The world needs all kinds of minds | Temple Grandin

譯者: Dxm Online大小媒體 審譯者: Grace Tung

I think I'll start out and just talk a little bit

我想我會以簡單談談

自閉症是什麼做為開場

about what exactly autism is.

Autism is a very big continuum

自閉症是非常大的範疇

that goes from very severe -- the child remains nonverbal --

從非常嚴重　小朋友不會說話

all the way up to brilliant scientists and engineers.

到天才的科學家及工程師

And I actually feel at home here,

事實上我覺得這裡像家一樣

because there's a lot of autism genetics here.

因為在這有許多有自閉症基因的

(Laughter)

各位不會有任何....

You wouldn't have any --

鼓掌

(Applause)

It's a continuum of traits.

這是連續的特徵

When does a nerd turn into Asperger, which is just mild autism?

一個書呆子何時變成

亞斯柏格　這只是中等自閉症

I mean, Einstein and Mozart and Tesla would all be probably diagnosed

愛因斯坦　莫札特

和特斯拉在今日都有可能被診斷為

as autistic spectrum today.

自閉症者

And one of the things that is really going to concern me

現在我真正擔心的一件事是

如何培育這些

is getting these kids to be the ones

that are going to invent the next energy things

負責打造未來的孩子們

這問題比爾蓋茲今早有談到

that Bill Gates talked about this morning.

OK, now, if you want to understand autism: animals.

現在若你想了解

自閉症 動物

I want to talk to you now about different ways of thinking.

我要跟各位談談不同的思考模式

You have to get away from verbal language.

你必須忘記文字語言

I think in pictures. I don't think in language.

我是以圖像為思考

我不以語言為思考

Now, the thing about the autistic mind is it attends to details.

自閉兒的腦

是專注於細節

This is a test where you either have to pick out the big letters

這是一個你必須選擇

大字母或小字母的測試

or the little letters,

and the autistic mind picks out the little letters more quickly.

而自閉症的腦子

選出小字母比較快

And the thing is, the normal brain ignores the details.

正常的腦子忽略細節

Well, if you're building a bridge, details are pretty important

若你要建造一座橋 細節是很重要的

若你忽視細節　橋會垮掉

because it'll fall down if you ignore the details.

我最大的疑慮是現今的多數的政策

And one of my big concerns with a lot of policy things today

使事物變得太抽象

is things are getting too abstract.

People are getting away from doing hands-on stuff.

人們漸漸遠離

親手實作

I'm really concerned that a lot of the schools

我真的很擔心許多學校取消了

have taken out the hands-on classes, because art, and classes like that --

動手實作的課程

因為藝術及這類課程

those are the classes where I excelled.

是我表現最好的課程

In my work with cattle,

當我研究牛時

I noticed a lot of little things that most people don't notice

我注意到許多大部分人不注意的小事

would make the cattle balk.

那些會讓牛畏懼　比如像

For example, this flag waving right in front of the veterinary facility.

獸醫中心前方飄揚的旗幟

This feed yard was going to tear down their whole veterinary facility;

這會讓牠們想把整座獸醫中心拆除

all they needed to do was move the flag.

人們只需要遷移旗杆

Rapid movement, contrast.

快速的遷移

In the early '70s when I started, I got right down in the chutes

在70年代早期我剛開始時 　我親自去

陡槽觀察牛隻看到什麼

to see what cattle were seeing.

People thought that was crazy.

別人認為我很瘋狂　大衣掛在圍籬上會使牛群畏懼

A coat on a fence would make them balk, shadows would make them balk,

陰影會讓他們畏怯 地上的水管也是

a hose on the floor -- people weren't noticing these things.

人們不去注意這些事

A chain hanging down ...

這些都是連鎖反應

And that's shown very, very nicely in the movie.

電影裡都是美化的

In fact, I loved the movie, how they duplicated all my projects.

事實上我很喜愛電影劇情中他們

複製所有我的研究專案的方式　那是我怪咖的一面

That's the geek side.

我的手繪圖也在電影裡客串一角

My drawings got to star in the movie, too.

And, actually, it's called "Temple Grandin,"

這電影叫做「天寶葛蘭汀」

not "Thinking in Pictures."

不是「圖像思考」

So what is thinking in pictures?

所以 什麼是圖像思考　按照字面的意思是

It's literally movies in your head.

你腦中的電影

My mind works like Google for images.

我腦子的運作就像是Google搜尋圖片

當我還小時　我不知道我的思考和別人不同

When I was a young kid, I didn't know my thinking was different.

我以為每個人都是以圖像來思考

I thought everybody thought in pictures.

後來當我寫「圖像思考」時

Then when I did my book, "Thinking in Pictures,"

我開始訪談一些人看他們如何思考

I started interviewing people about how they think.

And I was shocked to find out that my thinking was quite different.

我很訝異的發現我的思考方式

是非常不同的　就像我說的

Like if I say, "Think about a church steeple,"

「想像一下教堂的尖頂」

most people get this sort of generalized generic one.

大部分的人得到的是一般普通的尖頂

Now, maybe that's not true in this room,

或許對現場的各位不是如此

but it's going to be true in a lot of different places.

但在許多不同地方卻是如此

I see only specific pictures.

我只看得到特定的圖像

They flash up into my memory, just like Google for pictures.

它們由我記憶中跳出 就像Google搜尋到的圖片

And in the movie, they've got a great scene in there,

在電影中 有一幕很棒的場景

當「鞋」這一字被說出時 一大堆50及60年代的鞋子

where the word "shoe" is said, and a whole bunch of '50s and '60s shoes

pop into my imagination.

就跳入我腦海中

OK, there's my childhood church; that's specific.

這是我小時候的教堂

很明確 還有更多　像科林斯堡

There's some more, Fort Collins.

OK, how about famous ones?

那些有名氣的又如何呢

And they just kind of come up, kind of like this.

它們會出現 有點像這樣

Just really quickly, like Google for pictures.

只是非常快速 像Google搜尋圖片

And they come up one at a time,

它們一次出現一張

and then I think, "OK, well, maybe we can have it snow,

然後我會想 　或許我們可以有點雪

or we can have a thunderstorm,"

或是來場暴風雨

and I can hold it there and turn them into videos.

我們可以定格然後轉為影片

Now, visual thinking was a tremendous asset

圖像思考在我設計牛隻管理中心時

in my work designing cattle-handling facilities.

是巨大的資產

And I've worked really hard on improving how cattle are treated

我非常努力的在研究改良

牛隻在屠宰廠的待遇

at the slaughter plant.

我不會介紹任何噁心屠宰的幻燈片

I'm not going to go into any gucky slaughter slides.

I've got that stuff up on YouTube, if you want to look at it.

若各位想看的話我把那些都放在Youtube上了

在我的設計工作中

(Laughter)

But one of the things that I was able to do in my design work

我可以在腦海中直接測試

is I could test-run a piece of equipment in my mind,

看它是否可行

just like a virtual reality computer system.

就像一台虛擬實境的電腦系統

And this is an aerial view of a recreation of one of my projects

這是一幅娛樂中心的鳥瞰圖

在電影中有提到　它是我進行的其中一項計畫

that was used in the movie.

That was like just so super cool.

這是非常酷的

And there were a lot of, kind of, Asperger types and autism types

有許多亞斯柏格症的人

和自閉症的人也在電影場景中工作

working out there on the movie set, too.

笑聲

(Laughter)

But one of the things that really worries me is:

其中有件事讓我很擔心的是

今日的孩子們將被帶往何處

Where's the younger version of those kids going today?

They're not ending up in Silicon Valley,

他們不會被帶到矽谷　矽谷才是他們的地方

where they belong.

笑聲

(Laughter)

(Applause)

鼓掌

One of the things I learned very early on because I wasn't that social,

我不是很社會化　所以我在很早期學到的一件事就是

is I had to sell my work, and not myself.

我必須販賣我的作品　而不是我本身

And the way I sold livestock jobs is I showed off my drawings,

我想獲得和家畜有關的工作

用的方式是展現我的繪稿　我用繪畫的說明

I showed off pictures of things.

Another thing that helped me as a little kid

另一個對我有幫助的是　當我還小時

is, boy, in the '50s, you were taught manners.

在50年代　你被教導要有禮貌

You were taught you can't pull the merchandise off the shelves

你被教導不能在商店裡隨便拿貨加上的商品

又隨處亂放

in the store and throw it around.

當小朋友在三或四年級時

When kids get to be in third or fourth grade,

you might see that this kid's going to be a visual thinker,

你可以發現這小孩將成為一位圖像思考者

drawing in perspective.

以透視法來作圖　我要強調

Now, I want to emphasize

並非所有的自閉症兒

that not every autistic kid is going to be a visual thinker.

都是圖像思考者

Now, I had this brain scan done several years ago,

我許多年前做過腦部掃描

and I used to joke around about having a gigantic Internet trunk line

我以前常開玩笑說

我有這條很粗的網路幹線

going deep into my visual cortex.

深入我的視覺皮層

This is tensor imaging.

這是張量造影

And my great big Internet trunk line is twice as big as the control's.

我的巨大的網路幹線

比控制組的大兩倍

The red lines there are me,

紅線是我的

and the blue lines are the sex and age-matched control.

藍線是性別及年齡和我相符的控制組

And there I got a gigantic one,

我有這條巨大的幹線

and the control over there, the blue one, has got a really small one.

對照組的是藍色線

很細

And some of the research now is showing

目前有些研究顯示

that people on the spectrum actually think with the primary visual cortex.

自閉症的人　以視覺皮層為主要的的思考

Now, the thing is, the visual thinker is just one kind of mind.

重點是 視覺思只是其中一種思考方式

You see, the autistic mind tends to be a specialist mind --

自閉症通常擁有比較特別的心智

good at one thing, bad at something else.

往往在某一方面很好　但在其他方面很糟

And where I was bad was algebra.

我的代數很糟　我無法選擇

And I was never allowed to take geometry or trig.

幾何學或三角函數的課程

Gigantic mistake.

這是很嚴重的錯誤　我發現許多孩童需要跳過代數

I'm finding a lot of kids who need to skip algebra,

go right to geometry and trig.

直接學幾何或是三角函數

Now, another kind of mind is the pattern thinker.

另外一種思考方式是模式思考者

More abstract.

更抽象 就像是工程師

These are your engineers, your computer programmers.

電腦程式師

This is pattern thinking.

這是模式思考　那隻祈禱的螳螂

That praying mantis is made from a single sheet of paper --

是由單一的一張紙做出來的

no scotch tape, no cuts.

沒膠帶 沒裁剪

And there in the background is the pattern for folding it.

後面就是折疊的圖案

Here are the types of thinking:

思考的種類如下：

photo-realistic visual thinkers, like me;

圖像寫實視覺思考 像我就是

pattern thinkers, music and math minds.

模式思考者 音樂家及數學家的心智

Some of these oftentimes have problems with reading.

這類的人常有閱讀上的問題

You also will see these kind of problems with kids that are dyslexic.

你也會發現有朗讀問題的孩童

也會有這方面的特徵

You'll see these different kinds of minds.

你將發現這些不同種類的心智

And then there's a verbal mind, they know every fact about everything.

還有口語的心智　 他們知道所有事情的理論

另一個議題是感知問題

Now, another thing is the sensory issues.

我對必須戴這裝備很憂慮

I was really concerned about having to wear this gadget on my face.

And I came in half an hour beforehand

我在開場前半小時就到場

so I could have it put on and kind of get used to it,

將設備安裝好　並且習慣它

and they got it bent so it's not hitting my chin.

為了不要碰到我的下巴 他們還把它折彎了

But sensory is an issue.

感知是個問題 　有些孩童會被日光燈干擾

Some kids are bothered by fluorescent lights;

others have problems with sound sensitivity.

有些則有聲音敏感的問題

You know, it's going to be variable.

各類型的問題都有

Now, visual thinking gave me a whole lot of insight

視覺思考讓我了解很多

into the animal mind.

動物的想法

Because think about it: an animal is a sensory-based thinker,

想想看 動物是一種以感知為基礎的思考者

not verbal -- thinks in pictures, thinks in sounds, thinks in smells.

不是以文字　而是以圖像

以聲音來思考 以氣味來思考

Think about how much information there is on the local fire hydrant.

想想看　路邊的消防栓上有多少的資訊

He knows who's been there --

牠知道誰去過那裡 知道何時去那裡

(Laughter)

When they were there.

是友是敵 有誰可以當伴的嗎

Are they friend or foe? Is there anybody he can go mate with?

There's a ton of information on that fire hydrant.

消防栓有數以萬計的訊息

It's all very detailed information.

全都是非常細節的資訊

And looking at these kind of details gave me a lot of insight into animals.

觀察這種細節

讓我更深入了解動物

Now, the animal mind, and also my mind,

動物的思考與我的思考

puts sensory-based information into categories.

都是將感官的訊息

歸類處理

Man on a horse,

人騎在馬上

and a man on the ground --

和站在地上

that is viewed as two totally different things.

視為完全不同的事物

You could have a horse that's been abused by a rider.

一匹被騎士虐待過的馬

They'll be absolutely fine with the veterinarian

獸醫檢查過沒問題

and with the horseshoer, but you can't ride him.

也可以釘馬蹄鐵　但你就是不能騎牠

You have another horse, where maybe the horseshoer beat him up,

另一匹馬　也許馬夫打過牠

and he'll be terrible for anything on the ground with the veterinarian,

牠將永遠對地上的事物感到恐懼

即使獸醫也不例外　但人們可以騎牠

but a person can ride him.

牛隻也不例外

Cattle are the same way.

Man on a horse, a man on foot -- they're two different things.

騎在馬上的人

與站在地上的人　被視為兩件絕然不同的事

You see, it's a different picture.

你看這是不同的圖片

See, I want you to think about just how specific this is.

各位想想看　這是多麼具體的細節

Now, this ability to put information into categories,

這種將資訊歸類的能力

I find a lot of people are not very good at this.

我發覺許多人並不擅長這種能力

When I'm out troubleshooting equipment

當我去察看問題設備

or problems with something in a plant,

或農場東西有問題時

they don't seem to be able to figure out:

他們似乎是無法發覺問題所在 「我有人力訓練的問題嗎？」

"Do I have a training-people issue?

Or do I have something wrong with the equipment?"

或是「我的設備有問題嗎？」

In other words, categorize equipment problem from a people problem.

換句話說 將問題歸類於設備

或是人力的問題

I find a lot of people have difficulty doing that.

我發現很多人不會這麼做

Now, let's say I figure out it's an equipment problem.

這樣說吧！這是設備問題

Is it a minor problem, with something simple I can fix?

一個小的，簡單的我就可以處理的問題？

還是這是整個系統的錯誤設計？

Or is the whole design of the system wrong?

People have a hard time figuring that out.

人們很難分辨

Let's just look at something like, you know,

讓我們來看看這個

solving problems with making airlines safer.

如何解決問題讓飛機更安全

Yeah, I'm a million-mile flier.

是的 我是個飛行常客

I do lots and lots of flying,

我常在飛行

and if I was at the FAA,

我若是任職FFA

what would I be doing a lot of direct observation of?

我會把觀察重點放在哪裡呢？

It would be their airplane tails.

飛機的機尾

You know, five fatal wrecks in the last 20 years,

過去20年間有5次嚴重的失事

the tail either came off,

不是機尾脫落就是機尾內導向的零件故障

or steering stuff inside the tail broke in some way.

形式不一

It's tails, pure and simple.

就是機尾 簡單明瞭

And when the pilots walk around the plane, guess what?

當駕駛員檢查時 他們就是看不出來

They can't see that stuff inside the tail.

機尾的問題

Now as I think about that,

現在當我思考那問題時

I'm pulling up all of that specific information.

我提出所有確切的資訊

It's specific.

很明確的　所以 我的思考是從細節到全體

See, my thinking's bottom-up.

I take all the little pieces and I put the pieces together like a puzzle.

我將所有的小片段放在一起就像拼圖一樣

Now, here is a horse that was deathly afraid of black cowboy hats.

這是一隻非常害怕

黑色牛仔帽的馬

He'd been abused by somebody with a black cowboy hat.

牠曾被戴黑色牛仔帽的人虐待過

White cowboy hats, that was absolutely fine.

白色牛仔帽則完全沒問題

Now, the thing is, the world is going to need

這世界將需要

all of the different kinds of minds to work together.

各種型態心智的人

一起合作

We've got to work on developing all these different kinds of minds.

我們必須合力開發所有類型的心智

And one of the things that is driving me really crazy

有件讓我真的很受不了的事就是

as I travel around and I do autism meetings,

當我四處旅行 參加自閉症會議時

is I'm seeing a lot of smart, geeky, nerdy kids,

我遇到很多聰明 怪咖 書呆的孩童

and they just aren't very social,

他們只是不太懂社交

and nobody's working on developing their interest

而沒有人對他們的興趣進行開發

像在科學方面

in something like science.

And this brings up the whole thing of my science teacher.

這讓我想到我的科學老師

My science teacher is shown absolutely beautifully in the movie.

我的科學老師在電影中被描述的非常美好

I was a goofball student when I was in high school.

當我中學時　我曾是個傻瓜呆的學生

我對學習完全不關心

I just didn't care at all about studying,

until I had Mr. Carlock's science class.

直到我上了卡拉克老師的科學課

He was now Dr. Carlock in the movie.

就電影裡的卡拉克博士

And he got me challenged to figure out an optical illusion room.

他把我帶到一個

充滿視覺虛幻的房間

This brings up the whole thing of you've got to show kids

由此可知　大家必需展現有趣的事物

interesting stuff.

引起孩子們的興趣

You know, one of the things that I think maybe TED ought to do

有一件事我覺得TED應該要做

is tell all the schools about all the great lectures that are on TED,

就是告訴所有的學校關於TED上面所有優秀的演講

以及網路上有各種好東西

and there's all kinds of great stuff on the Internet

吸引這些孩童

to get these kids turned on.

因為我遇到許多怪咖書呆的孩童

Because I'm seeing a lot of these geeky, nerdy kids,

and the teachers out in the Midwest and other parts of the country

中西部及國內其他地方的老師

when you get away from these tech areas,

當遠離科技區域時

they don't know what to do with these kids.

他們就不知道該如何對待這些孩童

And they're not going down the right path.

他們並沒走在對的道路上

The thing is, you can make a mind

重點是你可以讓心智成為

to be more of a thinking and cognitive mind,

屬於思考及認知的心智

or your mind can be wired to be more social.

或是變得更社會化

And what some of the research now has shown in autism

現今有些自閉症的研究指出

is there may by extra wiring back here in the really brilliant mind,

在天才的腦中有許多額外的連結

而我們只是缺少一些社交的連線

and we lose a few social circuits here.

或許兩者是彼此消長

It's kind of a trade-off between thinking and social.

And then you can get to the point where it's so severe,

到達某種極端程度時

you're going to have a person that's going to be non-verbal.

人就會變得無法言語了

In the normal human mind,

在普通的人腦中

language covers up the visual thinking we share with animals.

語言的區域覆蓋了視覺區域　後者我們和動物一樣

This is the work of Dr. Bruce Miller.

這是布魯斯米勒博士的作品

他研究有老人失智患者中的

He studied Alzheimer's patients that had frontal temporal lobe dementia.

額顳葉症呆患者

And the dementia ate out the language parts of the brain.

失智症侵蝕腦中語言部份

And then this artwork came out of somebody

這藝術作品由一位安裝汽車音響的人所做的

who used to install stereos in cars.

Now, Van Gogh doesn't know anything about physics,

梵谷對物理全然不解

but I think it's very interesting that there was some work done

但是我認為非常有趣的是

這幅畫裡

to show that this eddy pattern in this painting

這些漩渦狀的圖案

followed a statistical model of turbulence,

遵循了亂流的統計模型

which brings up the whole interesting idea

這引發了一整個有趣的想法

of maybe some of this mathematical patterns is in our own head.

或許有些數學的模式

是在我們自己的腦中

And the Wolfram stuff --

而我記錄的Wolfram東西及

I was taking notes and writing down all the search words I could use,

我寫下我能使用

所有搜尋的字

because I think that's going to go on in my autism lectures.

因為我認為將會用在我自閉症的教學上

We've got to show these kids interesting stuff.

我們必須展現給有趣的事物給孩子們

And they've taken out the auto-shop class

可惜的是學校竟然取消了工藝課程

and the drafting class and the art class.

繪畫課及藝術課

I mean, art was my best subject in school.

藝術曾是我在學校時表現最好的科目

We've got to think about all these different kinds of minds,

我們必需考慮到有這麼多不同類型的心智

而且我們必需與他們一起解決問題

and we've got to absolutely work with these kind of minds,

because we absolutely are going to need

因為我們的未來

these kinds of people in the future.

正需要這一類的人

And let's talk about jobs.

讓我們來談談工作

OK, my science teacher got me studying,

我的科學老師讓我學習

because I was a goofball that didn't want to study.

因為我是個不想學習的傻瓜呆

But you know what? I was getting work experience.

但是各位知道嗎 我獲得工作經驗

I'm seeing too many of these smart kids who haven't learned basic things,

我正看到太多這類聰明的小孩沒有學習到基礎的事物

例如如何守時

like how to be on time -- I was taught that when I was eight years old.

我8歲時就被教導要守時

以及如何在祖母的周日派對上有餐桌禮節

How to have table manners at granny's Sunday party.

我在很小很小的時候就被這樣教導

I was taught that when I was very, very young.

And when I was 13, I had a job at a dressmaker's shop sewing clothes.

當我13歲時 我在成衣廠工作

負責賣衣服

I did internships in college,

我在大學裡實習

I was building things,

製做物品

and I also had to learn how to do assignments.

我也必須學習完成分配的任務

You know, all I wanted to do was draw pictures of horses when I was little.

當我小的時候 我只想要畫馬的圖

My mother said, "Well let's do a picture of something else."

母親就說「讓我們來畫點別的東西」

他們必須學習如何做其他事物

They've got to learn how to do something else.

例如一個小孩專注在樂高上

Let's say the kid is fixated on Legos.

我們要讓他蓋點不同的東西

Let's get him working on building different things.

The thing about the autistic mind is it tends to be fixated.

自閉症的思緒

是傾向於專注

Like if the kid loves race cars, let's use race cars for math.

若一個小孩喜愛賽車

讓我們運用賽車來教數學

Let's figure out how long it takes a race car to go a certain distance.

讓我們來算算一輛賽車行駛一段距離要多久

In other words, use that fixation

換句話說 運用專注力

in order to motivate that kid, that's one of the things we need to do.

來激勵這些孩子們　這是我們需要做的事

I really get fed up when the teachers,

我真覺得很不妥　當那些老師們

especially when you get away from this part of the country,

尤其是遠離國家發展核心的偏遠區域

they don't know what to do with these smart kids.

那裡的老師不知如何對待這些聰明的小孩

這會令我抓狂

It just drives me crazy.

What can visual thinkers do when they grow up?

一個視覺思考的人　長大後能做些什麼

They can do graphic design, all kinds of stuff with computers,

他們可以從事圖像設計 或跟電腦有關的所有事

photography, industrial design.

攝影及工業設計

The pattern thinkers -- they're the ones that are going to be your mathematicians,

模式思考者 他們將可以成為

各位的數學老師　電腦軟體設計師

your software engineers, your computer programmers,

以及電腦程式設計師　所有這類的工作

all of those kinds of jobs.

And then you've got the word minds; they make great journalists,

文字的思考者 他們可成為很優秀的記者

and they also make really, really good stage actors.

他們也可以成為很好的舞台演員

Because the thing about being autistic is,

因為　身為自閉症者

I had to learn social skills like being in a play.

我必須學習社交技巧如同身處於一齣劇中

You just kind of ... you just have to learn it.

你就是必須學習它

And we need to be working with these students.

我們必須與這些學生合作

And this brings up mentors.

這就講到了導師的問題

You know, my science teacher was not an accredited teacher.

我的科學老師不是一位有認證的老師

He was a NASA space scientist.

他曾是一位NASA太空科學家

Some states now are getting it to where, if you have a degree in biology

目前有些州採取的方式是

若你有生物或化學的學位

or in chemistry,

you can come into the school and teach biology or chemistry.

你可以到學校教生物或化學

We need to be doing that.

我們需要如此

Because what I'm observing is,

我觀察到的是

the good teachers, for a lot of these kids,

對這些孩童有益的老師

are out in the community colleges.

都是在社區大學裡

But we need to be getting some of these good teachers

我們的高中需要引進這些好老師

into the high schools.

另一件可以非常非常成功的事是

Another thing that can be very, very, very successful is:

有許多人可能從軟體業退休

there's a lot of people that may have retired

from working in the software industry,

他們可以教這些小孩

and they can teach your kid.

若他們教授的是很老舊的事物也沒關係

And it doesn't matter if what they teach them is old,

because what you're doing is you're lighting the spark.

因為你所作的是點燃火花

You're getting that kid turned on.

你啟發孩子們

And you get him turned on, then you'll learn all the new stuff.

你開啟他們的視野　他們將學習所有的新事物

Mentors are just essential.

導師是至關重要的

I cannot emphasize enough what my science teacher did for me.

我無法用足夠的形容

來說明我的科學老師對我的影響

And we've got to mentor them, hire them.

我們必須引導他們 雇用他們

And if you bring them in for internships in your companies,

若你的公司雇用他們實習

關於自閉症 亞斯博格類的思考者

the thing about the autism, Asperger-y kind of mind,

you've got to give them a specific task.

你必需給他們一項特定的任務　別只說「設計個新軟體」

Don't just say, "Design new software."

你必須告訴他們更明確的東西

You've got to tell them something more specific:

「好吧！我們正要設計一套電話軟體

"We're designing software for a phone

and it has to do some specific thing,

它必須有一些特定的功能

and it can only use so much memory."

而且它只能使用這麼多的記憶體」

That's the kind of specificity you need.

你的指令必需明確

Well, that's the end of my talk.

好了 這是我演講的尾聲了

And I just want to thank everybody for coming.

我要感謝各位的蒞臨

It was great to be here.

非常榮幸能來到此

(Applause)

鼓掌

(Applause ends)

你有問題要問我 好的

Oh -- you have a question for me? OK.

(Applause)

鼓掌

克利斯安得森：謝謝你的演說

Chris Anderson: Thank you so much for that.

You know, you once wrote -- I like this quote:

你曾寫到 我很喜歡這段話

"If by some magic, autism had been eradicated from the face of the Earth,

「若因為某些奇蹟

使得自閉症不存在在這世間

then men would still be socializing in front of a wood fire

那人類還是會在洞穴口

at the entrance to a cave."

進行社會化

(Laughter)

Temple Grandin: Because who do you think made the first stone spear?

天寶葛蘭汀：你認為是誰做了第一把石茅？

就是亞斯博格患者 若去除所有自閉症遺傳

It was the Asperger guy,

and if you were to get rid of all the autism genetics,

矽谷就不存在了

there'd be no more Silicon Valley, and the energy crisis would not be solved.

而且能源危機也無法解決

鼓掌

(Applause)

CA: I want to ask you a couple other questions,

克利斯安得森：所以我想問你其他問題

若你覺得不適當

and if any of these feel inappropriate, it's OK just to say, "Next question."

只要說「下個問題」

But if there is someone here who has an autistic child,

若現場有人

有自閉症的小孩

or knows an autistic child and feels kind of cut off from them,

或認識一個自閉症的小孩

覺得有些無法跟他們溝通

what advice would you give them?

你會給他們什麼建議？

TG: Well, first of all, we've got to look at age.

天寶葛蘭汀：首先 你必須看年齡

若你認識一個2 3或4歲的小孩

If you have a two, three or four-year-old, no speech, no social interaction,

不會說話 不會互動

I can't emphasize enough: Don't wait.

我一直強調

不能等　你每週需要至少20小時的一對一教學

You need at least 20 hours a week of one-to-one teaching.

The thing is, autism comes in different degrees.

重點是自閉症是有不同程度的

About half of the people on the spectrum are not going to learn to talk,

在自閉症的範疇裡大約有一半的人

將學不會說話 他們將無法在矽谷工作

and they won't be working in Silicon Valley.

這對他們來說並不是合理的事

That would not be a reasonable thing for them to do.

但你也有聰明怪咖的小孩

But then you get these smart, geeky kids with a touch of autism,

他們有些自閉

and that's where you've got to get them turned on

你必須喚起他們的興趣

with doing interesting things.

讓他們做有趣的事

I got social interaction through shared interests --

這就是我藉由共同興趣而獲得社會化的互動

I rode horses with other kids, I made model rockets with other kids,

我跟其他小孩一起騎馬 我跟其他小孩一起做火箭模型

did electronics lab with other kids.

做電子實驗室

And in the '60s, it was gluing mirrors onto a rubber membrane on a speaker

在60年代那是將鏡子黏在橡膠膜揚聲器

做出一個燈光秀

to make a light show.

That was, like, we considered that super cool.

那時我們認為那是超級酷的

(Laughter)

克利斯安得森：對他們而言

CA: Is it unrealistic for them

to hope or think that that child loves them, as some might, as most, wish?

希望或是認為自閉症孩子

愛他們是不切實際的 少數可能 大多數則盼望

TG: Well, I tell you, that child will be loyal,

天寶葛蘭汀：我告訴你 自閉小孩是很忠誠的

and if your house is burning down, they're going to get you out of it.

若你的房子發生火災 他們會衝進去救你出來

克利斯安得森：哇 若你問大多數人

CA: Wow. So most people, if you ask them what they're most passionate about,

他們最有熱情在什麼事物上 他們會說

they'd say things like, "My kids" or "My lover."

「我的小孩」或是「我的戀人」

那你最有熱情在什麼事物上

What are you most passionate about?

TG: I'm passionate about that the things I do

天寶葛蘭汀：我最有熱情的事物是

讓世界變得更美好

are going to make the world a better place.

當我遇到有自閉症小孩的母親說

When I have a mother of an autistic child say,

「我的小孩因為你的書　或是

"My kid went to college because of your book

你教授的一堂課而進了大學」我會很快樂

or one of your lectures,"

that makes me happy.

我合作過的屠宰廠

You know, the slaughter plants I worked with in the '80s;

在80年代曾是相當的差勁

they were absolutely awful.

I developed a really simple scoring system for slaughter plants,

我針對屠宰廠開發一套非常簡單

where you just measure outcomes:

只衡量結果的計分系統 幾隻牛跌倒

How many cattle fell down?

幾隻牛被尖物戳

How many got poked with the prodder?

How many cattle are mooing their heads off?

幾隻牛被屠宰前哀叫

系統非常非常簡單

And it's very, very simple.

You directly observe a few simple things.

你直接觀察幾項簡單的事物

It's worked really well.

系統運作的很良好 在現實社會中

I get satisfaction out of seeing stuff

看到員工真正的改變讓我很滿足

that makes real change in the real world.

我們需要更多這類的事物

We need a lot more of that, and a lot less abstract stuff.

少點抽象事物

CA: Totally.

鼓掌

(Applause)

CA: When we were talking on the phone, one of the things you said

克利斯安得森：當我們通電話時

你所說的一件事　很令我震撼

that really astonished me

was that one thing you were passionate about was server farms.

就是你說你對伺服器農場很有熱情 談一談這個吧

Tell me about that.

天寶葛蘭汀：最主要的原因是當我聽到

TG: Well, the reason why I got really excited when I read about that,

它儲存知識

it contains knowledge.

It's libraries.

我就很興奮 它是圖書館

And to me, knowledge is something that is extremely valuable.

對我而言　知識是

極端的具有價值　約10年前

So, maybe over 10 years ago now, our library got flooded.

我們的圖書館淹水

This is before the Internet got really big.

這是在網路變得很普及前

And I was really upset about all the books being wrecked,

我很氣所有的書因此毀了

因為那是知識被摧毀

because it was knowledge being destroyed.

而伺服器農場或資訊中心

And server farms, or data centers, are great libraries of knowledge.

是很好的知識圖書館

CA: Temple, can I just say,

克利斯安得森： 天寶 真的很高興能邀你來TED

it's an absolute delight to have you at TED.

天寶葛蘭汀：謝謝你 謝謝各位

Thank you so much.

TG: Well, thank you so much. Thank you.

鼓掌

(Applause)