Wade Davis: Cultures at the far edge of the world

Prevodilac: Radica Stojanović Lektor: Jelena Nedjic

You know, one of the intense pleasures of travel

Znate, jedno od najvećih zadovoljstava koje putovanja pružaju

and one of the delights of ethnographic research

i jedno od prednosti etnografskih istraživanja

is the opportunity to live amongst those

jeste mogućnost da živite sa ljudima

who have not forgotten the old ways,

koji nisu zaboravili stare načine,

who still feel their past in the wind,

koji još uvek osećaju svoju prošlost u vetru,

touch it in stones polished by rain,

dodiruju je u kamenju izglačanim kišom,

taste it in the bitter leaves of plants.

osećaju njen ukus u gorkom lišću biljaka.

Just to know that Jaguar shamans still journey beyond the Milky Way,

Samo saznanje da šamani Jaguara još uvek putuju dalje od Mlečnog Puta,

or the myths of the Inuit elders still resonate with meaning,

ili da su mitovi starih Inuita još uvek u skladu sa smislom,

or that in the Himalaya,

ili da na Himalajima

the Buddhists still pursue the breath of the Dharma,

Budisti i dalje tragaju za dahom Darme,

is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology,

vas navodi da zapamtite centralno otkriće antropologije,

and that is the idea that the world in which we live

a to je ideja da svet u kom živimo

does not exist in some absolute sense,

ne postoji u nekom apsolutnom smislu,

but is just one model of reality,

već je samo jedan model realnosti,

the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices

posledica jednog specifičnog seta adaptivnih izbora

that our lineage made, albeit successfully, many generations ago.

koji je uspešno napravila naša vrsta, mnogo generacija ranije.

And of course, we all share the same adaptive imperatives.

Naravno, svi mi imamo iste adaptivne imperative.

We're all born. We all bring our children into the world.

Svi smo rođeni. Svi donosimo decu na ovaj svet.

We go through initiation rites.

Svi prolazimo kroz obrede koji slave početke.

We have to deal with the inexorable separation of death,

Svi moramo da se borimo sa neminovnošću smrti,

so it shouldn't surprise us that we all sing, we all dance,

tako da ne treba da nas čudi što svi mi pevamo, svi igramo,

we all have art.

svi se bavimo umetnošću.

But what's interesting is the unique cadence of the song,

Ali ono što je zanimljivo je jedinstvena rima u pesmama,

the rhythm of the dance in every culture.

ritam plesa u svakoj kulturi.

And whether it is the Penan in the forests of Borneo,

Bilo da su to Penani u šumama Bornea,

or the Voodoo acolytes in Haiti,

ili Vudu sledbenici na Haitima,

or the warriors in the Kaisut desert of Northern Kenya,

ili ratnici u pustinji Kaisut u severnoj Keniji,

the Curandero in the mountains of the Andes,

Kurandero narod u planinama Anda,

or a caravanserai in the middle of the Sahara --

ili karavan saraji u srcu Sahare,

this is incidentally the fellow that I traveled into the desert with

ovo je momak sa kojim sam sasvim slučajno putovao po pustinji

a month ago --

pre mesec dana,

or indeed a yak herder in the slopes of Qomolangma,

ili ovčar na padinama Čomolungme,

Everest, the goddess mother of the world.

Everesta, majke boginje sveta.

All of these peoples teach us that there are other ways of being,

Svi ovi ljudi nas uče da postoje i drugi načini života,

other ways of thinking,

drugi načini razmišljanja,

other ways of orienting yourself in the Earth.

drugi načini usmerenja ovde na Zemlji.

And this is an idea, if you think about it,

Ako razmislite o ovoj ideji,

can only fill you with hope.

može vam samo uliti nadu.

Now, together the myriad cultures of the world

E sada, zajedno ove bezbrojne kulture širom sveta

make up a web of spiritual life and cultural life

čine mrežu spiritualnog i kulturnog života

that envelops the planet,

koja obuhvata planetu,

and is as important to the well-being of the planet

i koja je jednako važna za dobrobit planete

as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a biosphere.

koliko i biološka mreža poznata kao biosfera.

And you might think of this cultural web of life

Možete zamisliti ovu kulturnu mrežu života

as being an ethnosphere,

kao etnosferu,

and you might define the ethnosphere

i možete je definisati

as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths,

kao skup svih misli i snova, mitova,

ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being

ideja, inspiracija, intuicija koje je ljudska imaginacija

by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness.

unela u postojanje još od samog nastanka svesti.

The ethnosphere is humanity's great legacy.

Etnosfera je najvrednije zaveštanje ljudi.

It's the symbol of all that we are

Ona je simbol svega što jesmo

and all that we can be as an astonishingly inquisitive species.

i svega što možemo biti kao neverovatno radoznala vrsta.

And just as the biosphere has been severely eroded,

Baš kao što je biosfera prilično uništena,

so too is the ethnosphere

isto se desillo i sa etnosferom

-- and, if anything, at a far greater rate.

i to, u znatno većoj razmeri.

No biologists, for example, would dare suggest

Ni jedan biolog, na primer, se ne bi usudio da sugeriše

that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are

da je 50 odsto svih vrsta ili čak i više

on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true,

istrebljeno ili je na rubu istrebljenja jer to prosto nije istina,

and yet that -- the most apocalyptic scenario

pa ipak, najapokaliptičniji scenario

in the realm of biological diversity --

na polju biološke raznovrsnosti

scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario

jedva da je blizu onoga što nam je poznato kao najoptimističniji scenario

in the realm of cultural diversity.

na polju kulturne raznovrsnoti.

And the great indicator of that, of course, is language loss.

A najbolji pokazatelj toga je, naravno, izumiranje jezika.

When each of you in this room were born,

Kada je svako od vas iz ove prostorije rođen,

there were 6,000 languages spoken on the planet.

govorilo se 6.000 jezika na planeti.

Now, a language is not just a body of vocabulary

Jezik nije samo telo rečnika

or a set of grammatical rules.

ili skup gramatičkih pravila.

A language is a flash of the human spirit.

Jezik je srž ljudskog duha.

It's a vehicle through which the soul of each particular culture

To je vozilo kojim duša svake posebne kulture

comes into the material world.

dolazi u materijalni svet.

Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind,

Svaki jezik je stara šuma svesti,

a watershed, a thought, an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities.

vododelnica, misao, ekosistem duhovnih mogućnosti.

And of those 6,000 languages, as we sit here today in Monterey,

Dok sedimo ovde danas u Montereju, polovina od tih 6.000 jezika

fully half are no longer being whispered into the ears of children.

se više ne šapuće deci na uši.

They're no longer being taught to babies,

Bebe ih više ne uče,

which means, effectively, unless something changes,

što znači, efektivno, ukoliko se nešto ne promeni,

they're already dead.

oni su već izumrli.

What could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence,

Šta bi moglo biti usamljenije od toga da si umotan u tišinu,

to be the last of your people to speak your language,

da budeš poslednji čovek koji govori tvojim jezikom,

to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors

da ne postoji način da preneseš mudrost svojih predaka

or anticipate the promise of the children?

ili da očekuješ obećanja dece?

And yet, that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody

Pa ipak, ta užasna sudbina je nečija neprilika

somewhere on Earth roughly every two weeks,

skoro svake druge nedelje negde na Zemlji,

because every two weeks, some elder dies

jer svake dve nedelje, neki starac umre

and carries with him into the grave the last syllables

i odnosi sa sobom u grob poslednje slogove

of an ancient tongue.

prastarog jezika.

And I know there's some of you who say, "Well, wouldn't it be better,

Znam da bi neki od vas rekli: "Pa, zar ne bi bilo bolje,

wouldn't the world be a better place

zar svet ne bi bio bolje mesto

if we all just spoke one language?" And I say, "Great,

kad bi svi pričali istim jezikom?" I ja kažem, "Odlično,

let's make that language Yoruba. Let's make it Cantonese.

neka taj jezik bude Joruba. Neka bude Kantoneze.

Let's make it Kogi."

Neka bude Kogi."

And you'll suddenly discover what it would be like

Odjednom biste otkriti kako bi to bilo

to be unable to speak your own language.

kad ne bi mogli da pričate svojim jezikom.

And so, what I'd like to do with you today

Tako da bih želeo ovde danas

is sort of take you on a journey through the ethnosphere,

da vas povedem na put kroz etnosferu,

a brief journey through the ethnosphere,

kratak put kroz etnosferu,

to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost.

da pokušam da vam predočim šta zapravo biva izgubljeno.

Now, there are many of us who sort of forget

Mnogi od nas kao da zaboravljaju

that when I say "different ways of being,"

da kada kažem "drukčiji način postojanja,"

I really do mean different ways of being.

zaista i mislim drukčiji način postojanja.

Take, for example, this child of a Barasana in the Northwest Amazon,

Uzmite, na primer, ovo dete iz Barasane u severozapadnom Amazonu,

the people of the anaconda

ljudi anakonde

who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river

koji veruju da su po mitologiji potekli iz mlečne reke

from the east in the belly of sacred snakes.

na istoku iz utrobe svetih zmija.

Now, this is a people who cognitively

E sada, ovo su ljudi koji kognitivno

do not distinguish the color blue from the color green

ne razlikuju plavu od zelene boje

because the canopy of the heavens

jer je nebeski svod

is equated to the canopy of the forest

u stvari šumski svodu

upon which the people depend.

od kojih ljudi zavise.

They have a curious language and marriage rule

Imaju interesantan jezik i pravila braka

which is called "linguistic exogamy:"

koji se zove "lingvistička egzogamija":

you must marry someone who speaks a different language.

moraš se venčati za osobu koja govori drugim jezikom.

And this is all rooted in the mythological past,

A sve to ima svoje korene u mitologiji,

yet the curious thing is in these long houses,

pa ipak zanimljivo je to što u ovim dugačkim kućama,

where there are six or seven languages spoken

u kojima se govori po šest ili sedam jezika

because of intermarriage,

zbog takvih brakova,

you never hear anyone practicing a language.

nikada nećete čuti da neko vežba jezik.

They simply listen and then begin to speak.

Oni prosto slušaju i počnu da govore.

Or, one of the most fascinating tribes I ever lived with,

Ili, jedno od najfascinantnijih plemena sa kojima sam ikada živeo,

the Waorani of northeastern Ecuador,

Vaorani u severoistočnom Ekvadoru,

an astonishing people first contacted peacefully in 1958.

zadivljujući ljudi sa kojima je prvi kontakt mirno ostvaren 1958.

In 1957, five missionaries attempted contact

1957. je pet misionara pokušalo da ostvari kontakt

and made a critical mistake.

i napravili su strašnu grešku.

They dropped from the air

Spustili su im iz vazduha

8 x 10 glossy photographs of themselves

8 x 10 sjajnih fotografija njih samih,

in what we would say to be friendly gestures,

što bismo mi nazvali prijateljskim gestom,

forgetting that these people of the rainforest

zaboravljajući da ovi ljudi iz kišnih šuma

had never seen anything two-dimensional in their lives.

nikada nisu videli ništa dvodimenzionalno u svojim životima.

They picked up these photographs from the forest floor,

Podigli su ove fotografije sa šumskog tla,

tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure,

pokušali da pogledaju iza lica da vide oblik figure,

found nothing, and concluded that these were calling cards

ništa nisu pronašli, i zaključili su da su ove karte

from the devil, so they speared the five missionaries to death.

od samog đavola, i potom su kopljima ubili pet misionara.

But the Waorani didn't just spear outsiders.

Ali Vaorani nisu samo kopljima ubili pridošlice.

They speared each other.

Ubijali su se i međusobno.

54 percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other.

54 procenta mortaliteta je posledica međusobnog ubijanja kopljima.

We traced genealogies back eight generations,

Pratili smo genealogiju unazad osam generacija,

and we found two instances of natural death

i pronašli smo samo dva slučaja prirodne smrti

and when we pressured the people a little bit about it,

i kada smo pritisli malo ljude o tome,

they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old

priznali su da je jedan od njih toliko ostario

that he died getting old, so we speared him anyway. (Laughter)

da je umro od starosti, ali su ga svejedno proboli kopljima. (Smeh)

But at the same time they had a perspicacious knowledge

Ali u isto vreme oni su imali vrlo pronicljivo znanje

of the forest that was astonishing.

o šumi koje je bilo zadivljujuće.

Their hunters could smell animal urine at 40 paces

Njihovi lovci su bili u stanju da namirišu životinjski urin na 40 koraka

and tell you what species left it behind.

i da vam kažu o kojoj vrsti se radi.

In the early '80s, I had a really astonishing assignment

Ranih '80. preuzeo sam jedan neverovatan zadatak

when I was asked by my professor at Harvard

kada me je profesor sa Harvarda pitao

if I was interested in going down to Haiti,

da li sam zainteresovan da idem na Haiti,

infiltrating the secret societies

da se uključim u tajna društva

which were the foundation of Duvalier's strength

koja su bila osnova Duvalijerovih snaga

and Tonton Macoutes,

i Tontona Makutesa,

and securing the poison used to make zombies.

kako bih došao do otrova koji se koristi za stvaranje zombija.

In order to make sense out of sensation, of course,

Da bih našao smisao u ovome, naravno,

I had to understand something about this remarkable faith

morao sam da razumem ponešto u vezi sa neverovatnom Vudu

of Vodoun. And Voodoo is not a black magic cult.

verom. Vudu nije kult crne magije.

On the contrary, it's a complex metaphysical worldview.

Naprotiv, to je složeni metafizički pogled na svet.

It's interesting.

Interesantno je.

If I asked you to name the great religions of the world,

Kada bih vas pitao da navedete najveće svetske religije,

what would you say?

šta biste rekli?

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, whatever.

Hrišćanstvo, islam, budizam, judaizam, šta god.

There's always one continent left out,

Uvek je jedan kontinent izostavljen,

the assumption being that sub-Saharan Africa

pretpostavlja se da podsaharska Afrika

had no religious beliefs. Well, of course, they did

nije imala religijskih verovanja. Pa, naravno, imali su,

and Voodoo is simply the distillation

i Vudu je jednostavno proizvod

of these very profound religious ideas

veoma ozbiljnih religioznih ideja

that came over during the tragic Diaspora of the slavery era.

koje su nastale tokom tragičnog robovlasničkog perioda provedenog u dijaspori.

But, what makes Voodoo so interesting

Ali, ono što čini Vudu zanimljivim

is that it's this living relationship

jeste to da je to aktivan odnos

between the living and the dead.

između živih i mrtvih.

So, the living give birth to the spirits.

Živi oživljavaju duhove.

The spirits can be invoked from beneath the Great Water,

Duhovi mogu biti prizvani iz Velike Vode,

responding to the rhythm of the dance

odgovarajući na ritam plesa

to momentarily displace the soul of the living,

oni momentalno zamenjuju duše živih,

so that for that brief shining moment, the acolyte becomes the god.

tako da u kratkom, blistavom momentu, sledbenik postaje bog.

That's why the Voodooists like to say

Zbog toga sledbenici Vudua vole da kažu:

that "You white people go to church and speak about God.

"Vi beli ljudi idete u crkvu i pričate o Bogu.

We dance in the temple and become God."

Mi plešemo u hramu i postajemo Bog".

And because you are possessed, you are taken by the spirit --

Obzirom da ste opsednuti, da vas je duh preuzeo,

how can you be harmed?

kako možete biti povređeni?

So you see these astonishing demonstrations:

Vidite ove zapanjujuće demonstracije:

Voodoo acolytes in a state of trance

Vudu sledbenici u stanju transa

handling burning embers with impunity,

nose žar na svojim rukama bez posledica,

a rather astonishing demonstration of the ability of the mind

to je neverovatna demonstracija sposobnosti uma

to affect the body that bears it

da utiče na telo koje to podnosi

when catalyzed in the state of extreme excitation.

kada doživi uzbuđenje ekstremnih granica.

Now, of all the peoples that I've ever been with,

E sada, od svih ljudi sa kojima sam ikada bio,

the most extraordinary are the Kogi

najneobičniji su Kogi

of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia.

sa Sijera Nevada planina Santa Marte na severu Kolumbije.

Descendants of the ancient Tairona civilization

Potomci drevne civilizacije Tajrona

which once carpeted the Caribbean coastal plain of Colombia,

koji su nekada nastanjivali priobalnu Karipsku obalu Kolumbije,

in the wake of the conquest,

u jeku osvajačkih pohoda,

these people retreated into an isolated volcanic massif

povukli su se na izolovane vulkanske masive

that soars above the Caribbean coastal plain.

koji se uzdižu iznad Karipskih priobalnih ravnica.

In a bloodstained continent,

Na krvavom kontinentu,

these people alone were never conquered by the Spanish.

jedino ove ljude nikada nisu pokorili Španci.

To this day, they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood

Do danas, njima upravljaju rituali sveštenstva

but the training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary.

ali obuka ovih sveštenika je vrlo neobična.

The young acolytes are taken away from their families

Mlade sledbenike razdvoje od njihovih porodica

at the age of three and four,

kada imaju tri ili četiri godine,

sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness

izoluju ih u osenčeni svet tame

in stone huts at the base of glaciers for 18 years:

u kamenim kolibama u podnožju glečera na 18 godina:

two nine-year periods

dva devetogodišnja perioda

deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation

namerno odabrana da imitiraju devet meseci trudnoće

they spend in their natural mother's womb;

koje provedu u prirodnoj utrobi majke;

now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother.

oni su tako metaforički u utrobi velike majke.

And for this entire time,

Za sve to vreme,

they are inculturated into the values of their society,

objašnjavaju im vrednosni sistem njihovog društva,

values that maintain the proposition that their prayers

vrednosti koje podrazumevaju da njihove molitve

and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic --

i samo njihove molitve održavaju kosmičku...

or we might say the ecological -- balance.

ili mogli bismo reći ekološku ravnotežu.

And at the end of this amazing initiation,

Na kraju ove neverovatne obuke,

one day they're suddenly taken out

jednog dana ih iznenada izvedu

and for the first time in their lives, at the age of 18,

i po prvi put u svojim životima, u osamnestoj godini,

they see a sunrise. And in that crystal moment of awareness

vide izlazak sunca. U tom kristalnom trenutku svesti

of first light as the Sun begins to bathe the slopes

o prvom zraku svetlosti dok Sunce počinje da obasipa padine

of the stunningly beautiful landscape,

pejzaža lepote koja ostavlja bez daha,

suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract

odjednom se sve što su ikada naučili u teoriji

is affirmed in stunning glory. And the priest steps back

potvrđuje u zadivljujućoj lepoti. Sveštenik zakorači unazad

and says, "You see? It's really as I've told you.

i kaže: "Vidite li? Upravo je tako kao što sam vam rekao."

It is that beautiful. It is yours to protect."

Toliko je prelepo. Vaše je da to štitite."

They call themselves the "elder brothers"

Oni sebe nazivaju "starijom braćom"

and they say we, who are the younger brothers,

i kažu da smo mi, mlađa braća,

are the ones responsible for destroying the world.

odgovorni za uništavanje sveta.

Now, this level of intuition becomes very important.

E sada, ovaj nivo intuicije postaje vrlo važan.

Whenever we think of indigenous people and landscape,

Kad god razmišljamo o domorodačkim narodima i predelima,

we either invoke Rousseau

mi se ili pozivamo Rusoa

and the old canard of the "noble savage,"

ili na staru priču o "plemenitom divljaku",

which is an idea racist in its simplicity,

što je rasistička ideja u svojoj suštini,

or alternatively, we invoke Thoreau

ili alternativno, pozivamo se na Toroa

and say these people are closer to the Earth than we are.

i kažemo da su ti ljudi bliži Zemlji od nas.

Well, indigenous people are neither sentimental

Domoroci nisu ni sentimentalni

nor weakened by nostalgia.

niti podložni nostalgiji.

There's not a lot of room for either

Nema dovoljno mesta ni za jedno ni za drugo

in the malarial swamps of the Asmat

u malarijskim barama Asmata

or in the chilling winds of Tibet, but they have, nevertheless,

ili u hladnim vetrovima Tibeta, ali su oni, ipak

through time and ritual, forged a traditional mystique of the Earth

kroz vreme i rituale, prenosili tradicionalne tajne Zemlje

that is based not on the idea of being self-consciously close to it,

koje nisu utemeljene u ideji o samosvenoj bliskoj vezi sa planetom,

but on a far subtler intuition:

već na mnogo suptilnijem predosećaju:

the idea that the Earth itself can only exist

a to je ideja da Zemlja može postojati jedino

because it is breathed into being by human consciousness.

ako joj ljudska svest udahne život.

Now, what does that mean?

E sada, šta to znači?

It means that a young kid from the Andes

To znači da će mlado dete sa Anda

who's raised to believe that that mountain is an Apu spirit

koje je odraslo u uverenju da je planina Apu duh

that will direct his or her destiny

koji će odrediti njegovu ili njenu sudbinu

will be a profoundly different human being

biti suštinski drukčije ljudsko biće

and have a different relationship to that resource

i imati drukčiji odnos prema tom izvoru

or that place than a young kid from Montana

ili tom mestu u odnosu na mlado dete iz Montane

raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock

koje je odraslo u uverenju da je planina gomila kamenja

ready to be mined.

koje čeka da bude minirano.

Whether it's the abode of a spirit or a pile of ore is irrelevant.

Bilo da je to prebivalište duha ili gomila rude, nebitno je.

What's interesting is the metaphor that defines the relationship

Ono što je zanimljivo jeste metafora koja definiše vezu

between the individual and the natural world.

između jedinke i prirode.

I was raised in the forests of British Columbia

Ja sam odrastao u šumama Britanske Kolumbije

to believe those forests existed to be cut.

u uverenju da te šume postoje da bi bile isečene.

That made me a different human being

To me je načinilo drukčijim ljudskim bićem

than my friends amongst the Kwagiulth

od mojih prijatelja među Kvagujima

who believe that those forests were the abode of Huxwhukw

koji veruju da su te šume prebivalište "Huxwhukw"-a

and the Crooked Beak of Heaven

i Vijugavog kljuna raja

and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world,

i kanibalskih duša koje žive na severnom kraju sveta,

spirits they would have to engage during their Hamatsa initiation.

duša sa kojima moraju da interaguju tokom njihovog Hamatsa obreda.

Now, if you begin to look at the idea

Ukoliko počnete da razmatrate ideju

that these cultures could create different realities,

da bi ove kulture mogle stvoriti drugačiju realnost,

you could begin to understand

počeli biste da shvatate

some of their extraordinary discoveries. Take this plant here.

neke od njihovih neverovatnih otkrića. Uzmite ovu biljku ovde.

It's a photograph I took in the Northwest Amazon just last April.

To je fotografija koju sam uslikao na severozapadnom Amazonu prošlog aprila.

This is ayahuasca, which many of you have heard about,

Ovo je ajovaska, za koju su mnogi od vas čuli,

the most powerful psychoactive preparation

jedna od najsnažnijih psihoaktivnih smeša

of the shaman's repertoire.

u repertoaru šamana.

What makes ayahuasca fascinating

Ono što ajovasku čini izuzetnom

is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation,

nije čisti farmakološki potencijal smeše,

but the elaboration of it. It's made really of two different sources:

već kako se sintetiše. Pravi se od dva različita izvora:

on the one hand, this woody liana

sa jedne strane, ova drvena lijana

which has in it a series of beta-carbolines,

koja u sebi ima čitav niz beta-karbolina,

harmine, harmaline, mildly hallucinogenic --

harmina, harmalina, blagih halucinogena,

to take the vine alone

uzmete li samo ovu biljku

is rather to have sort of blue hazy smoke

osetili biste se kao da plavi maglovit dim

drift across your consciousness --

struji kroz vašu svest,

but it's mixed with the leaves of a shrub in the coffee family

ali je pomešana sa lišćem žbuna iz familije kafe

called Psychotria viridis.

nazvan Psihotria viridis (lat).

This plant had in it some very powerful tryptamines,

Ova biljka u sebi sadrži neke veoma moćne triptamine,

very close to brain serotonin, dimethyltryptamine,

jako slične serotoninu, dimetiltriptaminu,

5-methoxydimethyltryptamine.

5-metoksidimetiltriptaminu.

If you've ever seen the Yanomami

Ako ste ikada videli Janomame

blowing that snuff up their noses,

kako ušrmakavaju poprašeni duvan,

that substance they make from a different set of species

ta supstanca koju prave od različitih vrsta biljaka

also contains methoxydimethyltryptamine.

takođe sadrži metodimetriltriptamin.

To have that powder blown up your nose

Kada ušmrkavate taj prah

is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel

to je kao da ste upucani iz puške

lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity. (Laughter)

zajedno sa baroknim slikama i pri tom slećete na more električne struje. (Smeh)

It doesn't create the distortion of reality;

To ne dovodi do izvrtanja realnosti;

it creates the dissolution of reality.

to dovodi do ukidanja stvarnosti.

In fact, I used to argue with my professor, Richard Evan Shultes --

Zapravo, ranije sam se raspravljao sa mojim profesorom, Ričardom Evanom Šultsom,

who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era

čovekom koji je izazvao psihodeličnu eru

with his discovery of the magic mushrooms

otkrićem magičnih pečurki

in Mexico in the 1930s --

u Meksiku 1930.

I used to argue that you couldn't classify these tryptamines

Tvrdio sam da se ovi triptamini ne mogu klasifikovati

as hallucinogenic because by the time you're under the effects

u red halucinogena jer u vreme kad ste pod efektima

there's no one home anymore to experience a hallucination. (Laughter)

nema nikog kod kuće ko bi doživeo tu halucinaciju. (Smeh)

But the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally

Ali stvar sa triptaminima je da se oni ne mogu uzimati oralno

because they're denatured by an enzyme

zato što ih razgrađuju enzimi

found naturally in the human gut called monoamine oxidase.

koji su prirodni sastojak stomaka ljudi, a to su monoaminske oksidaze.

They can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction

Mogu se uzimati oralno samo ako se uzmu zajedno

with some other chemical that denatures the MAO.

sa nekim drugim hemikalijama koje menjaju MAO.

Now, the fascinating things

Sada, zadivljujuće je

are that the beta-carbolines found within that liana

da su beta-karboini, sastojci lijana,

are MAO inhibitors of the precise sort necessary

zapravo MAO inhibitori upravo one vrste koja

to potentiate the tryptamine. So you ask yourself a question.

aktivira triptamine. Onda se zapitate:

How, in a flora of 80,000 species of vascular plants,

Kako su u flori od 80.000 vrsta vaskularnih biljaka,

do these people find these two morphologically unrelated plants

ovi ljudi pronašli ove dve morfološki različite biljke

that when combined in this way,

koje, kada se kombinuju na ovaj način,

created a kind of biochemical version

stvaraju vrstu biohemijske smeše

of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts?

koja je više od prostog zbira njenih delova?

Well, we use that great euphemism, "trial and error,"

U redu, mi koristimo poznati eufemizam "pokušaja i greške"

which is exposed to be meaningless.

koji se ispostavio kao beznačajan.

But you ask the Indians, and they say, "The plants talk to us."

Ali pitajte Indijance, i oni će reći, "Biljke pričaju sa nama."

Well, what does that mean?

Pa, šta to znači?

This tribe, the Cofan, has 17 varieties of ayahuasca,

Ovo pleme, Kofan, ima 17 vrsta ajovaska,

all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest,

i sve ih razlikuju čak na velikim udaljenostima u šumi,

all of which are referable to our eye as one species.

a mi ih prepoznajemo kao jednu istu vrstu.

And then you ask them how they establish their taxonomy

A kada ih pitate kako su uspeli da ih klasifikuju

and they say, "I thought you knew something about plants.

oni kažu: "Mislio sam da ti znaš ponešto o biljkama.

I mean, don't you know anything?" And I said, "No."

Mislim, zar ništa baš ne znaš?" Ja odgovorim: "Ne."

Well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties

Pa, ispostavilo se da je potrebno da uzmeš svaku od 17 vrsta

in the night of a full moon, and it sings to you in a different key.

u noći punog meseca, i one ti pevaju u različitom tonalitetu.

Now, that's not going to get you a Ph.D. at Harvard,

To ti neće doneti doktorat na Harvardu,

but it's a lot more interesting than counting stamens. (Laughter)

ali svakako je interesantnije od brojanja prašnika. (Smeh)

Now --

Sada,

(Applause) --

(Aplauz)

the problem -- the problem is that even those of us

problem, problem je u tome da iako neki od nas

sympathetic with the plight of indigenous people

saosećaju sa nedaćama urođenika,

view them as quaint and colorful

shvataju ih kao neobične i raznolike,

but somehow reduced to the margins of history

ali nekako povučene na margine istorije

as the real world, meaning our world, moves on.

dok pravi svet, naš svet, nastavlja dalje.

Well, the truth is the 20th century, 300 years from now,

Istina je, pak, da će dvadeseti vek, za 300 godina,

is not going to be remembered for its wars

biti upamćen ne po ratovima

or its technological innovations,

ili tehnološkim inovacijama,

but rather as the era in which we stood by

već kao era u kojoj smo stajali

and either actively endorsed or passively accepted

i aktivno podržavali ili pasivno prihvatili

the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity

masivno uništenje i biološke i kulturološke raznolikosti

on the planet. Now, the problem isn't change.

na planeti. E pa problem se neće promeniti.

All cultures through all time

Sve kulture su kroz vreme

have constantly been engaged in a dance

stalno bile angažovane u plesu

with new possibilities of life.

sa novim mogućnostima života.

And the problem is not technology itself.

Problem nije ni tehnologija sama po sebi.

The Sioux Indians did not stop being Sioux

Sijuks Indijanci nisu prestali da budu Sijuks

when they gave up the bow and arrow

kada su se odrekli luka i strele

any more than an American stopped being an American

ništa više nego što su Amerikanci prestali da budu Amerikanci

when he gave up the horse and buggy.

kada su napustili konje i kočije.

It's not change or technology

Nije to ni promena ni tehnologija

that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere. It is power,

koja je ugrozila integritet etnosfere. To je moć,

the crude face of domination.

okrutno lice dominacije.

Wherever you look around the world,

Gde god da pogledate po svetu,

you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away;

otkrićete da sudbina ovih kultura nije da nestanu;

these are dynamic living peoples

to su ljudi koji vode dinamičan život,

being driven out of existence by identifiable forces

ljudi čije je postojanje ugroženo poznatim silama

that are beyond their capacity to adapt to:

koje su van njihove moći prilagođavanja:

whether it's the egregious deforestation

bilo da je u pitanju uništenje šuma

in the homeland of the Penan --

u zemlji Penana,

a nomadic people from Southeast Asia, from Sarawak --

nomadski narod sa jugoistoka Afrike, iz Saravaka,

a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago,

narod koji je slobodno živeo u šumama samo do pre jedne generacije,

and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution

a sada je u potpunosti sveden na ropstvo i prostituciju

on the banks of the rivers,

na obalama reka,

where you can see the river itself is soiled with the silt

gde možete videti da je i sama reka zagađena muljem

that seems to be carrying half of Borneo away

koji izgleda kao da odnosi pola Bornea

to the South China Sea,

do Južnog kineskog mora,

where the Japanese freighters hang light in the horizon

gde japanski teretni brodovi čekaju sa svetlima uprtim u horizont

ready to fill their holds with raw logs ripped from the forest --

da napune svoje nosače sirovim stablima iščupanim iz šume --

or, in the case of the Yanomami,

ili, u slučaju Janomama,

it's the disease entities that have come in,

to su bolesti koje su se pojavile,

in the wake of the discovery of gold.

u periodu zlatne groznice.

Or if we go into the mountains of Tibet,

Ili ako odemo do planina Tibeta,

where I'm doing a lot of research recently,

gde mnogo istražujem u poslednje vreme,

you'll see it's a crude face of political domination.

videćete da je u pitanju surovo lice političke dominacije.

You know, genocide, the physical extinction of a people

Znate, genocid, fizičko istrebljenje ljudi

is universally condemned, but ethnocide,

je osuđeno na globalnom nivou, ali etnocid,

the destruction of people's way of life, is not only not condemned,

uništavanje načina na koji ljudi žive, ne samo da nije osuđeno,

it's universally, in many quarters, celebrated

već je na globalnom nivou, na mnogim delovima, slavljeno

as part of a development strategy.

kao deo razvojne strategije.

And you cannot understand the pain of Tibet

Ne možete razumeti bol Tibeta

until you move through it at the ground level.

dok ne prođete kroz taj predeo drumovima.

I once travelled 6,000 miles from Chengdu in Western China

Jednom sam putovao 9.656 kilometara od Čengdua u zapadnoj Kini

overland through southeastern Tibet to Lhasa

zemljanim putem kroz jugoistočni Tibet do Lase

with a young colleague, and it was only when I got to Lhasa

sa mladim kolegom, i tek kad sam došao do Lase

that I understood the face behind the statistics

razumeo sam lice koje se krije iza statistike

you hear about:

o kojoj vas obaveštavaju:

6,000 sacred monuments torn apart to dust and ashes,

6.000 svetih spomenika pretvoreno u prah i pepeo,

1.2 million people killed by the cadres

1.2 miliona ljudi koje su regruti ubili

during the Cultural Revolution.

u periodu Kulturne revolucije.

This young man's father had been ascribed to the Panchen Lama.

Otac ovog mladog čoveka je bio dodeljen Pančen Lami.

That meant he was instantly killed

To znači da je bio odmah ubijen

at the time of the Chinese invasion.

u vreme kineske invazije.

His uncle fled with His Holiness in the Diaspora

Njegov ujak je pobegao sa Njegovom Svetošću u Dijasporu

that took the people to Nepal.

koja je odvela narod u Nepal.

His mother was incarcerated

Njegova majka je bila zatvorena,

for the crime of being wealthy.

a njen zločin je bio njeno bogatstvo.

He was smuggled into the jail at the age of two

On je bio prokrijumčaren u zatvor kada je imao dve godine

to hide beneath her skirt tails

gde je bio skriven u njenim haljinama

because she couldn't bear to be without him.

jer nije mogla da podnese da bude odvojena od njega.

The sister who had done that brave deed

Sestra koja je učinila to hrabro delo

was put into an education camp.

je odvedena u obrazovni kamp.

One day she inadvertently stepped on an armband

Jednog dana je nenamerno stala na traku na ruci

of Mao, and for that transgression,

Maoa, i zbog tog prestupa

she was given seven years of hard labor.

osuđena je na sedam godina teškog rada.

The pain of Tibet can be impossible to bear,

Patnju Tibeta bi bilo nemoguće podneti,

but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold.

ali pravednički duh ovih ljudi je nešto što treba videti.

And in the end, then, it really comes down to a choice:

Na kraju, zaista se svede na izbor:

do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony

želimo li da živimo u jednoličnom svetu monotonije

or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity?

ili želimo da prigrlimo šareni svet različitosti?

Margaret Mead, the great anthropologist, said, before she died,

Margaret Mid, čuveni antropolog, rekla je pre nego što je preminula,

that her greatest fear was that as we drifted towards

da je njen najveći strah da ćemo dok se krećemo prema

this blandly amorphous generic world view

ovom apatičnom bezobličnom generičkom pogledu na svet

not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination

ne samo videti kako se čitav spektar ljudske mašte

reduced to a more narrow modality of thought,

svodi na jednoličan način mišljenja,

but that we would wake from a dream one day

već da ćemo se jednog dana probuditi iz sna

having forgotten there were even other possibilities.

i zaboraviti da su nekada postojale druge mogućnosti.

And it's humbling to remember that our species has, perhaps,

Potrebno je sa poštovanjem se setiti da je naša vrsta ovde, možda,

been around for [150,000] years.

oko 150.000 godina.

The Neolithic Revolution -- which gave us agriculture,

Neolitska revolucija koja nam je donela agrikulturu,

at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed;

tada smo pali pod uticaj kulta semena;

the poetry of the shaman was displaced

tada je poezija šamana zamenjena

by the prose of the priesthood;

prozom sveštenstva;

we created hierarchy specialization surplus --

tada smo stvorili hijerarhiju specijalizovanih viškova --

is only 10,000 years ago.

se desila tek pre 10.000 godina.

The modern industrial world as we know it

Moderni industrijski svet koji poznajemo

is barely 300 years old.

star je svega 300 godina.

Now, that shallow history doesn't suggest to me

Sad, ta površna istorija mi ne nagoveštava

that we have all the answers for all of the challenges

da imamo sve odgovore na sve izazove

that will confront us in the ensuing millennia.

koji će nas snaći u predstojećem milenijumu.

When these myriad cultures of the world

Kada je bezbroj ovih kultura na svetu

are asked the meaning of being human,

upitano šta znači biti ljudsko biće,

they respond with 10,000 different voices.

oni su odgovorili sa 10.000 različitih glasova.

And it's within that song that we will all rediscover the possibility

U toj pesmi ćemo svi ponovno otkriti mogućnost

of being what we are: a fully conscious species,

da budemo to što jesmo: u potpunosti svesna vrsta,

fully aware of ensuring that all peoples and all gardens

potpuno svesna da svi ljudi i sve bašte

find a way to flourish. And there are great moments of optimism.

pronalaze svoj način da cvetaju. Postoje sjajni trenuci optimizma.

This is a photograph I took at the northern tip of Baffin Island

Ovo je fotografija koju sam napravio na severnom vrhu ostrva Bafin

when I went narwhal hunting with some Inuit people,

kada sam išao u lov na narvale sa nekim Inuitima,

and this man, Olayuk, told me a marvelous story of his grandfather.

i ovaj čovek, Olajuk, mi je ispričao predivnu priču svog dede.

The Canadian government has not always been kind

Kanadska vlada nije oduvek bila fina

to the Inuit people, and during the 1950s,

prema Inuitima, i tokom pedesetih godina XX veka,

to establish our sovereignty, we forced them into settlements.

kako bismo uspostavili naš suverenitet, primorali smo ih na seljenje.

This old man's grandfather refused to go.

Deda ovog starog čoveka je odbio da ode.

The family, fearful for his life, took away all of his weapons,

Porodica, zabrinuta za njegov život, oduzela mu je oružje,

all of his tools.

sav njegov alat.

Now, you must understand that the Inuit did not fear the cold;

Sada, morate razumeti da se Inuiti ne plaše hladnoće;

they took advantage of it.

oni u tome vide prednost.

The runners of their sleds were originally made of fish

Klizači na njihovim sankama su prvobitno bili pravljeni od ribe

wrapped in caribou hide.

zamotane u jelensku kožu.

So, this man's grandfather was not intimidated by the Arctic night

Tako da deda ovog čoveka nije bio zastrašen arktičkom noći

or the blizzard that was blowing.

niti mećavom koja je duvala.

He simply slipped outside, pulled down his sealskin trousers

On se prosto izvukao napolje, svukao pantalone od fokinog krzna

and defecated into his hand. And as the feces began to freeze,

i pokakio se u svoju ruku. I dok se fekalija smrzavala,

he shaped it into the form of a blade.

oblikovao ju je u formu oštrice.

He put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife

Zatim je pljunuo na ivicu ovog noža od fekalija

and as it finally froze solid, he butchered a dog with it.

i kada se najzad zaledio, zaklao je psa time.

He skinned the dog and improvised a harness,

Potom je odrao kožu sa psa i improvizovao opremu,

took the ribcage of the dog and improvised a sled,

uzeo rebra psa i improvizovao klizače na sankama,

harnessed up an adjacent dog,

upregao drugog psa,

and disappeared over the ice floes, shit knife in belt.

i nestao preko ledenih santi, sa nožem od izmeta za pojasom.

Talk about getting by with nothing. (Laughter)

Kako ni od čega napraviti nešto. (Smeh)

And this, in many ways --

Ovo je, na mnogo načina --

(Applause) --

(Aplauz) --

is a symbol of the resilience of the Inuit people

simbol izdržljivosti Inuita

and of all indigenous people around the world.

i svih domorodaca širom sveta.

The Canadian government in April of 1999

Kanadska vada je aprila 1999.

gave back to total control of the Inuit

dala Inuitima potpunu kontrolu

an area of land larger than California and Texas put together.

nad zemljom površine koja je veća od Kalifornije i Teksasa zajedno.

It's our new homeland. It's called Nunavut.

To je naša nova domovina. Nazvana Nunavut.

It's an independent territory. They control all mineral resources.

To je nezavisna teritorija. Oni kontrolišu sve mineralne resurse.

An amazing example of how a nation-state

Ovo je zadivljujući primer kako država

can seek restitution with its people.

može rešiti problem povraćaja imovine svom narodu.

And finally, in the end, I think it's pretty obvious

Najzad, na samom kraju, mislim da je prilično očigledno

at least to all of all us who've traveled

makar svima nama koji smo putovali

in these remote reaches of the planet,

u ove udaljene delove naše planete,

to realize that they're not remote at all.

da shvatimo da oni uopšte nisu udaljeni.

They're homelands of somebody.

To su nečije domovine.

They represent branches of the human imagination

Predstavljaju ogranke ljudske mašte

that go back to the dawn of time. And for all of us,

koja seže do početka vremena. Za sve nas,

the dreams of these children, like the dreams of our own children,

snovi ove dece, kao snovi naše dece,

become part of the naked geography of hope.

postaju delovi ogoljene geografije nade.

So, what we're trying to do at the National Geographic, finally,

Najzad, ono što pokušavamo da uradimo u Nacionalnoj Geografiji,

is, we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything.

pa mi mislimo da političari nikada ništa neće postići.

We think that polemics --

Mislimo da polemike,

(Applause) --

(Aplauz)

we think that polemics are not persuasive,

mislimo da polemike nisu ubedljive,

but we think that storytelling can change the world,

ali mislimo da pričanje priča može promeniti svet,

and so we are probably the best storytelling institution

a mi smo verovatno najbolja institucija za pričanje priča

in the world. We get 35 million hits on our website every month.

na svetu. Beležimo 35 miliona ulazaka na naš sajt svakog meseca.

156 nations carry our television channel.

156 nacija prenosi naš TV kanal.

Our magazines are read by millions.

Naše magazine čitaju milioni.

And what we're doing is a series of journeys

Mi idemo na brojna putovanja

to the ethnosphere where we're going to take our audience

u etnosferu i tako odvodimo našu publiku

to places of such cultural wonder

na mesta takvih kulturnih čuda

that they cannot help but come away dazzled

da ne mogu a da ne ostanu bez daha

by what they have seen, and hopefully, therefore,

ulsed onoga što su videli, i nadamo se, na taj način,

embrace gradually, one by one,

da postepeno prihvate, jednu po jednu,

the central revelation of anthropology:

samu suštinu antropologije:

that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way,

da ovaj svet zaslužuje da postoji na različite načine,

that we can find a way to live

da možemo da nađemo način da živimo

in a truly multicultural, pluralistic world

u istinski multikulturalnom, pluralističkom svetu

where all of the wisdom of all peoples

gde sva mudrost svih ljudi

can contribute to our collective well-being.

može doprineti našem kolektivnom blagostanju.

Thank you very much.

Mnogo vam hvala.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)