Wade Davis: Cultures at the far edge of the world

Prevoditelj: Katarina Lukec Recezent: Mislav Ante Omazić - EFZG

You know, one of the intense pleasures of travel

Znate, jedno od najvećih zadovoljstava u putovanjima

and one of the delights of ethnographic research

i užitaka u etnografskim istraživanjima

is the opportunity to live amongst those

je prilika živjeti među onima

who have not forgotten the old ways,

koji nisu zaboravili stare načine,

who still feel their past in the wind,

koji još osjećaju svoju prošlost u vjetru,

touch it in stones polished by rain,

dodiruju je u kamenju ispoliranom kišom,

taste it in the bitter leaves of plants.

mogu je okusiti u gorkom lišću biljaka.

Just to know that Jaguar shamans still journey beyond the Milky Way,

Samo znanje da jaguarski šamani još uvijek putuju iznad Mliječne staze,

or the myths of the Inuit elders still resonate with meaning,

ili da mitovi inuitskih starješina još uvijek odjekuju značenjem,

or that in the Himalaya,

ili da u Himalajima,

the Buddhists still pursue the breath of the Dharma,

budisti još uvijek traže dah Dharme,

is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology,

podsjeća nas na glavno otkriće antropologije,

and that is the idea that the world in which we live

a to je misao da svijet u kojem živimo

does not exist in some absolute sense,

ne postoji u jednom apsolutnom smislu,

but is just one model of reality,

već je samo jedan od modela stvarnosti,

the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices

posljedica jednog određenog seta prilagodljivih izbora

that our lineage made, albeit successfully, many generations ago.

koje je naš rod stvorio, čak uspješno, prije mnogo generacija.

And of course, we all share the same adaptive imperatives.

Naravno, svi mi dijelimo iste prilagodljive imperative.

We're all born. We all bring our children into the world.

Svi smo rođeni. Svi donosimo našu djecu na svijet.

We go through initiation rites.

Prolazimo kroz inicijacijske obrede.

We have to deal with the inexorable separation of death,

Moramo se nositi s neumoljivim odvajanjem smrti,

so it shouldn't surprise us that we all sing, we all dance,

pa nas ne bi trebalo iznenaditi da svi pjevamo, svi plešemo,

we all have art.

da svi imamo umjetnost.

But what's interesting is the unique cadence of the song,

Ali ono što je zanimljivo je jedinstvena kadenca pjesme,

the rhythm of the dance in every culture.

ritma plesa u svakoj kulturi.

And whether it is the Penan in the forests of Borneo,

I bilo da su to Penani u šumama Bornea,

or the Voodoo acolytes in Haiti,

ili Voodoo sljedbenici u Haitima,

or the warriors in the Kaisut desert of Northern Kenya,

ili ratnici u pustinji Kaisut u sjevernoj Keniji,

the Curandero in the mountains of the Andes,

Kurandero narod u planinama Anda,

or a caravanserai in the middle of the Sahara --

ili karavan-saraji u srcu Sahare

this is incidentally the fellow that I traveled into the desert with

ovo je momak s kojim sam sasvim slučajno putovao po pustinji

a month ago --

prije mjesec dana --

or indeed a yak herder in the slopes of Qomolangma,

ili pastir jakova na padinama Qomolangme,

Everest, the goddess mother of the world.

Everesta, majke boginje svijeta.

All of these peoples teach us that there are other ways of being,

Svi ovi ljudi nas uče da postoje i drugi načini života,

other ways of thinking,

drugi načini razmišljanja,

other ways of orienting yourself in the Earth.

drugi načini usmjerenja sebe na Zemlji.

And this is an idea, if you think about it,

Ovo je ideja, ako o njoj razmislite,

can only fill you with hope.

može vas samo ispuniti nadom.

Now, together the myriad cultures of the world

E sada, zajedno ove bezbrojne kulture svijeta

make up a web of spiritual life and cultural life

čine mrežu duhovnog i kulturnog života

that envelops the planet,

koja obuhvaća planet,

and is as important to the well-being of the planet

i jednako je važna za dobrobit planete

as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a biosphere.

kao i biološka mreža života koju znate kao biosferu.

And you might think of this cultural web of life

I možete zamisliti ovu kulturološku mrežu života

as being an ethnosphere,

kao etnosferu,

and you might define the ethnosphere

i možete definirati etnosferu

as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths,

kao skup svih misli i snova, mitova,

ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being

ideja, inspiracija, intuicija koje su uvedene

by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness.

od strane ljudske imaginacije još od samog nastanka svijeta.

The ethnosphere is humanity's great legacy.

Etnosfera je najvrednije ljudsko nasljeđe.

It's the symbol of all that we are

Ona je simbol svega što jesmo

and all that we can be as an astonishingly inquisitive species.

i svega što možemo biti kao nevjerojatno znatiželjna vrsta.

And just as the biosphere has been severely eroded,

I kao što je biosfera prilično uništena,

so too is the ethnosphere

tako je i etnosfera

-- and, if anything, at a far greater rate.

i, štoviše, čak u većoj mjeri.

No biologists, for example, would dare suggest

Nijedan biolog, na primjer, se ne bi usudio reći

that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are

da je 50% od svih vrsta ili više istrebljeno

on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true,

ili su na rubu istrebljenja, jednostavno zato što to nije istina,

and yet that -- the most apocalyptic scenario

ali ipak -- najapokaliptičniji scenarij

in the realm of biological diversity --

na polju biološke raznolikosti --

scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario

jedva se približava onome što znamo kao najoptimističniji scenarij

in the realm of cultural diversity.

na polju kulturološke raznolikosti.

And the great indicator of that, of course, is language loss.

A najbolji pokazatelj toga je, naravno, izumiranje jezika.

When each of you in this room were born,

Kada je svatko od vas u ovoj prostoriji rođen,

there were 6,000 languages spoken on the planet.

pričalo se 6.000 jezika na planeti.

Now, a language is not just a body of vocabulary

Jezik nije samo tijelo rječnika

or a set of grammatical rules.

ili skup gramatičkih pravila.

A language is a flash of the human spirit.

Jezik je odraz ljudskog duha.

It's a vehicle through which the soul of each particular culture

To je vozilo kojim duša svake određene kulture

comes into the material world.

dolazi u materijalni svijet.

Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind,

Svaki jezik je stara šuma svijesti,

a watershed, a thought, an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities.

razvođe, misao, ekosustav duhovnih mogućnosti.

And of those 6,000 languages, as we sit here today in Monterey,

Pola od tih 6.000 jezika, dok sjedimo ovdje u Montereyu,

fully half are no longer being whispered into the ears of children.

puna polovica se više ne šapuće na uši djeci.

They're no longer being taught to babies,

Više se ne podučavaju bebama,

which means, effectively, unless something changes,

što znači, učinkovito, ako se nešto ne promijeni,

they're already dead.

oni su već izumrli.

What could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence,

Što bi moglo biti usamljenije od toga da si umotan u tišinu,

to be the last of your people to speak your language,

da budeš posljednji čovjek koji govori tvojim jezikom,

to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors

da ne postoji način da preneseš mudrost predaka

or anticipate the promise of the children?

ili da očekuješ obećanja djece?

And yet, that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody

No ipak, ta užasna sudbina je zaista neprilika nekoga

somewhere on Earth roughly every two weeks,

negdje na Zemlji skoro svaka dva tjedna,

because every two weeks, some elder dies

zato što svaka dva tjedna, neki starac umre

and carries with him into the grave the last syllables

noseći sa sobom u grob posljednje slogove

of an ancient tongue.

prastarog jezika.

And I know there's some of you who say, "Well, wouldn't it be better,

I znam da će neki od vas reći: "Pa, zar ne bi bilo bolje,

wouldn't the world be a better place

zar svijet ne bi bio bolje mjesto

if we all just spoke one language?" And I say, "Great,

kad bi svi pričali jednim jezikom?" I ja ću reći: "Odlično,

let's make that language Yoruba. Let's make it Cantonese.

neka taj jezik bude yoruba. Neka bude kantonski.

Let's make it Kogi."

Neka bude kogski."

And you'll suddenly discover what it would be like

I vi ćete odjednom otkriti kako bi bilo

to be unable to speak your own language.

da niste u mogućnosti pričati vlastitim jezikom.

And so, what I'd like to do with you today

I tako, ono što bih htio s vama danas je

is sort of take you on a journey through the ethnosphere,

na neki način povesti vas na putovanje kroz etnosferu,

a brief journey through the ethnosphere,

kratko putovanje kroz etnosferu,

to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost.

da vam pokušavam predočiti što se zapravo gubi.

Now, there are many of us who sort of forget

Mnogi od nas na neki način zaborave

that when I say "different ways of being,"

da kad ja kažem 'različiti načini postojanja',

I really do mean different ways of being.

zaista mislim na različite načine postojanja.

Take, for example, this child of a Barasana in the Northwest Amazon,

Uzmite, na primjer, ovo dijete iz Barasane u sjevernozapadnom Amazonu,

the people of the anaconda

ljudi anakonde

who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river

koji vjeruju po mitologiji da su potekli iz mliječne rijeke

from the east in the belly of sacred snakes.

na istoku iz utrobe svetih zmija.

Now, this is a people who cognitively

E sad, ovo su ljudi koji kognitivno

do not distinguish the color blue from the color green

ne razlikuju plavu boju od zelene boje

because the canopy of the heavens

jer je nebeski svod

is equated to the canopy of the forest

ustvari šumski svod

upon which the people depend.

od kojih ljudi zavise.

They have a curious language and marriage rule

Imaju zanimljiv jezik i pravila braka

which is called "linguistic exogamy:"

koji se zove 'lingvistička egzogamija':

you must marry someone who speaks a different language.

moraš se vjenčati za osobu koja govori drugim jezikom.

And this is all rooted in the mythological past,

A sve to ima svoje korijene u mitologiji,

yet the curious thing is in these long houses,

pa ipak zanimljivo je to što u ovim dugačkim kućama,

where there are six or seven languages spoken

u kojima se govori po šest ili sedam jezika

because of intermarriage,

zbog takvih brakova,

you never hear anyone practicing a language.

nikada nećete čuti da netko vježba jezik.

They simply listen and then begin to speak.

Oni jednostavno slušaju i počnu govoriti.

Or, one of the most fascinating tribes I ever lived with,

Ili, jedno od najfascinantnijih plemena s kojima sam ikada živio,

the Waorani of northeastern Ecuador,

Waorani u sjevernoistočnom Ekvadoru,

an astonishing people first contacted peacefully in 1958.

zadivljujući ljudi s kojima je prvi kontakt mirno ostvaren 1958.

In 1957, five missionaries attempted contact

1957. pet misionara je pokušalo uspostaviti kontakt

and made a critical mistake.

i učinili su kritičnu pogrešku.

They dropped from the air

Spustili su iz zraka

8 x 10 glossy photographs of themselves

8 x 10 sjajnih fotografija njih samih

in what we would say to be friendly gestures,

što bismo mi nazvali prijateljskom gestom,

forgetting that these people of the rainforest

zaboravljajući da ovi ljudi iz kišnih šuma

had never seen anything two-dimensional in their lives.

nisu nikad vidjeli ništa dvodimenzionalno u svojim životima.

They picked up these photographs from the forest floor,

Podigli su ove fotografije sa šumskog tla,

tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure,

pokušali su pogledati iza lica da pronađu oblik figure,

found nothing, and concluded that these were calling cards

ništa nisu pronašli, i zaključili su da su ove kartice

from the devil, so they speared the five missionaries to death.

od vraga, potom su kopljima ubili pet misionara.

But the Waorani didn't just spear outsiders.

Ali Waorani nisu samo ubili pridošlice.

They speared each other.

Ubijali su se i međusobno.

54 percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other.

54% njihove smrtnosti posljedica je međusobnog ubijanja kopljima.

We traced genealogies back eight generations,

Pratili smo genealogiju unazad osam generacija,

and we found two instances of natural death

i pronašli smo dva slučaja prirodne smrti

and when we pressured the people a little bit about it,

i kada smo malo pritisnuli ljude oko toga,

they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old

priznali su da je jedan od njih toliko ostario

that he died getting old, so we speared him anyway. (Laughter)

da je umro od starosti, ali su ga svejedno proboli kopljima. (Smijeh)

But at the same time they had a perspicacious knowledge

Ali u isto vrijeme oni su imali vrlo pronicljivo znanje

of the forest that was astonishing.

o šumi koje je bilo zadivljujuće.

Their hunters could smell animal urine at 40 paces

Njihovi lovci su bili u stanju namirisati životinjski urin na 40 koraka

and tell you what species left it behind.

i reći vam o kojoj se vrsti radi.

In the early '80s, I had a really astonishing assignment

U ranim 80-im, imao sam stvarno zadivljujući zadatak

when I was asked by my professor at Harvard

kad me je moj profesor na Harvardu upitao

if I was interested in going down to Haiti,

jesam li zainteresiran za odlazak na Haiti,

infiltrating the secret societies

da se uključim u tajna društva

which were the foundation of Duvalier's strength

koja su bila osnova Duvalijerovih snaga

and Tonton Macoutes,

i Tontona Macoutesa,

and securing the poison used to make zombies.

kako bih došao do otrova koji se koristi za stvaranje zombija.

In order to make sense out of sensation, of course,

Da bih našao smisao u ovome, naravno,

I had to understand something about this remarkable faith

morao sam razumjeti ponešto u vezi s nevjerovatnom

of Vodoun. And Voodoo is not a black magic cult.

voodoo vjerom. I voodoo nije kult crne magije.

On the contrary, it's a complex metaphysical worldview.

Naprotiv, to je složeni metafizički svjetonazor.

It's interesting.

Zanimljiv je.

If I asked you to name the great religions of the world,

Kada bih vas pitao da navedete najveće religije svijeta,

what would you say?

što biste rekli?

Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, whatever.

Kršćanstvo, islam, budizam, judizam, što god.

There's always one continent left out,

Uvijek je jedan kontinent izostavljen,

the assumption being that sub-Saharan Africa

pretpostavlja se da podsaharska Afrika

had no religious beliefs. Well, of course, they did

nije imala religijska vjerojvanja. Pa, naravno, da su imali

and Voodoo is simply the distillation

i voodoo je jednostavno destilacija

of these very profound religious ideas

veoma dubokih religijskih ideja

that came over during the tragic Diaspora of the slavery era.

koje su nastale tokom tragičnog robovlasničkog razdoblja u dijaspori.

But, what makes Voodoo so interesting

Ali, ono što čini voodo tako zanimljivim

is that it's this living relationship

je to da je to aktivan odnos

between the living and the dead.

između živućih i mrtvih.

So, the living give birth to the spirits.

Živi oživljavaju duhove.

The spirits can be invoked from beneath the Great Water,

Duhovi mogu biti prizvani iz Velike Vode,

responding to the rhythm of the dance

odgovarajući na ritam plesa

to momentarily displace the soul of the living,

oni trenutno zamijenjuju duše živih,

so that for that brief shining moment, the acolyte becomes the god.

tako da u kratkom blistavom trenutku, sljedbenik postaje bog.

That's why the Voodooists like to say

Zbog toga voodooisti vole reći:

that "You white people go to church and speak about God.

"Vi bijeli ljudi idete u crkvu i pričate o Bogu.

We dance in the temple and become God."

Mi plešemo u hramu i postajemo Bog."

And because you are possessed, you are taken by the spirit --

I zato što se opsjednuti, preuzeti od strane duha --

how can you be harmed?

kako možete biti povrijeđeni?

So you see these astonishing demonstrations:

Vidite ove zapanjujuće demonstracije:

Voodoo acolytes in a state of trance

voodoo sljedbenici u stanju transa

handling burning embers with impunity,

nose žar na svojim rukama bez posljedica,

a rather astonishing demonstration of the ability of the mind

to je nevjerojatna demonstracija sposobnosti uma

to affect the body that bears it

da utječe na tijelo koje to podnosi

when catalyzed in the state of extreme excitation.

kada doživi uzbuđenje ekstremnih granica.

Now, of all the peoples that I've ever been with,

E sad, od svih ljudi s kojima sam ikada bio,

the most extraordinary are the Kogi

najneobičniji su Kogi

of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia.

sa Sierra Nevada planina Santa Marte na sjeveru Kolumbije.

Descendants of the ancient Tairona civilization

Potomci drevne civilizacije Tairona

which once carpeted the Caribbean coastal plain of Colombia,

koji su nekada nastanjivali karipsko priobalje Kolumbije,

in the wake of the conquest,

u jeku osvajačkih pohoda,

these people retreated into an isolated volcanic massif

povukli su se na izolirane vulkanske masive

that soars above the Caribbean coastal plain.

koji se uzdižu iznad karipskih priobalnih ravnica.

In a bloodstained continent,

Na krvavom kontinentu,

these people alone were never conquered by the Spanish.

jedino ove ljude nikada nisu pokorili Španjolci.

To this day, they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood

Do danas, njima upravljaju rituali svećenstva

but the training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary.

ali obuka ovih svećenika je vrlo neobična.

The young acolytes are taken away from their families

Mlade sljedbenike razdvoje od njihovih porodica

at the age of three and four,

u dobi od tri do četiri godine,

sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness

izoliraju ih u sjenoviti svijet tame

in stone huts at the base of glaciers for 18 years:

u kamenim kolibama u podnožju glečera na 18 godina:

two nine-year periods

dva devetogodišnja perioda

deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation

namjerno odabrana da imitiraju devet mjeseci trudnoće

they spend in their natural mother's womb;

koje prevedu u prirodnoj utrobi majke;

now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother.

oni su tako metaforički u utrobi velike majke.

And for this entire time,

Za sve to vrijeme,

they are inculturated into the values of their society,

objašnjavaju im vrijednosni sustav njihovog društva,

values that maintain the proposition that their prayers

vrijednosti koje podrazumijevaju da njihove molitve

and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic --

i samo njihove molitve održavaju kozmičku,

or we might say the ecological -- balance.

mogli bismo reći ekološku, ravnotežu.

And at the end of this amazing initiation,

Na kraju ove nevjerojatne inicijacije,

one day they're suddenly taken out

jednog dana su iznenadno izvedeni van

and for the first time in their lives, at the age of 18,

i po prvi put u svojim životima, u dobi od 18 godina,

they see a sunrise. And in that crystal moment of awareness

oni vide izlazak sunca. U tom kristalnom trenutku svijesti

of first light as the Sun begins to bathe the slopes

o prvom zraku svjetlosti dok Sunce počinje obasipati padine

of the stunningly beautiful landscape,

zapanjujuće lijepog pejzaža,

suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract

odjednom se sve što su ikada naučili u teoriji

is affirmed in stunning glory. And the priest steps back

potvrđuje u zadivljujućoj ljepoti. I svećenik zakorači unazad

and says, "You see? It's really as I've told you.

i kaže, "Vidite li? Zaista je onako kao što sam vam rekao.

It is that beautiful. It is yours to protect."

Tako je prekrasno. Na vama je da to štitite."

They call themselves the "elder brothers"

Oni sebe nazivaju "starijom braćom"

and they say we, who are the younger brothers,

i kažu da smo mi, mlađa braća,

are the ones responsible for destroying the world.

odgovorni za uništavanje svijeta.

Now, this level of intuition becomes very important.

E sad, ova razina intuicije postaje vrlo važna.

Whenever we think of indigenous people and landscape,

Kad god razmišljamo o domorodačkim narodima i predijelima,

we either invoke Rousseau

mi se ili pozivamo na Rousseaua

and the old canard of the "noble savage,"

i staru priču o "dobrom divljaku,"

which is an idea racist in its simplicity,

što je rasistička ideja u svojoj suštini,

or alternatively, we invoke Thoreau

ili alternativno, pozivamo se na Thoreaua

and say these people are closer to the Earth than we are.

i kažemo da su ti ljudi bliže Zemlji od nas.

Well, indigenous people are neither sentimental

Domoroci nisu ni sentimentalni,

nor weakened by nostalgia.

niti podložni nostalgiji.

There's not a lot of room for either

Nema dovoljno mjesta za nijedno

in the malarial swamps of the Asmat

u malarijskim barama Asmata

or in the chilling winds of Tibet, but they have, nevertheless,

ili u hladnim vjetrovima Tibeta, ali su oni, ipak,

through time and ritual, forged a traditional mystique of the Earth

kroz vrijeme i rituale, prenosili tradicionalne tajne Zemlje

that is based not on the idea of being self-consciously close to it,

koje nisu utemeljene na ideji o samo-svjesnoj bliskoj vezi s planetom,

but on a far subtler intuition:

već na mnogo suptilnijoj intuiciji:

the idea that the Earth itself can only exist

ideja da Zemlja može postojati jedino

because it is breathed into being by human consciousness.

ako joj ljudska svijest udahne život.

Now, what does that mean?

E sad, što to znači?

It means that a young kid from the Andes

To znači da će dijete s Anda

who's raised to believe that that mountain is an Apu spirit

koje je odraslo u uvjerenju da je planina Apu duh

that will direct his or her destiny

koji će odrediti njegovu ili njenu sudbinu

will be a profoundly different human being

biti suštinski drugačije ljudsko biće

and have a different relationship to that resource

i imati drugačiji odnos prema tom izvoru

or that place than a young kid from Montana

ili tom mjestu nego dijete iz Montane

raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock

odgojeno u uvjerenju da je planina gomila kamenja

ready to be mined.

spremna da bude minirana.

Whether it's the abode of a spirit or a pile of ore is irrelevant.

Nevažno, je li to prebivalište duha ili gomila rude.

What's interesting is the metaphor that defines the relationship

Ono što je zanimljivo je metafora koja definira vezu

between the individual and the natural world.

između pojedinca i prirode.

I was raised in the forests of British Columbia

Ja sam odrastao u šumama Britanske Kolumbije

to believe those forests existed to be cut.

u uvjerenju da te šume postoje da budu sasječene.

That made me a different human being

To me je učinilo drugačijim ljudskim bićem

than my friends amongst the Kwagiulth

od mojih prijatelja među Kwagiulthima

who believe that those forests were the abode of Huxwhukw

koji vjeruju da su te šume prebivalište Huxwhukwa

and the Crooked Beak of Heaven

i Vijugavog kljuna raja

and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world,

i kanibalskih duša koje žive na sjevernom kraju svijeta,

spirits they would have to engage during their Hamatsa initiation.

duša s kojima moraju sudjelovati tokom njihovog Hamatsa obreda.

Now, if you begin to look at the idea

E sad, ako počnete razmatrati ideju

that these cultures could create different realities,

da bi ove kulture mogle stvoriti drugačiju realnost,

you could begin to understand

počeli biste shvaćati

some of their extraordinary discoveries. Take this plant here.

neke od njihovih izvanrednih otkrića. Uzmite za primjer ovu biljku.

It's a photograph I took in the Northwest Amazon just last April.

To je fotografija koju sam uslikao na sjeverozapadnom Amazonu prošlog travnja.

This is ayahuasca, which many of you have heard about,

Ovo je ayahuasca, za koju su mnogi od vas čuli,

the most powerful psychoactive preparation

jedna od najsnažnijih psihoaktivnih smjesa

of the shaman's repertoire.

u repertoaru šamana.

What makes ayahuasca fascinating

Ono što ayahuascu čini izuzetnom

is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation,

nije čisti farmaloški potencijal ove smjese,

but the elaboration of it. It's made really of two different sources:

već kako se sintetizira. Napravljena je od dva različita izvora:

on the one hand, this woody liana

s jedne strane, ova drvena lijana

which has in it a series of beta-carbolines,

koja u sebi ima čitav niz beta-karbolina,

harmine, harmaline, mildly hallucinogenic --

harmina, harmalina, blagih halucinogena --

to take the vine alone

uzmete li samo ovu biljku

is rather to have sort of blue hazy smoke

osjetili biste kao da plavi magloviti dim

drift across your consciousness --

struji kroz vašu svijest --

but it's mixed with the leaves of a shrub in the coffee family

ali je pomiješana s lišćem grmlja iz porodice kave

called Psychotria viridis.

nazvan Psychotria viridis.

This plant had in it some very powerful tryptamines,

Ova biljka u sebi sadrži neke vrlo moćne triptamine,

very close to brain serotonin, dimethyltryptamine,

jako slične serotoninu, dimetiltriptaminu,

5-methoxydimethyltryptamine.

5-metoksidimetiltriptaminu.

If you've ever seen the Yanomami

Ako ste ikada vidjeli Yanomame

blowing that snuff up their noses,

kako ušrmakavaju poprašeni duhan,

that substance they make from a different set of species

ta supstanca koju prave od različitih vrsta biljaka također

also contains methoxydimethyltryptamine.

sadrži metodimetriltriptamin.

To have that powder blown up your nose

Kada ušmrkavate taj prah

is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel

to je kao da ste upucani iz puške

lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity. (Laughter)

zajedno s baroknim slikama i pri tom slijećete na more električne struje. (Smijeh)

It doesn't create the distortion of reality;

To ne stvara izvrtanje stvarnosti;

it creates the dissolution of reality.

to stvara ukidanje stvarnosti.

In fact, I used to argue with my professor, Richard Evan Shultes --

Ustvari, znao sam raspravljati sa svojim profesorom, Richardom Evanom Shultesom --

who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era

čovjekom koji je izazvao psihodeličnu eru

with his discovery of the magic mushrooms

sa svojim otkrićem magičnih gljiva

in Mexico in the 1930s --

u Meksiku u 1930-im --

I used to argue that you couldn't classify these tryptamines

Tvrdio sam da se ovi triptamini ne mogu klasificirati

as hallucinogenic because by the time you're under the effects

u red halucinogena zato što u vrijeme kad ste pod efektima

there's no one home anymore to experience a hallucination. (Laughter)

nema nikog kod kuće tko bi doživio tu halucinaciju. (Smijeh)

But the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally

Ali stvar s triptaminima je da se oni ne mogu uzimati oralno

because they're denatured by an enzyme

zato što ih razgrađuju enzimi

found naturally in the human gut called monoamine oxidase.

koji su prirodni sastojak crijeva ljudi, to su monoaminske oksidaze.

They can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction

Mogu se uzimati oralno samo ako se uzmu zajedno

with some other chemical that denatures the MAO.

s nekim drugim kemikalijama koje mijenjaju MAO.

Now, the fascinating things

Zadivljujuće je

are that the beta-carbolines found within that liana

da su beta-karboini sastojci lijana

are MAO inhibitors of the precise sort necessary

zapravo MAO inhibitori upravo one vrste

to potentiate the tryptamine. So you ask yourself a question.

koja aktivira triptamine. Onda se zapitate.

How, in a flora of 80,000 species of vascular plants,

Kako su u flori od 80.000 vrsta vaskularnih biljaka

do these people find these two morphologically unrelated plants

ovi ljudi pronašli ove dvije morfološki različite biljke koje,

that when combined in this way,

kada se kombiniraju na ovaj način,

created a kind of biochemical version

stvaraju vrstu biokemijske smjese

of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts?

koja je više od jednostavnog skupa njenih dijelova?

Well, we use that great euphemism, "trial and error,"

U redu, mi koristimo poznati eufemizam "pokušaja i pogreške"

which is exposed to be meaningless.

koji se ispostavio kao beznačajan.

But you ask the Indians, and they say, "The plants talk to us."

Ali ako pitate Indijance, oni će reći: "Biljke pričaju s nama."

Well, what does that mean?

Pa, što to znači?

This tribe, the Cofan, has 17 varieties of ayahuasca,

Ovo pleme, Kofan, ima 17 vrsta ayahuasca,

all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest,

i sve ih razlikuju čak na velikim udaljenostima u šumi,

all of which are referable to our eye as one species.

a mi ih prepoznajemo kao jednu istu vrstu.

And then you ask them how they establish their taxonomy

I onda ih pitate kako su uspijeli uspostaviti njihovu taksonomiju

and they say, "I thought you knew something about plants.

oni kažu, "Mislio sam da ti znaš nešto o biljkama.

I mean, don't you know anything?" And I said, "No."

Mislim, zar baš ništa ne znaš?" A ja odgovorim, "Ne."

Well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties

Pa, ispostavilo se da je potrebno da uzmeš svaku od 17 vrsta

in the night of a full moon, and it sings to you in a different key.

u noći punog mjeseca, i one ti pjevaju u drugačijem tonalitetu.

Now, that's not going to get you a Ph.D. at Harvard,

To ti neće donijeti doktorat na Harvardu,

but it's a lot more interesting than counting stamens. (Laughter)

ali svakako je zanimljivije od brojanja prašnika. (Smijeh)

Now --

Sad --

(Applause) --

(Pljesak) --

the problem -- the problem is that even those of us

problem -- problem je što iako neki od nas

sympathetic with the plight of indigenous people

suosjećaju s nevoljama domorodaca

view them as quaint and colorful

shvaćaju ih kao neobične i raznolike

but somehow reduced to the margins of history

ali nekako povučene na margine povijesti

as the real world, meaning our world, moves on.

kao stvarnog svijeta, a naš svijet, ide dalje.

Well, the truth is the 20th century, 300 years from now,

Istina je, pak, da će 20. stoljeće, za 300 godina,

is not going to be remembered for its wars

biti zapamćeno, ne po ratovima

or its technological innovations,

ili tehnološkim inovacijama,

but rather as the era in which we stood by

već kao razdoblje u kojem smo stajali

and either actively endorsed or passively accepted

i aktivno podržavali ili pasivno prihvatili

the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity

masivno uništenje i biološke, i kulturološke raznolikosti

on the planet. Now, the problem isn't change.

na planetu. E pa problem se neće promijeniti.

All cultures through all time

Sve kulture su kroz vrijeme

have constantly been engaged in a dance

stalno bile angažirane u plesu

with new possibilities of life.

s novim mogućnostima života.

And the problem is not technology itself.

Problem nije tehnologija sama po sebi.

The Sioux Indians did not stop being Sioux

Sioux indijanci nisu prestali biti Sioux

when they gave up the bow and arrow

kad su prestali koristiti luk i strijelu

any more than an American stopped being an American

ništa više nego što su Amerikanci prestali biti Amerikanci

when he gave up the horse and buggy.

kada su prestali koristiti konja i kočije.

It's not change or technology

Nije ni promjena, ni tehnologija to

that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere. It is power,

što ugrožava integritet etnosfere. Nego moć,

the crude face of domination.

okrutno lice dominacije.

Wherever you look around the world,

Gdje god pogledate po svijetu,

you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away;

otkrit ćete da sudbina ovih kultura nije osuđena na nestanak,

these are dynamic living peoples

to su ljudi koji vode dinamičan život

being driven out of existence by identifiable forces

ljudi čije je postojanje ugroženo poznatim silama

that are beyond their capacity to adapt to:

koje su izvan njihove moći prilagođavanja:

whether it's the egregious deforestation

bilo da je u pitanju uništenje šuma

in the homeland of the Penan --

u zemlji Penana --

a nomadic people from Southeast Asia, from Sarawak --

nomadski narod s jugoistoka Afrike, iz Sarawaka --

a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago,

ljudi koji su slobodno živjeli u šumama do prije jedne generacije,

and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution

a sada su u potpunosti svedeni na ropstvo i prostituciju

on the banks of the rivers,

na obalama rijeka,

where you can see the river itself is soiled with the silt

gdje možete videti da je i sama rijeka zagađena muljem

that seems to be carrying half of Borneo away

koji izgleda kao da odnosi pola Bornea

to the South China Sea,

do Južnog kineskog mora,

where the Japanese freighters hang light in the horizon

gdje japanski teretni brodovi čekaju sa svjetlima uprtima

ready to fill their holds with raw logs ripped from the forest --

u horizont da napune svoje nosače sirovim stablima iščupanim iz šume --

or, in the case of the Yanomami,

ili, u slučaju Yanomama,

it's the disease entities that have come in,

to su bolesti koje su se pojavile,

in the wake of the discovery of gold.

u periodu zlatne groznice.

Or if we go into the mountains of Tibet,

Ili ako odemo do planina Tibeta,

where I'm doing a lot of research recently,

gdje mnogo istražujem u posljednje vrijeme,

you'll see it's a crude face of political domination.

vidjet ćete kako je u pitanju surovo lice političke dominacije.

You know, genocide, the physical extinction of a people

Znate, genocid, fizičko istrebljenje ljudi

is universally condemned, but ethnocide,

je globalno osuđeno, ali etnocid,

the destruction of people's way of life, is not only not condemned,

uništavanje načina na koji ljudi žive, ne samo da nije osuđeno,

it's universally, in many quarters, celebrated

već globalno, na mnogim dijelovima, slavljeno

as part of a development strategy.

kao dio razvojne strategije.

And you cannot understand the pain of Tibet

I ne možete razumjeti bol Tibeta

until you move through it at the ground level.

sve dok ne prođete kroz taj predio na najnižim razinama.

I once travelled 6,000 miles from Chengdu in Western China

Jednom sam putovao 6.000 milja od Chengdua u zapadnoj Kini

overland through southeastern Tibet to Lhasa

zemljanim putem kroz jugoistočni Tibet do Lhase

with a young colleague, and it was only when I got to Lhasa

s mladim kolegom, i tek kad sam došao do Lhase

that I understood the face behind the statistics

razumio sam lice koje se krije iza statistika

you hear about:

o kojima slušate.

6,000 sacred monuments torn apart to dust and ashes,

6.000 svetih spomenika pretvoreno u prah i pepeo,

1.2 million people killed by the cadres

1,2 milijuna koje su ubili regruti

during the Cultural Revolution.

u periodu Kulturne revolucije.

This young man's father had been ascribed to the Panchen Lama.

Otac ovog mladog čovjeka je bio dodijeljen Panchen Lami.

That meant he was instantly killed

To znači da je bio odmah ubijen

at the time of the Chinese invasion.

u vrijeme kineske invazije.

His uncle fled with His Holiness in the Diaspora

Njegov ujak je pobjegao sa Njegovom Svetošću u Dijasporu

that took the people to Nepal.

koja je odvela narod u Nepal.

His mother was incarcerated

Njegova majka je bila zatvorena,

for the crime of being wealthy.

a njen zločin je bio njeno bogatstvo.

He was smuggled into the jail at the age of two

On je bio prokrijumčaren u zatvor u dobi od dvije godine

to hide beneath her skirt tails

gdje je bio skriven u njenim haljinama

because she couldn't bear to be without him.

jer nije mogla podnijeti da bude odvojena od njega.

The sister who had done that brave deed

Sestra koja je učinila to hrabro djelo

was put into an education camp.

je odvedena u obrazovni kamp.

One day she inadvertently stepped on an armband

Jednog dana je nenamjerno stala na traku na ruci

of Mao, and for that transgression,

Maoa, i zbog tog prestupa,

she was given seven years of hard labor.

osuđena je na sedam godina teškog rada.

The pain of Tibet can be impossible to bear,

Bol Tibeta bilo bi nemoguće podnijeti,

but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold.

ali pravednički duh ovih ljudi je nešto što treba vidjeti.

And in the end, then, it really comes down to a choice:

I na kraju, zaista se sve svede na izbor:

do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony

želimo li živjeti u monokromatskom svijetu monotonije

or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity?

ili želimo prigrliti polikromatski svijet različitosti?

Margaret Mead, the great anthropologist, said, before she died,

Margaret Mead, čuvena antropologinja, rekla je, prije no što je umrla,

that her greatest fear was that as we drifted towards

da je njen najveći strah da ćemo kretajući se prema

this blandly amorphous generic world view

ovom apatičnom bezobličnom generičkom svjetonazoru

not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination

ne samo vidjeti kako se čitav spektar ljudske mašte

reduced to a more narrow modality of thought,

svodi na jednoličan način mišljenja,

but that we would wake from a dream one day

već da ćemo se jednog dana probuditi iz sna

having forgotten there were even other possibilities.

i zaboraviti da su nekada postojale druge mogućnosti.

And it's humbling to remember that our species has, perhaps,

Potrebno je s poštovanjem se sjetiti da je naša vrsta ovdje, možda,

been around for [150,000] years.

oko 150.000 godina.

The Neolithic Revolution -- which gave us agriculture,

Neolitička revolucija koja nam je donijela agrikulturu,

at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed;

tada smo pali pod utjecaj kulta sjemena;

the poetry of the shaman was displaced

tada je poezija šamana zamijenjena

by the prose of the priesthood;

prozom svećenstva;

we created hierarchy specialization surplus --

tada smo stvorili hijerarhiju specijaliziranih višaka --

is only 10,000 years ago.

se dogodila tek prije 10.000 godina.

The modern industrial world as we know it

Moderni industrijski svijet kakvog znamo

is barely 300 years old.

star je jedva 300 godina.

Now, that shallow history doesn't suggest to me

Ta površna povijest mi ne nagoviještava

that we have all the answers for all of the challenges

kako imamo sve odgovore na sve izazove

that will confront us in the ensuing millennia.

koji će nas snaći u nadolazećem tisućljeću.

When these myriad cultures of the world

Kad je bezbroj ovih kultura na svijetu

are asked the meaning of being human,

upitano šta znači biti ljudsko biće,

they respond with 10,000 different voices.

odgovorili su s 10.000 različitih glasova.

And it's within that song that we will all rediscover the possibility

U toj pjesmi ćemo svi ponovno otkriti mogućnost

of being what we are: a fully conscious species,

da budemo to što jesmo: potpuno svjesna vrsta,

fully aware of ensuring that all peoples and all gardens

potpuno svjesna da svi ljudi i svi vrtovi pronalaze svoj

find a way to flourish. And there are great moments of optimism.

način da cvjetaju. Postoje sjajni trenuci optimizma.

This is a photograph I took at the northern tip of Baffin Island

Ovo je fotografija koju sam uslikao na sjevernom vrhu otoka Baffin

when I went narwhal hunting with some Inuit people,

kada sam išao u lov narvala s nekim Inuitima,

and this man, Olayuk, told me a marvelous story of his grandfather.

i ovaj čovek, Olayuk, mi je ispričao predivnu priču svog djeda.

The Canadian government has not always been kind

Kanadska vlada nije oduvijek bila draga

to the Inuit people, and during the 1950s,

prema Inuitima, i tijekom 1950-ih

to establish our sovereignty, we forced them into settlements.

kako bismo uspostavili naš suverenitet, prisilili smo ih na seljenje.

This old man's grandfather refused to go.

Djed ovog starog čovjeka odbio je ići.

The family, fearful for his life, took away all of his weapons,

Porodica, zabrinuta za njegov život, oduzela mu je svo oružje,

all of his tools.

sav njegov alat.

Now, you must understand that the Inuit did not fear the cold;

Sad, trebate razumjeti da se Inuiti ne boje hladnoće;

they took advantage of it.

oni je iskorištavaju.

The runners of their sleds were originally made of fish

Klizači na njihovim sanjkama su prvotno bili napravljeni od ribe

wrapped in caribou hide.

zamotane u jelenju kožu.

So, this man's grandfather was not intimidated by the Arctic night

Dakle, djed ovog čovjeka nije bio zastrašen arktičkom noći

or the blizzard that was blowing.

niti mećavom koja je puhala.

He simply slipped outside, pulled down his sealskin trousers

On se jednostavno izvukao van, svukao hlače od tuljanovog krzna

and defecated into his hand. And as the feces began to freeze,

i pokakao u svoju ruku. I dok se fekalija smrzavala,

he shaped it into the form of a blade.

on ju je oblikovao u oštricu.

He put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife

Zatim je pljunuo na kraj ovog fekalijskog noža

and as it finally froze solid, he butchered a dog with it.

i kada se napokon zaledio, ubio je psa s njim.

He skinned the dog and improvised a harness,

Ogulio je kožu s psa i improvizovao opremu,

took the ribcage of the dog and improvised a sled,

uzeo je rebra psa i improvizovao klizače na sanjkama,

harnessed up an adjacent dog,

upregao je drugog psa,

and disappeared over the ice floes, shit knife in belt.

i nestao preko ledenih santi, s fekalijskim nožem za pojasom.

Talk about getting by with nothing. (Laughter)

Kako ni od čega napraviti nešto. (Smijeh)

And this, in many ways --

Ovo je, na mnogo načina --

(Applause) --

(Pljesak) --

is a symbol of the resilience of the Inuit people

simbol izdržljivosti Inuita

and of all indigenous people around the world.

i svih domorodaca širom svijeta.

The Canadian government in April of 1999

Kanadska vlada je u travnju 1999.

gave back to total control of the Inuit

dala Inuitima potpunu kontrolu

an area of land larger than California and Texas put together.

nad zemljom površine koja je veća od Kalifornije i Teksasa zajedno.

It's our new homeland. It's called Nunavut.

To je naša nova domovina. Nazvana Nunavut.

It's an independent territory. They control all mineral resources.

To je nezavisni teritorij. Oni kontroliraju sve mineralne izvore.

An amazing example of how a nation-state

Ovo je zadivljujući primjer kako država

can seek restitution with its people.

može riješiti problem vraćanja imovine svom narodu.

And finally, in the end, I think it's pretty obvious

I konačno, na kraju, mislim da je poprilično očito

at least to all of all us who've traveled

makar svima nama koji smo putovali

in these remote reaches of the planet,

u ove udaljene dijelove naše planete,

to realize that they're not remote at all.

da shvatimo da oni uopće nisu udaljeni.

They're homelands of somebody.

Oni su nečije domovine.

They represent branches of the human imagination

Predstavljaju ogranke ljudske mašte

that go back to the dawn of time. And for all of us,

koja seže do početka vremena.I za sve nas,

the dreams of these children, like the dreams of our own children,

snovi ove djece, kao snovi naše djece,

become part of the naked geography of hope.

postaju dijelovi ogoljene geografije nade.

So, what we're trying to do at the National Geographic, finally,

Dakle, ono što mi pokušavamo u National Geographicu, konačno,

is, we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything.

pa, mi mislimo da političari nikada neće ništa postići.

We think that polemics --

Mislimo da polemike --

(Applause) --

(Pljesak) --

we think that polemics are not persuasive,

mislimo da polemike nisu uvjerljive,

but we think that storytelling can change the world,

ali mislimo da pričanje priča može promijeniti svijet,

and so we are probably the best storytelling institution

a mi smo vjerojatno najbolja institucija za pričanje priča

in the world. We get 35 million hits on our website every month.

na svijetu. Bilježimo 35 milijuna ulazaka na našu web stranicu svakog mjeseca.

156 nations carry our television channel.

156 zemalja prenosi naš televizijski kanal.

Our magazines are read by millions.

Naše časopise čitaju milijuni.

And what we're doing is a series of journeys

A mi idemo na brojna putovanja

to the ethnosphere where we're going to take our audience

u etnosferu i tako odvodimo našu publiku

to places of such cultural wonder

na mjesta takvih kulturnih čuda

that they cannot help but come away dazzled

da si ne mogu pomoći nego ostanu bez daha

by what they have seen, and hopefully, therefore,

od onog što su vidjeli, i nadamo se, na taj način,

embrace gradually, one by one,

da postepeno prihvate, jedan po jedan,

the central revelation of anthropology:

samu suštinu antropologije:

that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way,

da ovaj svijet zaslužuje postojati na različite načine,

that we can find a way to live

da možemo način da živimo

in a truly multicultural, pluralistic world

u istinskom multikulturalnom, pluralističkom svijetu

where all of the wisdom of all peoples

gdje se sva mudrost svih ljudi

can contribute to our collective well-being.

može pridonijeti našem kolektivnom blagostanju.

Thank you very much.

Hvala vam puno.

(Applause)

(Pljesak)