Erin McKean: Go ahead, make up new words!

Prevodilac: Miloš Milosavljević Lektor: Mile Živković

I'm a lexicographer.

Ja sam leksikograf.

I make dictionaries.

Ja pravim rečnike.

And my job as a lexicographer

Moj posao kao leksikografa je

is to try to put all the words possible into the dictionary.

da pokušam da stavim sve moguće reči u rečnik.

My job is not to decide what a word is; that is your job.

Moj posao nije da odlučim šta je reč; to je vaš posao.

Everybody who speaks English decides together

Svi koji govore engleski odlučuju zajedno

what's a word and what's not a word.

šta je reč, a šta nije.

Every language is just a group of people who agree to understand each other.

Svaki jezik je samo grupa ljudi koja se dogovara o međusobnom sporazumevanju.

Now, sometimes when people are trying to decide whether a word is good or bad,

Ponekad, kad ljudi pokušavaju da odluče da li je neka reč dobra ili loša,

they don't really have a good reason.

nemaju baš dobar razlog.

So they say something like, "Because grammar!"

Pa kažu nešto kao: "Zbog gramatike!"

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

I don't actually really care about grammar too much -- don't tell anybody.

Ja ne marim baš mnogo za gramatiku - nemojte nikome da kažete.

But the word "grammar," actually, there are two kinds of grammar.

Ali, reč "gramatika" - u stvari, postoje dve vrste gramatike.

There's the kind of grammar that lives inside your brain,

Postoji gramatika koja živi u vašem umu

and if you're a native speaker of a language

i ako ste izvorni govornik jezika

or a good speaker of a language,

ili dobar govornik jezika,

it's the unconscious rules that you follow when you speak that language.

to su nesvesna pravila koja sledite kada govorite taj jezik.

And this is what you learn when you learn a language as a child.

To je ono što naučite kada učite jezik kao dete.

And here's an example:

I evo primera:

This is a wug, right?

Ovo je Vag.

It's a wug.

Vag.

Now there is another one.

A evo i još jednog.

There are two of these.

Ima ih dva.

There are two ...

Ima dva...

Audience: Wugs.

Publika: Vaga.

Erin McKean: Exactly! You know how to make the plural of wug.

Erin MekKin: Tačno! Znate kako da napravite množinu od "vag".

That rule lives in your brain.

To pravilo živi u vašem umu.

You never had to be taught this rule, you just understand it.

Nikada nisu morali da vas uče tom pravilu, prosto ga znate.

This is an experiment that was invented by a professor at [Boston University]

Ovo je eksperiment koji je smislio profesor na Bostonskom univerzitetu

named Jean Berko Gleason back in 1958.

Džin Berko Glison 1958. godine.

So we've been talking about this for a long time.

Pričamo o o ovome već dugo.

Now, these kinds of natural rules that exist in your brain,

Ova vrsta prirodnih pravila koja postoje u vašem umu

they're not like traffic laws, they're more like laws of nature.

nisu kao saobraćajni zakoni, već više kao zakoni prirode.

And nobody has to remind you to obey a law of nature, right?

A niko ne treba da vas podseća da poštujete prirodni zakon, zar ne?

When you leave the house in the morning, your mom doesn't say,

Kad izađete ujutru, vaša mama ne kaže:

"Hey, honey, I think it's going to be cold, take a hoodie,

"Hej, dušo, mislim da će biti hladno, uzmi jaknu,

don't forget to obey the law of gravity."

ne zaboravi da poštuješ zakon gravitacije."

Nobody says this.

Niko to ne govori.

Now, there are other rules that are more about manners than they are about nature.

Postoje druga pravila koja su više u vezi načina, nego u vezi prirode.

So you can think of a word as like a hat.

Možete zamisliti reč kao što je "šešir".

Once you know how hats work,

Kad naučite kako funkcioniše šešir,

nobody has to tell you, "Don't wear hats on your feet."

niko ne treba da vam kaže: "Ne nosi šešir na nogama."

What they have to tell you is, "Can you wear hats inside?

Ono što treba da vam kažu je: "Da li šeširi mogu da se nose unutra?

Who gets to wear a hat?

Ko nosi šešir?

What are the kinds of hats you get to wear?"

Koje vrste šešira se nose?"

Those are more of the second kind of grammar,

To je više druga vrsta gramatike,

which linguists often call usage, as opposed to grammar.

koju lingvisti često nazivaju "upotreba", kao suprotnost gramatici.

Now, sometimes people use this kind of rules-based grammar

Ponekad ljudi koriste ove gramatike zasnovane na pravilima

to discourage people from making up words.

da bi obeshrabrili ljude da izmišljaju reči.

And I think that is, well, stupid.

Ja mislim da je to glupo.

So, for example, people are always telling you,

Na primer, ljudi vam stalno govore:

"Be creative, make new music, do art, invent things, science and technology."

"Budi kreativan, komponuj muziku, bavi se umetnošću, naukom i tehnologijom."

But when it comes to words, they're like,

Ali kad su u pitanju reči, kažu:

"Don't! No. Creativity stops right here, whippersnappers. Give it a rest."

"Nemoj! Ne. Kreativnost ovde prestaje. Prestani s tim."

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

But that makes no sense to me.

Po meni, to nema smisla.

Words are great. We should have more of them.

Reči su sjajne. Treba da ih imamo više.

I want you to make as many new words as possible.

Želim da smislite što je moguće više novih reči.

And I'm going to tell you six ways that you can use to make new words in English.

I reći ću vam šest načina za pravljenje novih reči u engleskom.

The first way is the simplest way.

Prvi način je najjednostavniji.

Basically, steal them from other languages.

Prosto ih ukradite iz drugih jezika.

["Go rob other people"] (Laughter)

[Kradite od drugih ljudi] (Smeh)

Linguists call this borrowing,

Lingvisti ovo zovu pozajmljivanje,

but we never give the words back , so I'm just going to be honest

ali nikad ne vraćamo reči, pa ću biti iskrena

and call it stealing.

i nazvati to krađom.

We usually take words for things that we like, like delicious food.

Obično uzimamo reči za stvari koje volimo, kao na primer, ukusnu hranu.

We took "kumquat" from Chinese, we took "caramel" from French.

Uzeli smo "kumkvat" iz kineskog, "karamel" iz francuskog.

We also take words for cool things like "ninja," right?

Takođe uzimamo reči za kul stvari kao što je "nindža".

We took that from Japanese,

To smo uzeli iz japanskog,

which is kind of a cool trick because ninjas are hard to steal from.

što je dobar trik, jer je od nindži teško ukrasti bilo šta.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

So another way that you can make words in English

Drugi način za pravljenje novih reči u engleskom

is by squishing two other English words together.

je spajanje dve engleske reči u jednu.

This is called compounding.

To se zove slaganje.

Words in English are like Lego:

Reči u engleskom su kao lego kocke:

If you use enough force, you can put any two of them together.

Ako primenite dovoljno sile, možete spojiti bilo koje dve.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

We do this all the time in English:

Ovo radimo stalno u engleskom:

Words like "heartbroken," "bookworm," "sandcastle" all are compounds.

Reči kao što su "slomljeno srce", "knjiški moljac", "pesak-kula"

su složenice.

So go ahead and make words like "duckface," just don't make duckface.

Zato slobodno pravite reči kao što je "patkasto lice".

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Another way that you can make words in English is kind of like compounding,

Sledeći način za pravljenje reči u engleskom je sličan slaganju,

but instead you use so much force when you squish the words together

samo što primenjujete toliku silu prilikom spajanja dve reči,

that some parts fall off.

da neki delovi otpadnu.

So these are blend words,

To su slivene reči.

like "brunch" is a blend of "breakfast" and "lunch."

"Branč" (brunch) je slivenica od "brekfast" (breakfast) i "lanč" (lunch).

"Motel" is a blend of "motor" and "hotel."

"Motel" je slivenica od "motor" i "hotel".

Who here knew that "motel" was a blend word?

Ko je od vas znao da je "motel" slivenica?

Yeah, that word is so old in English

Da, ova reč je toliko stara

that lots of people don't know that there are parts missing.

da mnogi ne znaju da ima delova koji su izostavljeni.

"Edutainment" is a blend of "education" and "entertainment."

"Zadukacija" je slivenica od "zabava" i "edukacija".

And of course, "electrocute" is a blend of "electric" and "execute."

I naravno, "stržiti" je sliveno od "struja" i "spržiti"

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

You can also make words by changing how they operate.

Takođe možete praviti nove reči promenom njihove funkcije.

This is called functional shift.

To se zove konverzija.

You take a word that acts as one part of speech,

Uzmete reč koja funkcioniše kao jedna vrsta reči

and you change it into another part of speech.

i promenite je u drugu vrstu reči.

Okay, who here knew that "friend" hasn't always been a verb?

Ko je od vas znao da "friend" (sprijateljiti se) nije uvek bio glagol?

"Friend" used to be noun and then we verbed it.

"Friend" je bila imenica i onda smo je verbalizovali.

Almost any word in English can be verbed.

Skoro svaka reč u engleskom može biti verbalizovana.

You can also take adjectives and make them into nouns.

Isto tako možete i prideve pretvoriti u imenice.

"Commercial" used to be an adjective and now it's a noun.

"Commercial" je bio pridev, a sada je imenica.

And of course, you can "green" things.

I naravno, možete "zeleneti" nešto.

Another way to make words in English is back-formation.

Sledeći način za pravljenje novih reči u engleskom je tvorba unazad.

You can take a word and you can kind of squish it down a little bit.

Možete da uzmete reč i malo je skratite.

So for example, in English we had the word "editor" before we had the word "edit."

Na primer, u engleskom smo imali reč "editor" pre nego reč "edit".

"Edit" was formed from "editor."

"Edit" je napravljeno od "editor".

Sometimes these back-formations sound a little silly:

Ponekad ova tvorba unazad zvuči pomalo smešno:

Bulldozers bulldoze, butlers butle and burglers burgle.

Buldožeri buldožiraju, batleri batluju, a provalnici provaljuju.

(Laughter)

(Smeh)

Another way to make words in English

Sledeći način za pravljenje reči u engleskom

is to take the first letters of something and squish them together.

je da uzmete početna slova nečega i spojite ih.

So National Aeronautics and Space Administration becomes NASA.

Tako "National Aeronautics and Space Administration" postaje NASA.

And of course you can do this with anything, OMG!

Ovo možete da uradite sa bilo čim, OMG!

So it doesn't matter how silly the words are.

Nema veze koliko su blesave reči.

They can be really good words of English.

One mogu biti dobre engleske reči.

"Absquatulate" is a perfectly good word of English.

"Absquatulate" je savršeno dobra engleska reč.

"Mugwump" is a perfectly good word of English.

"Mugwump" je savršeno dobra engleska reč.

So the words don't have have to sound normal, they can sound really silly.

Reči ne moraju da zvuče normalno, mogu zvučati blesavo.

Why should you make words?

Zašto bi trebalo da pravite reči?

You should make words because every word

Zato što je svaka reč

is a chance to express your idea and get your meaning across.

mogućnost da izrazite vašu ideju i prenesete smisao,

And new words grab people's attention.

i nove reči privlače pažnju ljudi.

They get people to focus on what you're saying

Teraju ljude da se fokusiraju na ono što govorite

and that gives you a better chance to get your meaning across.

i daju vam bolje šanse da prenesete smisao.

A lot of people on this stage today have said,

Mnogo ljudi na ovoj bini danas je reklo:

"In the future, you can do this,

"U budućnosti možete da uradite to i to,

you can help with this, you can help us explore, you can help us invent."

možete da pomognete u istraživanju i pronalaženju."

You can make a new word right now.

Možete da napravite novu reč odmah.

English has no age limit.

Engleski nema starosnu granicu.

Go ahead, start making words today,

Samo napred, počnite da pravite reči danas,

send them to me, and I will put them in my online dictionary, Wordnik.

pošaljite mi ih, i ja ću ih staviti u svoj rečnik na internetu, Wordnik.

Thank you so much.

Hvala vam mnogo.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)