Erin McKean: Go ahead, make up new words!

Prevoditelj: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG Recezent: Ivan Stamenković

I'm a lexicographer.

Ja sam leksikografkinja.

I make dictionaries.

Ja stvaram rječnike.

And my job as a lexicographer

I moj posao kao leksikografkinje

is to try to put all the words possible into the dictionary.

jest da pokušam staviti sve moguće riječi u rječnik.

My job is not to decide what a word is; that is your job.

Moj posao nije odlučiti što je riječ; to je vaš posao.

Everybody who speaks English decides together

Svatko tko govori engleski odlučuje

what's a word and what's not a word.

što je riječ a što nije riječ.

Every language is just a group of people who agree to understand each other.

Svaki jezik je tek grupa ljudi koja se dogovara o međusobnom razumijevanju.

Now, sometimes when people are trying to decide whether a word is good or bad,

Ponekad, kad ljudi pokušavaju odlučiti je li riječ dobra ili loša,

they don't really have a good reason.

nemaju stvarno dobar razlog.

So they say something like, "Because grammar!"

Pa kažu nešto poput: "Zbog gramatike!"

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

I don't actually really care about grammar too much -- don't tell anybody.

Ja se ne brinem previše za gramatiku -- nemojte nikome ovo reći.

But the word "grammar," actually, there are two kinds of grammar.

Ali, riječ 'gramatika', u stvari, postoje dvije vrste gramatike.

There's the kind of grammar that lives inside your brain,

Postoji gramatika koja živi u vašoj glavi

and if you're a native speaker of a language

i ako ste izvorni govornik

or a good speaker of a language,

ili dobar govornik jezika

it's the unconscious rules that you follow when you speak that language.

to su nesvjesna pravila koja slijedite kada govorite taj jezik.

And this is what you learn when you learn a language as a child.

A to je ono što naučite kada učite jezik kao dijete.

And here's an example:

Evo primjera:

This is a wug, right?

Ovo je vag, točno?

It's a wug.

To je vag.

Now there is another one.

Evo još jednog.

There are two of these.

Imamo dva komada.

There are two ...

Imamo dva...

Audience: Wugs.

Publika: "Vaga."

Erin McKean: Exactly! You know how to make the plural of wug.

Erin McKean: Točno! Znali ste kako napraviti plural od vag.

That rule lives in your brain.

To pravilo živi u vašoj glavi.

You never had to be taught this rule, you just understand it.

Nitko vas nije morao naučiti tom pravilu, vi ga jednostavno razumijete.

This is an experiment that was invented by a professor at [Boston University]

Ovo je jedan eksperiment koji je osmislila profesorica na [Bostonskom Sveučilištu]

named Jean Berko Gleason back in 1958.

pod imenom Jean Berko Gleason, 1958.

So we've been talking about this for a long time.

Pričamo o ovome već dugo.

Now, these kinds of natural rules that exist in your brain,

Ova vrsta prirodnih pravila koja postoje u vašoj glavi

they're not like traffic laws, they're more like laws of nature.

nisu poput prometnih zakona, već su više kao prirodni zakoni.

And nobody has to remind you to obey a law of nature, right?

A nitko vas ne treba podsjećati da poštujete prirodni zakon, zar ne?

When you leave the house in the morning, your mom doesn't say,

Kada napuštate dom ujutro, mama vam ne kaže

"Hey, honey, I think it's going to be cold, take a hoodie,

"Dušo, mislim da će biti hladno, uzmi jaknu,

don't forget to obey the law of gravity."

ne zaboravi poštivati zakon gravitacije."

Nobody says this.

Nitko to ne kaže.

Now, there are other rules that are more about manners than they are about nature.

Postoje druga pravila koja se više odnose na manire, nego su povezana s prirodom.

So you can think of a word as like a hat.

Možete misliti na riječ poput šešira.

Once you know how hats work,

Jednom kada naučite kako funkcionira šešir,

nobody has to tell you, "Don't wear hats on your feet."

nitko vam ne treba reći: "Ne nosi šešir na nogama."

What they have to tell you is, "Can you wear hats inside?

Ono što vam trebaju reći je: "Možete li šešire nositi unutra?

Who gets to wear a hat?

Tko nosi šešir?

What are the kinds of hats you get to wear?"

Koje vrste šešira se nose?"

Those are more of the second kind of grammar,

To je više druga vrsta gramatike,

which linguists often call usage, as opposed to grammar.

koju lingvisti često nazivaju upotreba, kao suprotnost gramatici.

Now, sometimes people use this kind of rules-based grammar

Ponekad ljudi koriste ove gramatike zasnovane na pravilima

to discourage people from making up words.

kako bi obeshrabrili ljude da izmišljaju riječi.

And I think that is, well, stupid.

A ja mislim kako je to glupo.

So, for example, people are always telling you,

Na primjer, ljudi vam stalno govore:

"Be creative, make new music, do art, invent things, science and technology."

"Budi kreativan, komponiraj novu glazbu, bavi se umjetnošću, znanošću i tehnologijom."

But when it comes to words, they're like,

Ali kada je riječ o riječima, kažu:

"Don't! No. Creativity stops right here, whippersnappers. Give it a rest."

"Nemoj! Ne. Kreativnost ovdje prestaje. Prestani s tim."

(Smijeh)

(Laughter)

But that makes no sense to me.

Ako pitate mene, to nema smisla.

Words are great. We should have more of them.

Riječi su sjajne. Trebali bismo ih imati više.

I want you to make as many new words as possible.

Želim da smislite što je moguće više novih riječi.

And I'm going to tell you six ways that you can use to make new words in English.

I reći ću vam šest načina za stvaranje novih riječi u engleskom.

The first way is the simplest way.

Prvi je najjednostavniji.

Basically, steal them from other languages.

Jednostavno ih ukradite iz drugih jezika.

["Go rob other people"] (Laughter)

[Kradite od drugih ljudi] (Smijeh)

Linguists call this borrowing,

Lingvisti to nazivaju posuđivanjem,

but we never give the words back , so I'm just going to be honest

ali mi nikada ne vraćamo riječi, tako da ću biti iskrena

and call it stealing.

i nazvati to krađom.

We usually take words for things that we like, like delicious food.

Obično uzimamo riječi za stvari koje volimo, kao na primjer, ukusnu hranu.

We took "kumquat" from Chinese, we took "caramel" from French.

Uzeli smo 'kumkvat' iz kineskog, uzeli smo 'karamel' iz francuskog.

We also take words for cool things like "ninja," right?

Jednako tako uzimamo riječi za fora stvari, poput 'nindža', zar ne?

We took that from Japanese,

To smo uzeli iz japanskog,

which is kind of a cool trick because ninjas are hard to steal from.

što je dobra fora jer je od nindža teško bilo što ukrasti.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

So another way that you can make words in English

Drugi način za stvaranje novih riječi u engleskom

is by squishing two other English words together.

jest spajanje dvije engleske riječi u jednu.

This is called compounding.

To se zove slaganje.

Words in English are like Lego:

Riječi u engleskom su kao lego kocke:

If you use enough force, you can put any two of them together.

Ako primijenite dovoljno sile, možete spojiti bilo koje dvije.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

We do this all the time in English:

To stalno radimo u engleskom:

Words like "heartbroken," "bookworm," "sandcastle" all are compounds.

Riječi poput 'slomljenog srca', 'knjiškog moljca',

'dvorca od pijeska' su sve složenice.

So go ahead and make words like "duckface," just don't make duckface.

Zato slobodno pravite riječi kao što je 'duckface', samo ga ne pravite.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Another way that you can make words in English is kind of like compounding,

Sljedeći način za stvaranje riječi u engleskom, je sličan slaganju,

but instead you use so much force when you squish the words together

ali ovdje primjenjujete toliku silu prilikom spajanja dvije riječi,

that some parts fall off.

da neki dijelovi otpadnu.

So these are blend words,

To su pomiješane riječi,

like "brunch" is a blend of "breakfast" and "lunch."

poput 'brunch' koja je mješavina od 'breakfast' i 'lunch'.

"Motel" is a blend of "motor" and "hotel."

'Motel' koji je mješavina 'motor' i 'hotel'.

Who here knew that "motel" was a blend word?

Koliko vas je ovdje znalo da je 'motel' mješavina?

Yeah, that word is so old in English

Da, ta je riječ toliko stara u engleskom

that lots of people don't know that there are parts missing.

da mnogi ne znaju kako ima dijelova koji su izostavljeni.

"Edutainment" is a blend of "education" and "entertainment."

'Edutainment' je mješavina od 'education' i 'entertainment'.

And of course, "electrocute" is a blend of "electric" and "execute."

I naravno, 'electrocute' je mješavina od 'electric' i 'execute'.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

You can also make words by changing how they operate.

Također možete stvarati nove riječi mijenjajući način na koji funkcioniraju.

This is called functional shift.

To se zove funkcijska izmjena.

You take a word that acts as one part of speech,

Uzmete riječ koja funkcionira kao jedna vrsta riječi

and you change it into another part of speech.

i promijenite je u drugu vrstu riječi.

Okay, who here knew that "friend" hasn't always been a verb?

Dobro, koliko vas je znalo da 'friend' (sprijateljiti se) nije uvijek bio glagol?

"Friend" used to be noun and then we verbed it.

'Friend' je bila imenica i onda smo je 'poglagoljili'.

Almost any word in English can be verbed.

Skoro svaka riječ u engleskom može biti 'poglagoljena'.

You can also take adjectives and make them into nouns.

Jednako tako možete i pridjeve pretvoriti u imenice.

"Commercial" used to be an adjective and now it's a noun.

'Commercial' je bio pridjev, a sada je imenica.

And of course, you can "green" things.

I naravno, možete 'zelenjeti' stvari.

Another way to make words in English is back-formation.

Sljedeći način za stvaranje novih riječi u engleskom je tvorba unazad.

You can take a word and you can kind of squish it down a little bit.

Možete uzeti riječ i malo skratiti.

So for example, in English we had the word "editor" before we had the word "edit."

Na primjer, u engleskom smo imali riječ 'editor' prije riječi 'edit'.

"Edit" was formed from "editor."

'Edit' je stvoreno od 'editor'.

Sometimes these back-formations sound a little silly:

Ponekad ova tvorba unazad zvuči luckasto:

Bulldozers bulldoze, butlers butle and burglers burgle.

buldožeri buldožiraju, batleri batliraju, a provalnici provaljuju.

(Laughter)

(Smijeh)

Another way to make words in English

Sljedeći način za stvaranje riječi na engleskom

is to take the first letters of something and squish them together.

je uzeti početna slova nečega i spojiti ih.

So National Aeronautics and Space Administration becomes NASA.

Tako 'National Aeronautics and Space Administration' postaje NASA.

And of course you can do this with anything, OMG!

Ovo možete napraviti s bilo čime, OMG! (op. prev. akronim od Oh My God).

So it doesn't matter how silly the words are.

Dakle, nema veze koliko su blesave te riječi.

They can be really good words of English.

One mogu biti dobre engleske riječi.

"Absquatulate" is a perfectly good word of English.

'Absquatulate' je savršeno dobra engleska riječ.

"Mugwump" is a perfectly good word of English.

"Mugwump" je savršeno dobra engleska riječ.

So the words don't have have to sound normal, they can sound really silly.

Dakle riječi ne moraju zvučati normalno, mogu zvučati i blesavo.

Why should you make words?

Zašto bi trebali stvarati riječi?

You should make words because every word

Morali biste stvarati riječi jer je svaka riječ

is a chance to express your idea and get your meaning across.

prilika da objasnite svoju ideju i prenesete njezin smisao.

And new words grab people's attention.

A nove riječi privlače pažnju ljudi.

They get people to focus on what you're saying

Potiču ljude da se fokusiraju na ono što govorite

and that gives you a better chance to get your meaning across.

i daju vam bolju priliku da objasnite smisao.

A lot of people on this stage today have said,

Mnogo ljudi na ovoj bini danas je reklo:

"In the future, you can do this,

"U budućnosti možete napraviti to,

you can help with this, you can help us explore, you can help us invent."

možete nam pomoći s time, pomoći nam u istraživanju i pronalaženju."

You can make a new word right now.

Možete osmisliti novu riječ sada.

English has no age limit.

Engleski nema starosno ograničenje.

Go ahead, start making words today,

Samo naprijed, počnite stvarati riječi danas,

send them to me, and I will put them in my online dictionary, Wordnik.

pošaljite mi ih, i ja ću ih staviti u svoj rječnik na Internetu, Wordnik.

Thank you so much.

Hvala vam puno.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)