›ื•ืœ ื”ื™ื” ื˜ืขื ืจืข ื‘ืื•ืชื• ื™ื•ื,
03:39
then heโ€™d been poisoned long before that drink.
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ื”ื ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื”ื•ืจืขืœื• ื”ืจื‘ื” ืงื•ื“ื ืœืœื’ื™ืžืช ื”ืžืฉืงื”.
03:43
Christie also used clues to intentionally mislead her audience.
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ื”ืฉืชืžืฉื” ื’ื ื‘ืจืžื–ื™ื ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ื‘ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืืช ืงื•ืจืื™ื”.
03:48
For example, readers might recognize a clue associated with one suspect,
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ื ืœื–ื”ื•ืช ื•ืœืฉื™ื™ืš ืจืžื– ืœืื—ื“ ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื,
03:53
only to learn that it was being used to frame them.
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ืจืง ื›ื“ื™ ืœื’ืœื•ืช, ืฉืจืžื– ื–ื” ื ื•ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื˜ืขื•ืช ืื•ืชื.
03:56
Other times, she built misdirection directly into the storyโ€™s structureโ€”
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ืคืขืžื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ืชื” ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ื˜ืขื™ื™ื” ื”ืžืชืงืฉืจื•ืช ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืขื ืžื‘ื ื” ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ.
04:01
like when a narrator reporting the murder is revealed to be the killer.
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ืœืžืฉืœ, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื“ืžื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ื•ื—ืช ืขืœ ืจืฆื— ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ ืžืชื’ืœื” ื›ืจื•ืฆื—.
04:06
Outside crime and clues,
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ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืคืฉืข ืขืฆืžื• ื•ืœืจืžื–ื™ื,
04:08
thereโ€™s one more ingredient in Christieโ€™s formula:
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ื™ืฉ ืžืจื›ื™ื‘ ืื—ื“ ื ื•ืกืฃ ื‘ื ื•ืกื—ื” ืฉืœ ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™:
04:11
the detective.
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ื”ื‘ืœืฉ.
04:12
Christie created many sleuths,
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ื›ืจื™ืกื˜ื™ ื™ืฆืจื” ื‘ืœืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
04:14
but her most enduring are Hercule Poirot and Miss Jane Marple.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืžืคื•ืจืกืžื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ื ื™ื”ื ื”ื ื”ืจืงื•ืœ ืคื•ืืจื•, ื•ื’ื‘ืจืช ื’โ€™ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืจืคืœ.
04:19
Neither this petit Belgian refugee nor this elderly amateur detective
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ืœื ื”ืคืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืงื˜ื ื˜ื ื” ืžื‘ืœื’ื™ื”, ื•ืœื ื”ื‘ืœืฉ ื”ื—ื•ื‘ื‘ ื”ืžื‘ื•ื’ืจ,
04:23
are traditional heroes.
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ื”ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ื ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ื™ื.
04:25
But their outsider status is exactly what helps them slip past security
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ืื‘ืœ ืชื“ืžื™ืชื, ื”ืืื•ื˜ืกื™ื™ื“ืจื™ืช ื”ื™ื ื–ื• ืฉืžืืคืฉืจืช ืœื”ื ืœื—ืžื•ืง ืืช ื”ืื‘ื˜ื—ื”,
04:30
and make suspects let their guard down.
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ื•ืœื’ืจื•ื ืœื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืคื—ื•ืช ืขืจื ื™ื™ื.
04:32
As you might have guessed, Agatha won her sisterโ€™s bet.
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ื›ืคื™ ืฉื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื ื—ืฉืชื, ืื’ืชื” ื–ื›ืชื” ื‘ื”ืชืขืจื‘ื•ืช ืขื ืื—ื•ืชื”.
04:36
Her eccentric detectives, clever clues, and simplified suspects
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ื‘ืœืฉื™ื” ื™ื•ืฆืื™ ื”ื“ื•ืคืŸ, ื”ืจืžื–ื™ื ื”ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื•ื”ื—ืฉื•ื“ื™ื ื”ืคืฉื•ื˜ื™ื,
04:40
form a blueprint that has stumped countless readers.
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ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืฉื”ื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืื™ื ืกืคื•ืจ ืงื•ืจืื™ื.
04:43
And now that you've uncovered her strategies,
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ื•ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ืฉื—ืฉืคืชื ืืช ื”ืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืœื”,
04:45
the only mystery left is what stories you can tell with these secrets.
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ื”ืžืกืชื•ืจื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉื ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื, ืื™ื–ื” ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืžืฆื™ื ืžืชื•ืš ืกื•ื“ื•ืช ืืœื”.
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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