The world needs all kinds of minds | Temple Grandin

翻译人员: Tony Yet 校对人员: Jenny Yang

I think I'll start out and just talk a little bit

我想，我就从解释

自闭症是什么, 来开始我的演讲吧

about what exactly autism is.

Autism is a very big continuum

自闭症的症状范围很广

that goes from very severe -- the child remains nonverbal --

有的自闭症非常严重，他们从小孩开始就一直不会说话

all the way up to brilliant scientists and engineers.

但也有的自闭症患者最终成为了伟大的科学家和工程师

And I actually feel at home here,

今天来到这里，我感到了家的温暖

because there's a lot of autism genetics here.

因为这里有很多自闭症的基因

(Laughter)

你该不会……

You wouldn't have any --

（掌声）

(Applause)

It's a continuum of traits.

就是说，自闭症一系列的症状

When does a nerd turn into Asperger, which is just mild autism?

比如，一个怪人变成了埃斯博格综合症

但你们知不知道那只是很轻微的自闭症？

I mean, Einstein and Mozart and Tesla would all be probably diagnosed

可以想象，包括爱因斯坦、莫扎特

以及Tesla在内这些人

as autistic spectrum today.

今天都会被诊断为自闭症患者

And one of the things that is really going to concern me

有一件事情让我感到很有必要去做的

就是如何教育这些孩子

is getting these kids to be the ones

that are going to invent the next energy things

使得他们成为发明下一代能源的人

正如盖茨先生今天早上所讲到的

that Bill Gates talked about this morning.

OK, now, if you want to understand autism: animals.

假如你希望

了解自闭症或者是动物

I want to talk to you now about different ways of thinking.

我希望先跟你们介绍一下人不同的思维方式

You have to get away from verbal language.

你需要摆脱单纯的用言语思考的习惯

I think in pictures. I don't think in language.

我是用图像来思考的

我不是用语言来思考的

Now, the thing about the autistic mind is it attends to details.

而自闭症患者很多又是对

细节非常着迷的

This is a test where you either have to pick out the big letters

好，这是一个测试，你可以从图上

挑出那些大的字母或者是挑出小的字母

or the little letters,

and the autistic mind picks out the little letters more quickly.

自闭症患者通常会

更快的挑出小的字母

And the thing is, the normal brain ignores the details.

而事实上，普通的大脑是忽略这些细节 的

Well, if you're building a bridge, details are pretty important

假如你要造桥，那细节是非常重要的

因为假如你忽视细节的话，桥就会垮掉

because it'll fall down if you ignore the details.

而我今天对于政策最为关心的一点是

And one of my big concerns with a lot of policy things today

这些政策很多都非常抽象

is things are getting too abstract.

People are getting away from doing hands-on stuff.

很多人也慢慢的失去了

动手的能力

I'm really concerned that a lot of the schools

看到许多学校把手工课踢出课表

have taken out the hands-on classes, because art, and classes like that --

我感到忧心忡忡

因为我恰恰是在艺术、以及手工这一类的课程上

those are the classes where I excelled.

特别的优秀

In my work with cattle,

在我很牛群打交道的日子里

I noticed a lot of little things that most people don't notice

我注意到了许多平常人不会注意到的细节

would make the cattle balk.

这些会使得牛群不安

For example, this flag waving right in front of the veterinary facility.

比如这面旗帜，它刚好是树立在兽医室前面

This feed yard was going to tear down their whole veterinary facility;

这些牛就要把整个的兽医室都毁了

all they needed to do was move the flag.

而她们需要做的就只是移出那面旗帜而已

Rapid movement, contrast.

快进。比照

In the early '70s when I started, I got right down in the chutes

70年代我刚开始做这一行的时候

我会钻进洞里，看看牛从洞里能看到什么

to see what cattle were seeing.

People thought that was crazy.

人们把我看成是白痴。假如有山羊站在栅栏上，牛群也会不安

A coat on a fence would make them balk, shadows would make them balk,

影子会使得牛惊慌，在地板上有水龙头也是这样

a hose on the floor -- people weren't noticing these things.

但是人们并没有注意到这些

A chain hanging down ...

这些都是一连串的反应

And that's shown very, very nicely in the movie.

这个在电影里有精彩的展现

In fact, I loved the movie, how they duplicated all my projects.

我非常喜欢他们在电影里对我的

一些项目的复制。哦，这个是我的怪的一面

That's the geek side.

我的绘画也在电影里展现出来了

My drawings got to star in the movie, too.

And, actually, it's called "Temple Grandin,"

就叫作坦普·葛兰丁

not "Thinking in Pictures."

而不是叫图像思考

So what is thinking in pictures?

那么，什么图像思考？

It's literally movies in your head.

可以形象的说，那就是你大脑里有电影在播放

My mind works like Google for images.

我的大脑可以像谷歌图像搜索那样工作

但是我小的时候并不知道其他人不是这样思考的

When I was a young kid, I didn't know my thinking was different.

我想当然的认为，人人都是图像思考者

I thought everybody thought in pictures.

后来，我开始写《图像化思考》一书的时候

Then when I did my book, "Thinking in Pictures,"

我开始对别人进行采访，看他们是怎么思考的

I started interviewing people about how they think.

And I was shocked to find out that my thinking was quite different.

我惊讶的发现，我的思维方式

那种方式是很不一样的。比如说，

Like if I say, "Think about a church steeple,"

“请想象一下教堂的石柱”

most people get this sort of generalized generic one.

大多数人想到的是一个标准答案

Now, maybe that's not true in this room,

也许这个房间里的人的答案会很不一样

but it's going to be true in a lot of different places.

但对于大多数的地方来说，这都是适用的

I see only specific pictures.

而我只是注意到某一类的图像

They flash up into my memory, just like Google for pictures.

它们会飞进我的记忆，就像用谷歌搜索图片一样快

And in the movie, they've got a great scene in there,

形成电影，里面的画面还相当精彩

比如当提到“鞋子”这个词的时候，我大脑就马上会呈现出

where the word "shoe" is said, and a whole bunch of '50s and '60s shoes

pop into my imagination.

一大堆五六十年代的鞋子

OK, there's my childhood church; that's specific.

看，这是我孩子时代的教堂

在我的记忆里是如此的精确的。还有更多，比如柯林斯户城

There's some more, Fort Collins.

OK, how about famous ones?

好，那些更为著名的建筑呢？

And they just kind of come up, kind of like this.

它们会旋即跳到我的脑海，有点像是这个样子

Just really quickly, like Google for pictures.

非常快，像是谷歌图片搜索

And they come up one at a time,

每次是出现一张图片

and then I think, "OK, well, maybe we can have it snow,

我还会想，也许还可以是下雪

or we can have a thunderstorm,"

或者是雷暴

and I can hold it there and turn them into videos.

还可以将其定格，变成影片

Now, visual thinking was a tremendous asset

对于我来说，视觉思考是一个巨大的财富

in my work designing cattle-handling facilities.

在设计牛群栅栏方面非常有帮助

And I've worked really hard on improving how cattle are treated

我也进行了大量的努力

去改善牛只在屠宰场的境况

at the slaughter plant.

这里就不展示那些充满血腥的屠宰幻灯片了

I'm not going to go into any gucky slaughter slides.

I've got that stuff up on YouTube, if you want to look at it.

在YouTube上面有，要看你们可以自己去看

在我的设计工作中

(Laughter)

But one of the things that I was able to do in my design work

我可以直接在脑海里

is I could test-run a piece of equipment in my mind,

测试某一个方案，看它是否可行

just like a virtual reality computer system.

跟虚拟的计算机系统差不多

And this is an aerial view of a recreation of one of my projects

这个是空中的视图

这是在电影里看到的一个基于我的项目的再创作

that was used in the movie.

That was like just so super cool.

那真的是非常妙

And there were a lot of, kind of, Asperger types and autism types

在电影里还有很多其他的 Asperger 和各种自闭症的类型

电影里都展现出来了

working out there on the movie set, too.

（笑声）

(Laughter)

But one of the things that really worries me is:

但最为使得我担心的是

我们今天把这样的孩子带到怎样的方向

Where's the younger version of those kids going today?

They're not ending up in Silicon Valley,

他们现在不是被带到硅谷那样的地方——那里才是属于他们的世界

where they belong.

（笑声）

(Laughter)

(Applause)

（掌声）

One of the things I learned very early on because I wasn't that social,

因为我不甚擅长社交，我很早就学会的一件事就是

is I had to sell my work, and not myself.

我要学会推销我的书，而不是我自己

And the way I sold livestock jobs is I showed off my drawings,

我要获得牲畜监护的工作

我要把我的画画给他们看，他们需要看到这些图像的东西

I showed off pictures of things.

Another thing that helped me as a little kid

另外我一直为之受用的是，在我小的时候

is, boy, in the '50s, you were taught manners.

我的父母告诉我们，你不能

You were taught you can't pull the merchandise off the shelves

从商店的货架上拿东西

然后又到处乱放

in the store and throw it around.

当我见到三四年级的学生时

When kids get to be in third or fourth grade,

you might see that this kid's going to be a visual thinker,

我可以看出这些孩子会成为视觉思考者

drawing in perspective.

因为他们懂得透视的画法

Now, I want to emphasize

好，我还想强调一点

that not every autistic kid is going to be a visual thinker.

并非每一个自闭症的孩子都是视觉思考者

Now, I had this brain scan done several years ago,

我几年前完成了这份脑电波的视图

and I used to joke around about having a gigantic Internet trunk line

我曾跟别人开玩笑说

在我的视觉皮层上

going deep into my visual cortex.

有一条很深的互联网沟壑

This is tensor imaging.

这是张量成像

And my great big Internet trunk line is twice as big as the control's.

从图上可以看到，我的大脑上的互联网沟壑

是控制组的两倍大小

The red lines there are me,

红色的代表我

and the blue lines are the sex and age-matched control.

蓝色的是跟我同一性别和年龄的对比测试结果

And there I got a gigantic one,

我的是巨大的

and the control over there, the blue one, has got a really small one.

相比之下，对照组的蓝色区域

则相当小

And some of the research now is showing

现在有的研究显示

that people on the spectrum actually think with the primary visual cortex.

这一圈的人通常都是用她们的主视觉皮层来思考

Now, the thing is, the visual thinker is just one kind of mind.

但事实上，视觉思考者仅仅是其中一种的心智模式

You see, the autistic mind tends to be a specialist mind --

自闭症患者通常都是有特别的心智的

good at one thing, bad at something else.

她们往往在某一方面做得很棒，在其他方面做得很糟

And where I was bad was algebra.

我就是代数非常差

And I was never allowed to take geometry or trig.

更不用提几何或三角了

Gigantic mistake.

但现在发现这是严重的错误。我发现，有些孩子她们可以跳过代数

I'm finding a lot of kids who need to skip algebra,

go right to geometry and trig.

直接进入三角几何的思维

Now, another kind of mind is the pattern thinker.

另外一种心智就是模式思考

More abstract.

那是更为抽象化的一种思考形态

These are your engineers, your computer programmers.

通常工程师或程序员就是这样的心智

This is pattern thinking.

看，这就是模式思考。这个螳螂就是

That praying mantis is made from a single sheet of paper --

只用一张纸折叠而成的

no scotch tape, no cuts.

没有使用胶布或剪刀

And there in the background is the pattern for folding it.

在后面你可以看到折叠的纹路

Here are the types of thinking:

这就是不同的思考模式

photo-realistic visual thinkers, like me;

有视觉思考者

pattern thinkers, music and math minds.

模式思考者，那是音乐家和数学家的心智

Some of these oftentimes have problems with reading.

而这些人往往会有阅读上的障碍

You also will see these kind of problems with kids that are dyslexic.

你会在诵读困难的孩子身上

发现这样的特征

You'll see these different kinds of minds.

你可以看到这些不同的心智模式

And then there's a verbal mind, they know every fact about everything.

还有就是言语心智。这些人懂得关于所有事情的一切

另外一个就是感官问题

Now, another thing is the sensory issues.

今天要戴这个小话筒，我可真不自在

I was really concerned about having to wear this gadget on my face.

And I came in half an hour beforehand

我必须提前半个小时把它戴上

so I could have it put on and kind of get used to it,

才能慢慢的适应它

and they got it bent so it's not hitting my chin.

并且要把它弄弯，才不至于触及我的下巴

But sensory is an issue.

一些感官上的刺激确实是一个问题。一些孩子就会对日光灯特别过敏

Some kids are bothered by fluorescent lights;

others have problems with sound sensitivity.

另外一些则对声音反应强烈

You know, it's going to be variable.

不同的人会有不同程度的反应

Now, visual thinking gave me a whole lot of insight

视觉思考给我带来了全新的视角

into the animal mind.

去了解动物的心智

Because think about it: an animal is a sensory-based thinker,

你们不妨想想。动物是一种基于感官的思考者

not verbal -- thinks in pictures, thinks in sounds, thinks in smells.

它们没有语言，只会通过图像来 思考

还有是通过声音以及气味

Think about how much information there is on the local fire hydrant.

你想象一下救火的管子上布满了多少的信息

He knows who's been there --

可以看出有谁到过那里，什么时候在哪里

(Laughter)

When they were there.

他们是不是敌人，是否有配对的同伴等

Are they friend or foe? Is there anybody he can go mate with?

There's a ton of information on that fire hydrant.

总之，会有一大堆的信息布满在救火管子上

It's all very detailed information.

并且都是非常详细的信息

And looking at these kind of details gave me a lot of insight into animals.

通过阅读这些信息

使我有机会认识到动物的心智

Now, the animal mind, and also my mind,

不管是人的大脑还是动物的大脑

puts sensory-based information into categories.

都是将感官的信息

分类进行处理的

Man on a horse,

人骑在马上

and a man on the ground --

跟人站在地面

that is viewed as two totally different things.

这是被当成完全不一样的信息来处理的

You could have a horse that's been abused by a rider.

一匹曾被骑手虐待的马

They'll be absolutely fine with the veterinarian

在兽医面前却表现得很安详

and with the horseshoer, but you can't ride him.

在马镫师面前也很温顺，但他们还不能骑那匹马

You have another horse, where maybe the horseshoer beat him up,

假如另外一匹马，曾给马镫师狠狠的训了一顿

and he'll be terrible for anything on the ground with the veterinarian,

那么这马就会很怕任何地上的东西

对于兽医也会怕，但是你可以骑它

but a person can ride him.

牛也是这样。

Cattle are the same way.

Man on a horse, a man on foot -- they're two different things.

人骑在马上

跟站在地上，这是两回事

You see, it's a different picture.

你看到没有，在马的眼里，是两副不一样的画面

See, I want you to think about just how specific this is.

请看看这里是多么精细的细节吧

Now, this ability to put information into categories,

这样一种把信息分类处理的能力

I find a lot of people are not very good at this.

很多人都是不擅长的

When I'm out troubleshooting equipment

当我在地里排除设备意外或

or problems with something in a plant,

处理种植物上的一些问题

they don't seem to be able to figure out:

我身边的人似乎看不出那是人员培训的问题

"Do I have a training-people issue?

Or do I have something wrong with the equipment?"

还是设备本身的问题

In other words, categorize equipment problem from a people problem.

换而言之，就是要将设备问题与

人的问题分开来谈

I find a lot of people have difficulty doing that.

但我发现很多人都没有掌握这一点

Now, let's say I figure out it's an equipment problem.

比方说，这是个设备的问题

Is it a minor problem, with something simple I can fix?

那么它是一个小问题，用简单的工具就能解决呢

还是整个系统的设计问题？

Or is the whole design of the system wrong?

People have a hard time figuring that out.

但人们往往就很难找到答案

Let's just look at something like, you know,

我们不妨看一个具体的问题

solving problems with making airlines safer.

比如如何让飞行变得更加安全

Yeah, I'm a million-mile flier.

没错，我自己就经常要坐飞机

I do lots and lots of flying,

我飞过的里程超过一百万英里

and if I was at the FAA,

假如我是在法国航空联盟

what would I be doing a lot of direct observation of?

我会特别留意去观察什么呢？

It would be their airplane tails.

我会看他们的飞机机尾

You know, five fatal wrecks in the last 20 years,

过去20年里发生了5次带来严重生命损害的坠机事故

the tail either came off,

要么是机尾断落，要么是机尾内部的一些控制装置失灵

or steering stuff inside the tail broke in some way.

具体形式各不一样

It's tails, pure and simple.

飞机机尾本来很简单

And when the pilots walk around the plane, guess what?

但是飞行员却没有注意到机尾里面

They can't see that stuff inside the tail.

有些什么东西啊

Now as I think about that,

看到没有，我在讲述这个的时候，我会

I'm pulling up all of that specific information.

拿出最细致的数据

It's specific.

非常的精细。大家可以看到，我的思考是自小往上的

See, my thinking's bottom-up.

I take all the little pieces and I put the pieces together like a puzzle.

我会收集所有的部件，而后像拼图一样将其拼起来

Now, here is a horse that was deathly afraid of black cowboy hats.

这匹马是非常害怕

黑色的牛仔帽的

He'd been abused by somebody with a black cowboy hat.

因为它曾经被一个戴黑色牛仔帽的骑手虐待过

White cowboy hats, that was absolutely fine.

而对于白色的牛仔帽，它就感觉很自然

Now, the thing is, the world is going to need

事实上，我们这个世界需要

all of the different kinds of minds to work together.

各种各样的心智

需要不同的人开展合作

We've got to work on developing all these different kinds of minds.

我们必须培养不同的心智

And one of the things that is driving me really crazy

其中有一件事让我感到最为不安

as I travel around and I do autism meetings,

我经常去参加一些自闭症的会议

is I'm seeing a lot of smart, geeky, nerdy kids,

我看到很多聪明的自闭症孩子

and they just aren't very social,

他们不善社交

and nobody's working on developing their interest

也没有人去启发他们发展他们的兴趣

比如在科学方面的兴趣

in something like science.

And this brings up the whole thing of my science teacher.

这就让我想到我的科学老师

My science teacher is shown absolutely beautifully in the movie.

在电影里，我的老师的形象太美丽了

I was a goofball student when I was in high school.

我上中学的时候是很捣蛋的

根本就不思学业

I just didn't care at all about studying,

until I had Mr. Carlock's science class.

直到我遇到了Carlock先生的科学课

He was now Dr. Carlock in the movie.

在电影里，他就是 Carlock 博士

And he got me challenged to figure out an optical illusion room.

因为他把我带到一个

充满视觉虚幻的房间

This brings up the whole thing of you've got to show kids

这就是说，我们需要把那些有趣的东西带给这些

interesting stuff.

自闭症的孩子

You know, one of the things that I think maybe TED ought to do

我想，有一件事TED也许可以做到

is tell all the schools about all the great lectures that are on TED,

那就是告诉所有的学校，在TED这里有那么多精彩的演讲

在互联网上有那么多精彩的东西

and there's all kinds of great stuff on the Internet

这些东西都有可能激起这些孩子的兴趣啊

to get these kids turned on.

因为我经常在美国中西部以及其他地方

Because I'm seeing a lot of these geeky, nerdy kids,

and the teachers out in the Midwest and other parts of the country

看到这些很机灵又很古怪的孩子

when you get away from these tech areas,

那些地方远离高科技区

they don't know what to do with these kids.

那里的老师不知道该怎么教导孩子

And they're not going down the right path.

而且他们现在所走的路正好是错误的

The thing is, you can make a mind

有一个不争的事实是，你可以

to be more of a thinking and cognitive mind,

让每一个孩子变得更加爱思考

or your mind can be wired to be more social.

也可以让孩子变得更加合群

And what some of the research now has shown in autism

现在有些关于自闭症的研究显示

is there may by extra wiring back here in the really brilliant mind,

那些非常出众的人脑中也许有着

更多的连线，只是少了一点社交的线路

and we lose a few social circuits here.

也许两者是此消彼长吧

It's kind of a trade-off between thinking and social.

And then you can get to the point where it's so severe,

假如到了极端的话

you're going to have a person that's going to be non-verbal.

那个人也许就变成不会说话了

In the normal human mind,

在正常人的大脑里

language covers up the visual thinking we share with animals.

语言的区域是覆盖了视觉的区域的，后者我们跟动物一样享有

This is the work of Dr. Bruce Miller.

这是 Bruce Miller 博士的论文

他专门研究老年痴呆症患者

He studied Alzheimer's patients that had frontal temporal lobe dementia.

中的额颞叶痴呆症患者

And the dementia ate out the language parts of the brain.

这些患者他们的语言区域是被吞噬的

And then this artwork came out of somebody

这是一副画的作者以前的工作是在车里安装了音响设备

who used to install stereos in cars.

Now, Van Gogh doesn't know anything about physics,

凡高并不懂得物理

but I think it's very interesting that there was some work done

但非常有趣的是

有研究表明

to show that this eddy pattern in this painting

在这幅画里的这些起伏的图案

followed a statistical model of turbulence,

它实际上是跟湍流的一种统计模型非常像的

which brings up the whole interesting idea

这就带出一个非常有趣的说法

of maybe some of this mathematical patterns is in our own head.

也许这样的数学模型

就在我们的脑中

And the Wolfram stuff --

刚才 Wolfram 在这里演示的时候

I was taking notes and writing down all the search words I could use,

我一直在写笔记

并且记下了那些搜索的关键词

because I think that's going to go on in my autism lectures.

因为我想到以后关于自闭症的演讲上会用得到

We've got to show these kids interesting stuff.

我们必须给这些孩子看有趣的东西

And they've taken out the auto-shop class

可惜的是，这些学校竟然将手工课程

and the drafting class and the art class.

绘画以及艺术课程都取消了

I mean, art was my best subject in school.

我记得我上学的时候，美术是我最喜欢的

We've got to think about all these different kinds of minds,

我们必须要考虑到这么多不同类型的心智

并且与他们一道解决他们的问题

and we've got to absolutely work with these kind of minds,

because we absolutely are going to need

因为我们未来

these kinds of people in the future.

非常需要这样的人才

And let's talk about jobs.

好吧，我们再讲讲工作

OK, my science teacher got me studying,

我的科学老师他有办法让我学习

because I was a goofball that didn't want to study.

虽然那时候我是个捣蛋鬼也不爱学习

But you know what? I was getting work experience.

但你知道吗？我在课堂之外却增长了不少工作经验呢

I'm seeing too many of these smart kids who haven't learned basic things,

我今天看到许多聪明的孩子竟然连一些基本的东西也没有学会

比如守时

like how to be on time -- I was taught that when I was eight years old.

我八岁的时候就学会了这个

还有礼拜天在祖母家的时要怎样有礼貌

How to have table manners at granny's Sunday party.

这些是很小很小的时候家里人就教会我的

I was taught that when I was very, very young.

And when I was 13, I had a job at a dressmaker's shop sewing clothes.

13岁的时候，我在一家成衣工厂获得一份工作

我负责卖衣服

I did internships in college,

我还到大学里做实习

I was building things,

还有是制作东西

and I also had to learn how to do assignments.

也学会做作业

You know, all I wanted to do was draw pictures of horses when I was little.

当我很小的时候，我就只是想画马

My mother said, "Well let's do a picture of something else."

母亲说，“我们画点别的东西吧”

自闭症的孩子是必须学会做别的东西的

They've got to learn how to do something else.

比方说这个孩子就喜欢玩Legos的积木

Let's say the kid is fixated on Legos.

那我们可以让他去制作不同的东西

Let's get him working on building different things.

The thing about the autistic mind is it tends to be fixated.

自闭症有这样一个特点

就是这些人的心智往往就只是盯住一点

Like if the kid loves race cars, let's use race cars for math.

比如一个孩子喜欢玩赛车

那我们可以用赛车来教会孩子数学

Let's figure out how long it takes a race car to go a certain distance.

让我们教会孩子计算赛车走某一段路所用的时间

In other words, use that fixation

换句话说，

in order to motivate that kid, that's one of the things we need to do.

就是用孩子的专注来启发他。这是我们必须做的事情之一

I really get fed up when the teachers,

当我看到那些老师

especially when you get away from this part of the country,

——特别是当我去到那些非科技密集城市的时候

they don't know what to do with these smart kids.

——那里的老师不知道怎么教这些孩子

这些让我非常不安

It just drives me crazy.

What can visual thinkers do when they grow up?

这些视觉思考者长大后可以做什么呢

They can do graphic design, all kinds of stuff with computers,

他们可以做图像设计，可以做很多与计算机相关的职业

photography, industrial design.

比如摄影、工业设计

The pattern thinkers -- they're the ones that are going to be your mathematicians,

而那些模式思考者

则有可能成为数学家、软件工程师

your software engineers, your computer programmers,

程序员以及相关的此类工作

all of those kinds of jobs.

And then you've got the word minds; they make great journalists,

还有就是那些言语思考者，他们可以成为记者

and they also make really, really good stage actors.

还可以成为杰出的演员

Because the thing about being autistic is,

作为自闭症患者

I had to learn social skills like being in a play.

我需要学习如何在玩耍中跟别人相处

You just kind of ... you just have to learn it.

这就是我要学习的东西

And we need to be working with these students.

我们必须让带动这些学生

And this brings up mentors.

这就讲到了导师的问题

You know, my science teacher was not an accredited teacher.

我的科学老师不是一个合资格的教师

He was a NASA space scientist.

他是一个太空署的科学家

Some states now are getting it to where, if you have a degree in biology

现在美国有些周这样规定

假如你有生物学或化学某个程度的学位

or in chemistry,

you can come into the school and teach biology or chemistry.

你就可以去到中小学教生物或化学

We need to be doing that.

我们需要将科学家们这么做

Because what I'm observing is,

我观察到

the good teachers, for a lot of these kids,

那些好的老师

are out in the community colleges.

很多都去了社区大学

But we need to be getting some of these good teachers

而我们需要鼓励一部分这样的老师去到中学

into the high schools.

还有就是我们国家有很多很多从软件行业退休的人

Another thing that can be very, very, very successful is:

他们可以教孩子

there's a lot of people that may have retired

from working in the software industry,

并且将会是非常非常成功的

and they can teach your kid.

即使他们教的内容是陈旧的

And it doesn't matter if what they teach them is old,

because what you're doing is you're lighting the spark.

重要的是，他们在开启孩子的心智

You're getting that kid turned on.

他们可以为孩子打开崭新的世界

And you get him turned on, then you'll learn all the new stuff.

孩子知道世界如此精彩之后，他们就会主动的去学习新的东西

Mentors are just essential.

所以说，导师是至关重要的

I cannot emphasize enough what my science teacher did for me.

这话再强调也不为过

我最值得感谢的就是我的导师

And we've got to mentor them, hire them.

这些孩子也需要这样的导师，我们需要招募这类人

And if you bring them in for internships in your companies,

假如你的公司招聘一些

有自闭症的孩子来实习

the thing about the autism, Asperger-y kind of mind,

you've got to give them a specific task.

你要给他们安排具体的工作，不要说，给我做个软件

Don't just say, "Design new software."

你要把需求的细节说清楚

You've got to tell them something more specific:

“我们正在设计一款手机软件

"We're designing software for a phone

and it has to do some specific thing,

我们需要这些功能

and it can only use so much memory."

并且我们的手机内存只有这么多。”

That's the kind of specificity you need.

需要这样的细化

Well, that's the end of my talk.

好，我的演讲就到此结束了

And I just want to thank everybody for coming.

感谢大家参与

It was great to be here.

来到这里我感到非常高兴

(Applause)

（掌声）

(Applause ends)

噢，你有问题吗？好吧

Oh -- you have a question for me? OK.

(Applause)

（掌声）

安德森：非常感谢您的分享

Chris Anderson: Thank you so much for that.

You know, you once wrote -- I like this quote:

记得你曾经这么写过，我非常喜欢这句话

"If by some magic, autism had been eradicated from the face of the Earth,

“假如有一天，自闭症可以

借助神力从地球上消失

then men would still be socializing in front of a wood fire

人类还是会在洞穴入口处

at the entrance to a cave."

进行篝火聚会。”

(Laughter)

Temple Grandin: Because who do you think made the first stone spear?

坦普·葛兰丁：你认为是谁制作了第一件的石矛？

是一个自闭症的男人。假如所有的自闭症基因都消失了

It was the Asperger guy,

and if you were to get rid of all the autism genetics,

也许就不会有硅谷了

there'd be no more Silicon Valley, and the energy crisis would not be solved.

能源危机也不可能获得解决

（掌声）

(Applause)

CA: I want to ask you a couple other questions,

安德森：我还想问几个问题

假如你觉得它们不合适，你可以不回答

and if any of these feel inappropriate, it's OK just to say, "Next question."

你可以直接说“下一个”

But if there is someone here who has an autistic child,

假如这里有人的孩子是

有自闭症的

or knows an autistic child and feels kind of cut off from them,

或者他们认识这样的孩子

并且感到自己跟孩子有一段鸿沟

what advice would you give them?

你会给他们什么建议？

TG: Well, first of all, we've got to look at age.

葛兰丁：首先你得看年龄

假如是两到四岁的话

If you have a two, three or four-year-old, no speech, no social interaction,

并且他们不会讲话不会与人打交道

I can't emphasize enough: Don't wait.

那我认为必须每周花20个小时进行一对一的训练

这点是决定必要的

You need at least 20 hours a week of one-to-one teaching.

The thing is, autism comes in different degrees.

因为自闭症也是分不同程度的

About half of the people on the spectrum are not going to learn to talk,

有一半人他们可能不会说话

他们也许不会到硅谷工作

and they won't be working in Silicon Valley.

因为那对于他们而言也不甚合适

That would not be a reasonable thing for them to do.

但是对于那些非常聪明的孩子

But then you get these smart, geeky kids with a touch of autism,

他们同时又有自闭症

and that's where you've got to get them turned on

你就必须唤起他们的兴趣

with doing interesting things.

让他们做有趣的事情

I got social interaction through shared interests --

因为我跟别人有共同的兴趣，我就可以跟别人有接触

I rode horses with other kids, I made model rockets with other kids,

可以跟别的孩子一起骑马，跟别的孩子一起制作火箭模型

did electronics lab with other kids.

跟他们一起制作电子实验室

And in the '60s, it was gluing mirrors onto a rubber membrane on a speaker

在1960年代，那就是

在橡胶模上粘上镜子，放到扩音器上，就开始我们的灯光秀

to make a light show.

That was, like, we considered that super cool.

我们那时候认为这是非常酷的

(Laughter)

安德森：对于家长来说

CA: Is it unrealistic for them

to hope or think that that child loves them, as some might, as most, wish?

他们希望或者认为自己的孩子也许能够爱他们

这是不是比较不现实？

TG: Well, I tell you, that child will be loyal,

葛兰丁：假如家长这么做，孩子会变得很孝顺

and if your house is burning down, they're going to get you out of it.

假如家里着火了，他们会把你救出来

安德森：我跟很多人聊天

CA: Wow. So most people, if you ask them what they're most passionate about,

当我问及“你对什么最有热情”这个问题的时候

they'd say things like, "My kids" or "My lover."

他们说是我的孩子以及我的爱人

你对什么最为热情呢？

What are you most passionate about?

TG: I'm passionate about that the things I do

葛兰丁：我对于我所做的事情感到十分热情

并且希望这些事情可以让世界变得更美好

are going to make the world a better place.

当我听到有母亲说

When I have a mother of an autistic child say,

“我的孩子现在上大学了，多亏你的书呢

"My kid went to college because of your book

多亏你的讲座呢。”这是我最开心的时刻

or one of your lectures,"

that makes me happy.

在80年代我在屠宰场工作的时候

You know, the slaughter plants I worked with in the '80s;

那里非常的糟糕

they were absolutely awful.

I developed a really simple scoring system for slaughter plants,

我开发了一个非常简单的记分工具

where you just measure outcomes:

只需计算产出，如有多少的牛跌倒了

How many cattle fell down?

多少的牛被赶牛棒子捅过

How many got poked with the prodder?

How many cattle are mooing their heads off?

有多少牛哞哞叫个不停

非常非常简单

And it's very, very simple.

You directly observe a few simple things.

就只关注一些很小的事情

It's worked really well.

并且运作的相当好

I get satisfaction out of seeing stuff

看到事情发生实际的改变，我心里非常高兴

that makes real change in the real world.

我们需要更多这样简单的东西

We need a lot more of that, and a lot less abstract stuff.

而不是抽象的东西

CA: Totally.

（掌声）

(Applause)

CA: When we were talking on the phone, one of the things you said

安德森：我们电话里聊的时候

你讲到的一个事情让我感到很惊讶

that really astonished me

was that one thing you were passionate about was server farms.

因为你说你有热情的是服务器农场。能详细说一下吗？

Tell me about that.

葛兰丁：因为我知道那里

TG: Well, the reason why I got really excited when I read about that,

蕴含了知识

it contains knowledge.

It's libraries.

它就是图书馆

And to me, knowledge is something that is extremely valuable.

对我来说，知识就是

非常宝贵的一种东西

So, maybe over 10 years ago now, our library got flooded.

也许十年后我们的图书馆会变得非常大

This is before the Internet got really big.

那还是互联网尚未急剧增长的时候

And I was really upset about all the books being wrecked,

每当我看到有人损毁书籍的时候

我都会感到非常的愤怒，因为那就是知识啊

because it was knowledge being destroyed.

而服务器农场或数据中心

And server farms, or data centers, are great libraries of knowledge.

就是巨大的知识图书馆

CA: Temple, can I just say,

安德森：坦普女士，我们有幸邀请到您来TED，真的十分高兴

it's an absolute delight to have you at TED.

葛兰丁：谢谢。谢谢大家。

Thank you so much.

TG: Well, thank you so much. Thank you.

（掌声）

(Applause)