The world needs all kinds of minds | Temple Grandin

テンプル・グランディン： 世界はあらゆる頭脳を必要としている

翻訳: Satoru Arao 校正: Takako Sato

I think I'll start out and just talk a little bit

まず 自閉症とは何かを

お話ししましょう

about what exactly autism is.

Autism is a very big continuum

自閉症とは 言語障害のある子供から

that goes from very severe -- the child remains nonverbal --

優秀な科学者や技術者までを含む

all the way up to brilliant scientists and engineers.

一つの大きな連続体です

And I actually feel at home here,

ここは居心地が良いですね

because there's a lot of autism genetics here.

自閉症の遺伝子ばかりですから

(Laughter)

自覚はないでしょうが...

You wouldn't have any --

（拍手）

(Applause)

It's a continuum of traits.

ある特質の連続体なんです

When does a nerd turn into Asperger, which is just mild autism?

オタクをアスペルガーから隔てる

境界線はどこにあるのでしょう？

I mean, Einstein and Mozart and Tesla would all be probably diagnosed

アインシュタインやモーツァルト

ニコラ・テスラなど 今日であれば

as autistic spectrum today.

みな自閉症と見なされたでしょう

And one of the things that is really going to concern me

私は自閉症の子供達を

新エネルギーを発明するような人間に

is getting these kids to be the ones

that are going to invent the next energy things

育てたいんですよ

今朝ちょうどビル・ゲイツが話しましたね

that Bill Gates talked about this morning.

OK, now, if you want to understand autism: animals.

さて 自閉症や動物を

理解するために

I want to talk to you now about different ways of thinking.

異なる思考法についてお話しします

You have to get away from verbal language.

言語からは離れてください

I think in pictures. I don't think in language.

私は絵で考えます

言葉では考えません

Now, the thing about the autistic mind is it attends to details.

自閉症の脳は

細部に注目します

This is a test where you either have to pick out the big letters

これは大きい文字か 小さい文字を

識別しなさいというテストです

or the little letters,

and the autistic mind picks out the little letters more quickly.

自閉症の脳は 小さい文字を

より早く認識します

And the thing is, the normal brain ignores the details.

通常の脳は 細部を無視するんですね

Well, if you're building a bridge, details are pretty important

橋を造るなら 詳細は大事です

そうでないと 橋は壊れてしまう

because it'll fall down if you ignore the details.

今の世の中は概念的な方向に

And one of my big concerns with a lot of policy things today

偏りすぎています

is things are getting too abstract.

People are getting away from doing hands-on stuff.

実践するという事から

遠ざかっています

I'm really concerned that a lot of the schools

体験型の授業の減少が

have taken out the hands-on classes, because art, and classes like that --

とても気がかりです

私は美術のような科目に

those are the classes where I excelled.

秀でていましたからね

In my work with cattle,

牛に関しての話です

I noticed a lot of little things that most people don't notice

私は ほとんどの人が見落とす些細な点が

would make the cattle balk.

牛を尻込みさせる事に気づきました

For example, this flag waving right in front of the veterinary facility.

例えば この病院の正面にある たなびく旗です

This feed yard was going to tear down their whole veterinary facility;

この病院は全て取り壊されるところでした

all they needed to do was move the flag.

旗を移動するだけで済んだんです

Rapid movement, contrast.

せわしい動きが問題の原因でした

In the early '70s when I started, I got right down in the chutes

この仕事を始めた頃 牛の通路にもぐり

牛の視点に立ってみました

to see what cattle were seeing.

People thought that was crazy.

おかしいと思われましたが フェンスにかかったコートや

A coat on a fence would make them balk, shadows would make them balk,

影や床のホースが牛を尻込みさせるんです

a hose on the floor -- people weren't noticing these things.

誰も気にしていませんでした

A chain hanging down ...

垂れ下がった鎖とか

And that's shown very, very nicely in the movie.

私の映画でよく描かれています

In fact, I loved the movie, how they duplicated all my projects.

この映画は私の仕事をうまく

再現していて好きですね ガリ勉の面です

That's the geek side.

私の描いた絵も主役をはっていますよ

My drawings got to star in the movie, too.

And, actually, it's called "Temple Grandin,"

“Temple Grandin”という映画です

not "Thinking in Pictures."

私の著書の「絵で考える」ではないですよ

So what is thinking in pictures?

絵で考えるという事は脳内で

It's literally movies in your head.

映画を観るようなものです

My mind works like Google for images.

私の脳はGoogle画像検索に近い

子供の頃 自分の思考法は変わっていると知らず

When I was a young kid, I didn't know my thinking was different.

みな絵で考えていると思っていました

I thought everybody thought in pictures.

“Thinking in Pictures”という本を書くために

Then when I did my book, "Thinking in Pictures,"

人々に思考方法を尋ねました

I started interviewing people about how they think.

And I was shocked to find out that my thinking was quite different.

そこで 自分の考え方が

人と違うことを知り ショックを受けました

Like if I say, "Think about a church steeple,"

「教会の尖塔について考えよう」と言えば

most people get this sort of generalized generic one.

大半の人は一般的なものを想像します

Now, maybe that's not true in this room,

この会場では違うかも知れませんが

but it's going to be true in a lot of different places.

他の多くの場所では真実です

I see only specific pictures.

私の場合はGoogle画像検索のように

They flash up into my memory, just like Google for pictures.

具体的な画像が次々と浮かんでくるんです

And in the movie, they've got a great scene in there,

映画の中でも上手に描かれていて

「靴」という言葉が発せられると 50年代60年代の

where the word "shoe" is said, and a whole bunch of '50s and '60s shoes

pop into my imagination.

靴がたくさん 私の脳内に浮かぶんです

OK, there's my childhood church; that's specific.

これは私が子供の頃の教会です

これくらい具体的です　フォートコリンズや

There's some more, Fort Collins.

OK, how about famous ones?

有名な教会なんかですね

And they just kind of come up, kind of like this.

こんな感じで次々と浮かび上がるんです

Just really quickly, like Google for pictures.

画像検索のごとく 即座に現れます

And they come up one at a time,

一枚ずつです

and then I think, "OK, well, maybe we can have it snow,

そこに 雪を降らせてみたり

or we can have a thunderstorm,"

雷を加えてみたり

and I can hold it there and turn them into videos.

イメージを保持して 動画に出来るんです

Now, visual thinking was a tremendous asset

この視覚型思考は 家畜施設をデザインする上で

in my work designing cattle-handling facilities.

大変な利点となりました

And I've worked really hard on improving how cattle are treated

牛が食肉処理場で少しでも

苦しまないように努めました

at the slaughter plant.

ここで生々しい画像は出しませんが

I'm not going to go into any gucky slaughter slides.

I've got that stuff up on YouTube, if you want to look at it.

ご興味があればYouTubeに上げてあります

私がデザインする過程で出来た点は

(Laughter)

But one of the things that I was able to do in my design work

その設備を自分の脳内で

is I could test-run a piece of equipment in my mind,

試運転出来たという事です

just like a virtual reality computer system.

コンピュータ内の仮想現実のようにです

And this is an aerial view of a recreation of one of my projects

これは映画で使用された

私のプロジェクトの再現物の空中写真です

that was used in the movie.

That was like just so super cool.

とても良くできてるんです

And there were a lot of, kind of, Asperger types and autism types

映画の大道具さんには 多くの

アスペルガータイプや自閉症タイプがいましたからね

working out there on the movie set, too.

（笑）

(Laughter)

But one of the things that really worries me is:

私が気がかりなのは このタイプの

若い子達が どこに行くのかという事です

Where's the younger version of those kids going today?

They're not ending up in Silicon Valley,

彼らが行くべき シリコンバレーには到達してないんです

where they belong.

（笑）

(Laughter)

(Applause)

（拍手）

One of the things I learned very early on because I wasn't that social,

私は社会的ではなかったので 自分自身でなく

is I had to sell my work, and not myself.

自分の作品を売る必要があると 早い時点で学びました

And the way I sold livestock jobs is I showed off my drawings,

自分が描いた図面を見せて

家畜施設の仕事を得ました

I showed off pictures of things.

Another thing that helped me as a little kid

子供の頃役立った事がもう一つ

is, boy, in the '50s, you were taught manners.

50年代ではマナーを教わってたんですね

You were taught you can't pull the merchandise off the shelves

お店の棚にある商品を引きずり下ろして

放り投げてはいけないと教えられました

in the store and throw it around.

さて この子達が３年生４年生になった頃

When kids get to be in third or fourth grade,

you might see that this kid's going to be a visual thinker,

将来は視覚で考えるようになると思うかも知れません

drawing in perspective.

遠近法で絵を描いたりしてね　でも

Now, I want to emphasize

全ての自閉症の子供達が

that not every autistic kid is going to be a visual thinker.

視覚型思考を持つわけではありません

Now, I had this brain scan done several years ago,

これは数年前に撮った私の脳のスキャンです

and I used to joke around about having a gigantic Internet trunk line

私の視覚野には極太の

インターネットの幹線が通っていると

going deep into my visual cortex.

冗談を言ったもんです

This is tensor imaging.

これはテンソル画像ですが

And my great big Internet trunk line is twice as big as the control's.

私のこのインターネット幹線は

比較対照の２倍あります

The red lines there are me,

赤い線が私ので

and the blue lines are the sex and age-matched control.

青い線が 同じ年齢、性別の被験者のものです

And there I got a gigantic one,

ご覧の通り私のは

and the control over there, the blue one, has got a really small one.

非常に大きく 比較対照の

青い線はとても細いですよね

And some of the research now is showing

この連続体に属する人たちは実際に

that people on the spectrum actually think with the primary visual cortex.

一次視覚野を使って考えているという最近の研究もあります

Now, the thing is, the visual thinker is just one kind of mind.

視覚型思考も 脳のあり方の一つだということです

You see, the autistic mind tends to be a specialist mind --

自閉症の脳は 特定の行動に熱中しがちです

good at one thing, bad at something else.

ある事に秀でていて ある事に劣る

And where I was bad was algebra.

私は代数が苦手でした　幾何学などの

And I was never allowed to take geometry or trig.

クラスは許可されませんでした

Gigantic mistake.

大きな間違いです　代数が苦手であっても

I'm finding a lot of kids who need to skip algebra,

go right to geometry and trig.

幾何学や三角法は学べるのです

Now, another kind of mind is the pattern thinker.

もう一つは パターン型思考です

More abstract.

より抽象的で エンジニアや

These are your engineers, your computer programmers.

プログラマに向いています

This is pattern thinking.

これが例です　このカマキリは

That praying mantis is made from a single sheet of paper --

一枚の紙から出来ています

no scotch tape, no cuts.

テープもハサミも使いません

And there in the background is the pattern for folding it.

背景にあるのが折り方です

Here are the types of thinking:

思考のタイプです

photo-realistic visual thinkers, like me;

私のような 写実的 視覚型思考者に

pattern thinkers, music and math minds.

パターン型思考者　音楽や数学の脳です

Some of these oftentimes have problems with reading.

読書が苦手だったりしますね

You also will see these kind of problems with kids that are dyslexic.

失語症の子供達にも

このタイプがいます

You'll see these different kinds of minds.

このような 違うタイプの脳があり

And then there's a verbal mind, they know every fact about everything.

言語的な脳があります　物知りタイプです

次に 知覚の問題です

Now, another thing is the sensory issues.

私はこのヘッドセットを身につける事に抵抗がありました

I was really concerned about having to wear this gadget on my face.

And I came in half an hour beforehand

なので３０分前にここに来て

so I could have it put on and kind of get used to it,

これに慣れるようにしました

and they got it bent so it's not hitting my chin.

顎に当たらないよう調整してもらいました

But sensory is an issue.

知覚は問題になります　蛍光灯や

Some kids are bothered by fluorescent lights;

others have problems with sound sensitivity.

音に敏感な子供もいます

You know, it's going to be variable.

この辺は多種多様です

Now, visual thinking gave me a whole lot of insight

私の視覚型思考は 動物の気持ちを

into the animal mind.

知る上で大きな力となりました

Because think about it: an animal is a sensory-based thinker,

動物は知覚で考える生き物です

not verbal -- thinks in pictures, thinks in sounds, thinks in smells.

言語ではありません 絵で考え

音で考え においで考えます

Think about how much information there is on the local fire hydrant.

ただの消火栓にどれだけの情報があるか考えてみてください

He knows who's been there --

犬であれば 誰が居たのか いつ居たのか

(Laughter)

When they were there.

敵か味方か 付き合える相手は居るのか

Are they friend or foe? Is there anybody he can go mate with?

There's a ton of information on that fire hydrant.

その消火栓には膨大な情報があるんです

It's all very detailed information.

とても具体的な情報です

And looking at these kind of details gave me a lot of insight into animals.

これらの詳細を調べることが

動物を知る洞察力となりました

Now, the animal mind, and also my mind,

動物や私の脳は

puts sensory-based information into categories.

知覚で得た情報を

カテゴリーに分別します

Man on a horse,

馬に乗っている人

and a man on the ground --

地面に立っている人

that is viewed as two totally different things.

これらは全く別のものとして認識されます

You could have a horse that's been abused by a rider.

乗り手に虐待された馬がいたとします

They'll be absolutely fine with the veterinarian

この馬は獣医や蹄鉄工を

and with the horseshoer, but you can't ride him.

恐れる事はしませんが 乗馬はさせないでしょう

You have another horse, where maybe the horseshoer beat him up,

蹄鉄工に虐待された馬がいたとします

and he'll be terrible for anything on the ground with the veterinarian,

その馬は地面に落ちているものや

獣医を恐れるようになりますが 乗る事はできます

but a person can ride him.

牛たちも同様です

Cattle are the same way.

Man on a horse, a man on foot -- they're two different things.

馬に乗っている人と立っている人

これらは別物なのです

You see, it's a different picture.

異なる「絵」なんですね

See, I want you to think about just how specific this is.

どれほど具体的か 考えてみてください

Now, this ability to put information into categories,

この「情報を分別する」事を

I find a lot of people are not very good at this.

苦手とする人が多いんです

When I'm out troubleshooting equipment

私が施設の設備などの

or problems with something in a plant,

問題解決しているとき

they don't seem to be able to figure out:

彼らは把握できないんです　人の訓練の問題なのか

"Do I have a training-people issue?

Or do I have something wrong with the equipment?"

その設備に問題があるのか

In other words, categorize equipment problem from a people problem.

設備の問題と人間の問題を

分別する必要があるのです

I find a lot of people have difficulty doing that.

多くの人はこれが苦手なんです

Now, let's say I figure out it's an equipment problem.

これが設備の問題であったとしましょう

Is it a minor problem, with something simple I can fix?

自分で修理可能なレベルのものか？

そもそもの設計が悪いのか？

Or is the whole design of the system wrong?

People have a hard time figuring that out.

これが解けない人が多いんです

Let's just look at something like, you know,

別の問題を考えてみましょう

solving problems with making airlines safer.

飛行機をより安全にしたいとします

Yeah, I'm a million-mile flier.

私はミリオンマイルフライヤーです

I do lots and lots of flying,

飛行機にはしょっちゅう乗っています

and if I was at the FAA,

もし私が連邦航空局にいたら

what would I be doing a lot of direct observation of?

どこに注視するでしょうか？

It would be their airplane tails.

飛行機の尾部ですね

You know, five fatal wrecks in the last 20 years,

この２０年間で５件の大事故が

the tail either came off,

尾部が外れたり 尾部にある操舵部の故障で

or steering stuff inside the tail broke in some way.

起こっています

It's tails, pure and simple.

問題は尾部なんです　疑いありません

And when the pilots walk around the plane, guess what?

パイロットが飛行機の中を見て回っても

They can't see that stuff inside the tail.

尾部の中までは見えないんです

Now as I think about that,

私がこういう事を考えるとき

I'm pulling up all of that specific information.

全ての詳細な情報をたぐるんです

It's specific.

具体的で基礎的な部分から検証します

See, my thinking's bottom-up.

I take all the little pieces and I put the pieces together like a puzzle.

細かなピースをかき集めて パズルのように組み立てます

Now, here is a horse that was deathly afraid of black cowboy hats.

この馬は黒い帽子を

極端に恐れます

He'd been abused by somebody with a black cowboy hat.

黒い帽子をかぶった人に虐待されたんですね

White cowboy hats, that was absolutely fine.

白い帽子なら大丈夫なんです

Now, the thing is, the world is going to need

さて 重要なのは あらゆるタイプの頭脳が

all of the different kinds of minds to work together.

協力して働く事が

今後 求められるでしょう

We've got to work on developing all these different kinds of minds.

これらの頭脳の発達に取り組まねばなりません

And one of the things that is driving me really crazy

私をいらつかせる事の一つは

as I travel around and I do autism meetings,

私はあちこちで自閉症の会合に参加しますが

is I'm seeing a lot of smart, geeky, nerdy kids,

多くの天才予備軍に会います

and they just aren't very social,

ちょっと社会的でないだけです

and nobody's working on developing their interest

しかし誰一人 科学やなにかに

彼らの興味を向けようとはしないのです

in something like science.

And this brings up the whole thing of my science teacher.

ここで 私の科学の先生について話しましょう

My science teacher is shown absolutely beautifully in the movie.

その先生は映画の中で見事に描かれています

I was a goofball student when I was in high school.

高校ではダメ生徒扱いでした

カーロック先生の科学の授業を受けるまでは

I just didn't care at all about studying,

until I had Mr. Carlock's science class.

勉強を気にした事もありませんでした

He was now Dr. Carlock in the movie.

映画ではカーロック博士として出てきます

And he got me challenged to figure out an optical illusion room.

彼は私に目の錯覚を

解き明かすよう仕向けたんです

This brings up the whole thing of you've got to show kids

子供達が興味をそそられるものを

interesting stuff.

提示してあげるという事です

You know, one of the things that I think maybe TED ought to do

TEDがやるべき事の一つは

is tell all the schools about all the great lectures that are on TED,

その素晴らしい講演について 学校に教える事です

ネット上には子供達の

and there's all kinds of great stuff on the Internet

目を開かせるものがたくさんあるんです

to get these kids turned on.

多くの天才予備軍を見てきましたが

Because I'm seeing a lot of these geeky, nerdy kids,

and the teachers out in the Midwest and other parts of the country

中西部や その他のあまり進んでいない地域では

when you get away from these tech areas,

教師が何をすべきか

they don't know what to do with these kids.

分かっていないんです

And they're not going down the right path.

そのせいで道を過ってしまう

The thing is, you can make a mind

より思慮深い 認識能力のある

to be more of a thinking and cognitive mind,

頭脳にすることも

or your mind can be wired to be more social.

より社会的な頭脳にすることも可能です

And what some of the research now has shown in autism

自閉症の脳の後頭部辺りには

is there may by extra wiring back here in the really brilliant mind,

余剰な回路があるという研究があります

天才を生む代わりに 社会性の回路を失うんです

and we lose a few social circuits here.

思考能力と社会性のトレードオフですね

It's kind of a trade-off between thinking and social.

And then you can get to the point where it's so severe,

これが極度に偏ると

you're going to have a person that's going to be non-verbal.

全く言語を使わなくなります

In the normal human mind,

動物と異なり 人間の脳では

language covers up the visual thinking we share with animals.

言語が視覚型思考を覆い隠します

This is the work of Dr. Bruce Miller.

これはブルース・ミラー博士の研究ですが

彼は前頭側頭型認知症を患う

He studied Alzheimer's patients that had frontal temporal lobe dementia.

アルツハイマー患者を調査しました

And the dementia ate out the language parts of the brain.

この絵は 言語障害を負った

And then this artwork came out of somebody

元自動車組立工が描いたものです

who used to install stereos in cars.

Now, Van Gogh doesn't know anything about physics,

ゴッホに物理学の知識は無かったでしょう

but I think it's very interesting that there was some work done

しかし興味深いのは

この絵の渦巻きは

to show that this eddy pattern in this painting

乱気流の統計学的モデルに

followed a statistical model of turbulence,

沿っているという事です

which brings up the whole interesting idea

このような数学的パターンは

of maybe some of this mathematical patterns is in our own head.

私達の脳に入っていると想像すると

とても興味深いですね

And the Wolfram stuff --

私はWolframで得た情報や

I was taking notes and writing down all the search words I could use,

そこで検索するための単語なんかを

常に書き留めています

because I think that's going to go on in my autism lectures.

自閉症の講義で必要になりますからね

We've got to show these kids interesting stuff.

興味深いものを見せるんです

And they've taken out the auto-shop class

技術や図面設計や美術の授業は

and the drafting class and the art class.

科目から除かれてしまいました

I mean, art was my best subject in school.

美術は私の得意科目でしたしね

We've got to think about all these different kinds of minds,

これらの頭脳を忘れてはいけません

異なる頭脳と協力する必要があります

and we've got to absolutely work with these kind of minds,

because we absolutely are going to need

将来 このようなタイプの人々を

these kinds of people in the future.

必要とする時が必ず来ます

And let's talk about jobs.

仕事について話しましょう

OK, my science teacher got me studying,

科学の先生に背中を押されるまで

because I was a goofball that didn't want to study.

私は勉強嫌いなダメ生徒でしたが

But you know what? I was getting work experience.

仕事の経験はあったんです

I'm seeing too many of these smart kids who haven't learned basic things,

時間を守るといった基本を

知らない子達がたくさんいます

like how to be on time -- I was taught that when I was eight years old.

私は８歳でそれを教えられました

祖母の家でテーブルマナーを学んだり

How to have table manners at granny's Sunday party.

幼い頃に教えられたんです

I was taught that when I was very, very young.

And when I was 13, I had a job at a dressmaker's shop sewing clothes.

１３歳の時には洋服の仕立屋で

裁縫の仕事をしていました

I did internships in college,

大学ではインターンシップに参加し

I was building things,

いろいろ作りました

and I also had to learn how to do assignments.

課題のこなし方も学びました

You know, all I wanted to do was draw pictures of horses when I was little.

馬の絵ばかり描く私に 母は言ってくれました

My mother said, "Well let's do a picture of something else."

「他の絵も描いてみない？」と

違う事のやり方を知る必要があります

They've got to learn how to do something else.

レゴに執着する子がいれば

Let's say the kid is fixated on Legos.

他のものを組み立てるよう促すんです

Let's get him working on building different things.

The thing about the autistic mind is it tends to be fixated.

自閉症の脳は

執着する傾向があります

Like if the kid loves race cars, let's use race cars for math.

レーシングカーが好きなら

それを算数に使うんです

Let's figure out how long it takes a race car to go a certain distance.

この距離を何分で走る？とか

In other words, use that fixation

子供のやる気を引き出すため

in order to motivate that kid, that's one of the things we need to do.

執着心を利用するんです

I really get fed up when the teachers,

主にここから遠い地方の教師達が

especially when you get away from this part of the country,

彼らの扱い方を知らないので

they don't know what to do with these smart kids.

本当にうんざりしますよ

頭に来るんです

It just drives me crazy.

What can visual thinkers do when they grow up?

視覚型思考者の適職とは？

They can do graphic design, all kinds of stuff with computers,

グラフィックデザインにコンピューター全般

photography, industrial design.

写真や工業デザインなどです

The pattern thinkers -- they're the ones that are going to be your mathematicians,

パターン型思考者なら

数学者やソフトウェアエンジニア

your software engineers, your computer programmers,

プログラマーなどですね

all of those kinds of jobs.

And then you've got the word minds; they make great journalists,

言語型思考者は優れたジャーナリストです

and they also make really, really good stage actors.

舞台俳優にも向いているんですよ

Because the thing about being autistic is,

なぜなら 自閉症の人は

I had to learn social skills like being in a play.

芝居を演じるように 社会性を身につけるからです

You just kind of ... you just have to learn it.

学ぶほかないんですね

And we need to be working with these students.

私達も共に学ぶ必要があります

And this brings up mentors.

そこで指導者の話です

You know, my science teacher was not an accredited teacher.

私の科学の先生は非公認でした

He was a NASA space scientist.

NASAの科学者だったんです

Some states now are getting it to where, if you have a degree in biology

アメリカのいくつかの州では

生物学や化学の学位があれば

or in chemistry,

you can come into the school and teach biology or chemistry.

学校に来て 教壇に立てるんです

We need to be doing that.

これをもっとやるべきです

Because what I'm observing is,

この子らに相応しい先生達が

the good teachers, for a lot of these kids,

コミュニティー・カレッジには

are out in the community colleges.

たくさんいると感じています

But we need to be getting some of these good teachers

彼らを高校に招くべきです

into the high schools.

別の可能性としては

Another thing that can be very, very, very successful is:

ソフトウェア産業からリタイアした人たちに

there's a lot of people that may have retired

from working in the software industry,

教えてもらう事です

and they can teach your kid.

教える内容が古くても構いません

And it doesn't matter if what they teach them is old,

because what you're doing is you're lighting the spark.

引き金となることが大切です

You're getting that kid turned on.

子供達のスイッチを入れるんです

And you get him turned on, then you'll learn all the new stuff.

新しい事は自ら学ぶでしょう

Mentors are just essential.

指導者は必要不可欠です

I cannot emphasize enough what my science teacher did for me.

私にとってカーロック先生の

影響は はかり知れません

And we've got to mentor them, hire them.

彼らを雇う必要もあります

And if you bring them in for internships in your companies,

あなたの会社のインターンに

自閉症の子が来たとしましょう

the thing about the autism, Asperger-y kind of mind,

you've got to give them a specific task.

「何か作れ」ではなく 具体的な指示を出してください

Don't just say, "Design new software."

より詳細な指示を出すんです

You've got to tell them something more specific:

「電話機のためのソフトで

"We're designing software for a phone

and it has to do some specific thing,

この機能を持つ必要がある

and it can only use so much memory."

使えるメモリはこれだけだ」

That's the kind of specificity you need.

こういった詳細な指示です

Well, that's the end of my talk.

私の話はこれで終わりです

And I just want to thank everybody for coming.

ご静聴ありがとうございました

It was great to be here.

ここに立てて光栄です

(Applause)

（喝采）

(Applause ends)

質問があるんですか？ いいですよ

Oh -- you have a question for me? OK.

(Applause)

（拍手）

クリス：本当にありがとうございました

Chris Anderson: Thank you so much for that.

You know, you once wrote -- I like this quote:

私が好きな あなたの一節があります

"If by some magic, autism had been eradicated from the face of the Earth,

「もしなにかの魔法で

自閉症が絶やされたら

then men would still be socializing in front of a wood fire

人類は今も洞窟の入り口で

at the entrance to a cave."

焚き火を囲んで 暮らしているだろう」

(Laughter)

Temple Grandin: Because who do you think made the first stone spear?

テンプル：初めて石槍を作ったのは

アスペルガーの人でしょう　もし自閉症が無くなれば

It was the Asperger guy,

and if you were to get rid of all the autism genetics,

シリコンバレーも終わるでしょうし

there'd be no more Silicon Valley, and the energy crisis would not be solved.

エネルギー問題も解決されないでしょう

（拍手）

(Applause)

CA: I want to ask you a couple other questions,

クリス：いくつかお聞きしたいのですが

もし不適切な質問があれば

and if any of these feel inappropriate, it's OK just to say, "Next question."

「次の質問」と言ってください

But if there is someone here who has an autistic child,

もしここに 自閉症の子を

持つ人や 自閉症の子を

or knows an autistic child and feels kind of cut off from them,

知っている人がいて

彼らが心を開かないと感じていたら

what advice would you give them?

なんとアドバイスしますか？

TG: Well, first of all, we've got to look at age.

テンプル：まず 年齢が重要です

２～４歳の子で

If you have a two, three or four-year-old, no speech, no social interaction,

何も話さず 社会性も無い場合

I can't emphasize enough: Don't wait.

今すぐに 最低週２０時間の

マン・ツー・マンの指導を始める事です

You need at least 20 hours a week of one-to-one teaching.

The thing is, autism comes in different degrees.

自閉症にも幅があります

About half of the people on the spectrum are not going to learn to talk,

その連続体の約半数は

話し方を覚えません シリコンバレーで

and they won't be working in Silicon Valley.

働く事もないでしょう　単に向いていないんです

That would not be a reasonable thing for them to do.

しかしもう一方は 軽い自閉症の

But then you get these smart, geeky kids with a touch of autism,

天才予備軍たちです

and that's where you've got to get them turned on

彼らに興味深いものを見せ

with doing interesting things.

スイッチを入れてあげるんです

I got social interaction through shared interests --

私は共通の趣味から社会性を学びました

I rode horses with other kids, I made model rockets with other kids,

他の子達と馬に乗り ロケットの模型を作り

did electronics lab with other kids.

電気実験をしたりしました

And in the '60s, it was gluing mirrors onto a rubber membrane on a speaker

６０年代には スピーカーにゴム膜を張り

鏡を糊付けし 派手な照明にしました

to make a light show.

That was, like, we considered that super cool.

超イケてると思いました

(Laughter)

クリス：自閉症の親達が

CA: Is it unrealistic for them

to hope or think that that child loves them, as some might, as most, wish?

望むように 子供に自分を

愛してもらう事は難しいのでしょうか？

TG: Well, I tell you, that child will be loyal,

テンプル：いえ 子供はとても忠実ですよ

and if your house is burning down, they're going to get you out of it.

もし火事にでもなれば 助けにくるはずです

クリス：それは驚きました　さて

CA: Wow. So most people, if you ask them what they're most passionate about,

人々に何に夢中かを尋ねると

they'd say things like, "My kids" or "My lover."

「子供」や「恋人」と答えます

あなたが夢中なのは何ですか？

What are you most passionate about?

TG: I'm passionate about that the things I do

テンプル：自分の行動が

世界を良くしているという事実です

are going to make the world a better place.

自閉症の子を持つ母親に

When I have a mother of an autistic child say,

「あなたのおかげで子供が大学に

"My kid went to college because of your book

進学したの」と言われると嬉しいです

or one of your lectures,"

that makes me happy.

８０年代に私がいた

You know, the slaughter plants I worked with in the '80s;

と畜場も酷いものでした

they were absolutely awful.

I developed a really simple scoring system for slaughter plants,

そこでシンプルな評価システムを作りました

where you just measure outcomes:

結果を測るだけです　何頭が転倒し

How many cattle fell down?

何頭がつつかれ

How many got poked with the prodder?

How many cattle are mooing their heads off?

何頭が痛み悶えたか

非常に単純です

And it's very, very simple.

You directly observe a few simple things.

いくつか観察するだけです

It's worked really well.

これが大変有効でした

I get satisfaction out of seeing stuff

実社会を変えているのを見ることに

that makes real change in the real world.

満足を覚えました　概念ばかりでなく

We need a lot more of that, and a lot less abstract stuff.

もっとこういった事が必要です

CA: Totally.

（拍手）

(Applause)

CA: When we were talking on the phone, one of the things you said

クリス：電話でお話したとき

サーバーファームに興味があると

that really astonished me

was that one thing you were passionate about was server farms.

仰ってましたね　それについてお聞かせください

Tell me about that.

テンプル：サーバーファームを知って興奮しました

TG: Well, the reason why I got really excited when I read about that,

知識の固まりなんですね

it contains knowledge.

It's libraries.

図書館なんです

And to me, knowledge is something that is extremely valuable.

私にとって知識は

とても貴重です　１０年以上前ですが

So, maybe over 10 years ago now, our library got flooded.

近所の図書館が水害に遭ったんです

This is before the Internet got really big.

インターネットが広まる前でした

And I was really upset about all the books being wrecked,

本がダメになってしまうと 動揺しました

それは知識の崩壊ですから

because it was knowledge being destroyed.

サーバーファームやデータセンターは

And server farms, or data centers, are great libraries of knowledge.

巨大な知識の図書館なんです

CA: Temple, can I just say,

クリス：あなたをTEDにお招きできて本当に光栄です

it's an absolute delight to have you at TED.

テンプル：こちらこそ ありがとうございます

Thank you so much.

TG: Well, thank you so much. Thank you.

（喝采）

(Applause)