Wade Davis: Cultures at the far edge of the world

388,910 views ใƒป 2007-01-12

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam
00:25
You know, one of the intense pleasures of travel
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ืื—ืช ื”ื”ื ืื•ืช ื”ืขืžื•ืงื•ืช ืฉื‘ืžืกืขื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื,
00:28
and one of the delights of ethnographic research
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ื•ืื—ื“ ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื—ืงืจ ื”ืืชื ื•ื’ืจืคื™,
00:30
is the opportunity to live amongst those
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ื˜ืžื•ื ื™ื ื‘ื”ื–ื“ืžื ื•ืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืืœื” ืฉื˜ืจื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืืช ื“ืจื›ื™ ื”ืขื‘ืจ,
00:32
who have not forgotten the old ways,
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00:34
who still feel their past in the wind,
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ืฉืขื•ื“ ื—ืฉื™ื ืืช ืขื‘ืจื ื ื™ืฉื ื‘ืจื•ื—,
00:37
touch it in stones polished by rain,
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ื ื•ื’ืขื™ื ื‘ื• ื‘ืื‘ื ื™ื ื”ืžืžื•ืจืงื•ืช ืžื’ืฉื,
00:40
taste it in the bitter leaves of plants.
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ื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืขืœื™ื”ื ื”ืžืจื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
00:42
Just to know that Jaguar shamans still journey beyond the Milky Way,
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ืขืฆื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืฉืžืื ื™ ื”ื™ื’ื•ืืจ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื’ื™ืขื™ื ืืœ ืžืขื‘ืจ ืœืฉื‘ื™ืœ ื”ื—ืœื‘,
00:46
or the myths of the Inuit elders still resonate with meaning,
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ืื• ืฉื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื ืฉืœ ื–ืงื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื”ื“ื”ื“ื™ื ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช,
00:50
or that in the Himalaya,
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ืื• ืฉื‘ื”ื™ืžืœืื™ื”,
00:53
the Buddhists still pursue the breath of the Dharma,
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ื”ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ืกื˜ื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืชืจื™ื ืื—ืจ ื ืฉื™ืžืช ื”ื“ื”ืจืžื”,
00:57
is to really remember the central revelation of anthropology,
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ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื• ืื›ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ืชื’ืœื•ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”:
01:00
and that is the idea that the world in which we live
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ืฉื‘ื• ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื™ื™ื
01:03
does not exist in some absolute sense,
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ืœื ืงื™ื™ื ื‘ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืžื•ื—ืœื˜ ื›ืœืฉื”ื•,
01:05
but is just one model of reality,
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ืืœื ืจืง ื›ืชื‘ื ื™ืช ืื—ืช ืฉืœ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช,
01:06
the consequence of one particular set of adaptive choices
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ืชื•ืœื“ื” ืฉืœ ืื•ืกืฃ ืžืกื•ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื™ื•ืช
01:10
that our lineage made, albeit successfully, many generations ago.
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ืฉื”ืฉื•ืฉืœืช ืฉืœื ื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื”, ื’ื ืื ื‘ื”ืฆืœื—ื”, ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื.
01:15
And of course, we all share the same adaptive imperatives.
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ื•ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื—ื•ืœืงื™ื ืื•ืชื ืฆื™ื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ืกืชื’ืœื•ืชื™ื™ื.
01:19
We're all born. We all bring our children into the world.
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ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื•ืœื“ื™ื. ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืžื‘ื™ืื™ื ื™ืœื“ื™ื ืœืขื•ืœื.
01:21
We go through initiation rites.
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ืื ื• ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื˜ืงืกื™ ื—ื ื™ื›ื”.
01:23
We have to deal with the inexorable separation of death,
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ืื ื• ืžืชืžื•ื“ื“ื™ื ืขื ื”ืคืจื™ื“ื” ื”ืขื™ืงืฉืช ืฉื‘ืžื•ื•ืช,
01:25
so it shouldn't surprise us that we all sing, we all dance,
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ื›ืš ืฉืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืคืœื ืฉื›ื•ืœื ื• ืฉืจื™ื, ื›ื•ืœื ื• ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื,
01:29
we all have art.
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ืœื›ื•ืœื ื• ื™ืฉ ืืžื ื•ืช.
01:31
But what's interesting is the unique cadence of the song,
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ืืš ื”ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฆื‘ ื”ื™ื™ื—ื•ื“ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉื™ืจ,
01:34
the rhythm of the dance in every culture.
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ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ื‘ื›ืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
01:36
And whether it is the Penan in the forests of Borneo,
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ื•ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืฉื ื” ืื ืืฆืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืคื ืืŸ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื‘ื•ืจื ืื•,
01:39
or the Voodoo acolytes in Haiti,
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ืื• ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ื• ื‘ื”ืื™ื˜ื™,
01:43
or the warriors in the Kaisut desert of Northern Kenya,
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ืื• ื”ืœื•ื—ืžื™ื ื‘ืžื“ื‘ืจ ืงืื™ืกื•ื˜ ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื ื™ื”,
ื‘ืงืจื‘ ืจื•ืคืื™ ื”ืืœื™ืœ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื,
01:49
the Curandero in the mountains of the Andes,
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01:52
or a caravanserai in the middle of the Sahara --
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ืื• ื‘ื—ืืŸ ื‘ืœื‘ ื”ืกื”ืจื”--
ืื’ื‘, ื–ื” ื”ื™ื” ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืœืžืกืข ืืœ ื”ืžื“ื‘ืจ
01:57
this is incidentally the fellow that I traveled into the desert with
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ืœืคื ื™ ื—ื•ื“ืฉ --
01:59
a month ago --
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02:00
or indeed a yak herder in the slopes of Qomolangma,
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ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ืจื•ืขื” ื™ืืง ื‘ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืฆ'ื•ืžื•ืœื ื’ืžื”,
02:03
Everest, the goddess mother of the world.
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ื”ืœื ื”ื•ื ื”ืื•ื•ืจืกื˜, ื”ืืœื”-ื”ืื ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
02:05
All of these peoples teach us that there are other ways of being,
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ื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื• ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื• ืฉื™ืฉ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืื—ืจื™ื,
02:08
other ways of thinking,
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ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘, ื“ืจื›ื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ืœื”ืชืžืฆื ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
02:09
other ways of orienting yourself in the Earth.
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02:11
And this is an idea, if you think about it,
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ื•ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื”, ืื ืชื—ืฉื‘ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš, ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืจืง ืœืžืœื ืืชื›ื ื‘ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
02:13
can only fill you with hope.
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02:15
Now, together the myriad cultures of the world
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ื™ื—ื“, ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกืคื•ืจ
02:18
make up a web of spiritual life and cultural life
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ื˜ื•ื•ืช ืจืฉืช ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื™-ืจื•ื— ื•ื—ื™ื™-ืชืจื‘ื•ืช
02:22
that envelops the planet,
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ืฉืขื•ื˜ืคืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื,
02:24
and is as important to the well-being of the planet
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ื•ื”ื™ื ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื” ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
02:26
as indeed is the biological web of life that you know as a biosphere.
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ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ื›ืžื• ื”ืจืฉืช ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื ื™ื "ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”".
02:29
And you might think of this cultural web of life
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ื•ื‘ืจืฉืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ืช ื”ื–ืืช ืืคืฉืจ ืœืจืื•ืช ืืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
02:32
as being an ethnosphere,
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02:33
and you might define the ethnosphere
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ื•ืืช ื”ืืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื’ื“ื™ืจ ื›ืฆื™ืจื•ืฃ ื›ืœ ื”ืžื—ืฉื‘ื•ืช, ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช, ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืกื™ื,
02:35
as being the sum total of all thoughts and dreams, myths,
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02:38
ideas, inspirations, intuitions brought into being
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช, ื”ื”ืฉืจืื” ื•ื”ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื”
ืฉื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืจื ืžืื– ืฉื—ืจ ื”ืชื•ื“ืขื”.
02:41
by the human imagination since the dawn of consciousness.
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02:45
The ethnosphere is humanity's great legacy.
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ื”ืืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื”ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืจืฉืช ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื•ืช.
02:48
It's the symbol of all that we are
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ื”ื™ื ืžืกืžืœืช ืืช ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื ื•
02:50
and all that we can be as an astonishingly inquisitive species.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื›ื’ื–ืข ื—ืงืจื ื™ ืœื”ืคืœื™ื.
ื•ืžืžืฉ ื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ื‘ื™ื•ืกืคื™ืจื” ื ืฉื—ืงืช ืงืฉื•ืช,
02:55
And just as the biosphere has been severely eroded,
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02:58
so too is the ethnosphere
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ื›ืš ื’ื ื”ืืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ื•ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ.
03:00
-- and, if anything, at a far greater rate.
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03:02
No biologists, for example, would dare suggest
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ืืฃ ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืœื ื™ืขื– ืœื˜ืขื•ืŸ ืฉ-50% ืžื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื, ืื• ื™ื•ืชืจ,
03:04
that 50 percent of all species or more have been or are
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ื ืžืฆืื™ื ืขืœ ืกืฃ ื”ื›ื—ื“ื”, ื›ื™ ื–ื” ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœื ื ื›ื•ืŸ.
03:07
on the brink of extinction because it simply is not true,
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03:09
and yet that -- the most apocalyptic scenario
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ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ, ื”ืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ื›ื™ ืืคื•ืงืœื™ืคื˜ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
03:11
in the realm of biological diversity --
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03:14
scarcely approaches what we know to be the most optimistic scenario
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ืืคื™ืœื• ืœื ืžืชืงืจื‘ ืœืชืจื—ื™ืฉ ื”ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื ื•
03:17
in the realm of cultural diversity.
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ื‘ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื’ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™.
03:19
And the great indicator of that, of course, is language loss.
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ื”ืกื™ืžืŸ ื”ืžื•ื‘ื”ืง ืœื›ืš ื”ื•ื, ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ, ื”ื™ืขืœืžื•ืช ื”ืฉืคื•ืช.
03:22
When each of you in this room were born,
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ื›ืฉื›ืœ ื”ื ื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืื•ืœื ืจืง ื ื•ืœื“ื•,
03:25
there were 6,000 languages spoken on the planet.
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื“ื™ื‘ืจ ื‘-6,000 ืฉืคื•ืช.
03:28
Now, a language is not just a body of vocabulary
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ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ืœื ืจืง ืื•ืฆืจ ืžื™ืœื™ื
03:31
or a set of grammatical rules.
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ืื• ืื•ืกืฃ ืฉืœ ื›ืœืœื™ ื“ืงื“ื•ืง.
ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ื ื™ืฆื•ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช.
03:33
A language is a flash of the human spirit.
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03:35
It's a vehicle through which the soul of each particular culture
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ื”ื™ื ื›ืœื™ ืฉื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืชื• ื”ื ืฉืžื” ืฉืœ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช
03:38
comes into the material world.
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ืžืชืžืžืฉืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื”ื’ืฉืžื™.
03:39
Every language is an old-growth forest of the mind,
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ื›ืœ ืฉืคื” ื”ื™ื ื“ืจืš ืขืชื™ืงื” ื‘ื™ืขืจ ื”ื ืคืฉ,
03:42
a watershed, a thought, an ecosystem of spiritual possibilities.
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ืงื• ืคืจืฉืช ืžื™ื, ืžื—ืฉื‘ื”, ืžืขืจื›ืช ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื•ืช,
03:46
And of those 6,000 languages, as we sit here today in Monterey,
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ื•ืžืชื•ืš ืื•ืชืŸ 6,000 ืฉืคื•ืช, ืžืžืฉ ื›ืขืช, ื‘ื™ื•ืฉื‘ื ื• ื›ืืŸ ื‘ืžื•ื ื˜ืจื™ื™,
03:50
fully half are no longer being whispered into the ears of children.
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ืžื—ืฆื™ืชืŸ ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ื ืœื—ืฉื•ืช ื‘ืื•ื–ื ื™ ื™ืœื“ื™ื.
03:54
They're no longer being taught to babies,
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืœื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื ืื•ืชืŸ ืœืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช,
03:57
which means, effectively, unless something changes,
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ื•ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื”ื“ื‘ืจ ื”ื•ื, ื‘ืขืฆื, ืฉืื ืœื ื™ืฉืชื ื” ืžืฉื”ื•,
03:59
they're already dead.
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ื”ืฉืคื•ืช ื”ืืœื• ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืชื•ืช.
04:00
What could be more lonely than to be enveloped in silence,
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ืžื” ื‘ื•ื“ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืขื˜ื•ืฃ ื‘ื“ืžืžื”,
04:04
to be the last of your people to speak your language,
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ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืืช ืฉืคืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžืš,
04:06
to have no way to pass on the wisdom of the ancestors
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ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœ ืœื”ืขื‘ื™ืจ ืืช ื—ื•ื›ืžืช ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื”ืงื•ื“ืžื™ื
04:09
or anticipate the promise of the children?
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ืื• ืœืฆืคื•ืช ืœื”ืชื’ืฉืžื•ืช ื”ื”ื‘ื˜ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืฆืืฆืื™ื?
04:12
And yet, that dreadful fate is indeed the plight of somebody
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ืื•ืœื ื’ื•ืจืœ ื ื•ืจื ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ืื›ืŸ ืžื ืช ื—ืœืงื• ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•
04:15
somewhere on Earth roughly every two weeks,
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ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื‘ืขืจืš ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื,
04:17
because every two weeks, some elder dies
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ื›ื™ ืื—ืช ืœืฉื‘ื•ืขื™ื™ื, ื–ืงืŸ ื›ืœืฉื”ื• ื ืคื˜ืจ
04:19
and carries with him into the grave the last syllables
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ื•ืœื•ืงื— ืขืžื• ืืœ ื”ืงื‘ืจ ืืช ื”ื”ื‘ืจื•ืช ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช
04:21
of an ancient tongue.
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ืฉืœ ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืขืชื™ืงื”.
04:23
And I know there's some of you who say, "Well, wouldn't it be better,
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ื—ืœืง ืžื›ื ื•ื“ืื™ ืื•ืžืจื™ื, "ื”ืื ืœื ืขื“ื™ืฃ ื›ืš?
04:25
wouldn't the world be a better place
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"ื”ืื ื”ืขื•ืœื ืœื ื™ื”ื™ื” ืžืงื•ื ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
04:26
if we all just spoke one language?" And I say, "Great,
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"ืื ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื” ืื—ืช?" ื•ืื ื™ ืื•ืžืจ, "ื™ื•ืคื™,
04:29
let's make that language Yoruba. Let's make it Cantonese.
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"ื”ื‘ื” ื ื—ืœื™ื˜ ืฉื”ืฉืคื” ื”ื–ืืช ืชื”ื™ื” ื™ื•ืจื•ื‘ื” ืื• ืงื ื˜ื•ื ื–ื™ืช.
04:32
Let's make it Kogi."
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"ืื• ืฉืคืช ื”ืงื•ื’ื™".
04:33
And you'll suddenly discover what it would be like
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ื•ื›ื•ืœื›ื ืชื’ืœื• ืคืชืื•ื ืื™ืš ื–ื”
04:35
to be unable to speak your own language.
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ืœื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืฉืคืชื›ื ืฉืœื›ื
04:38
And so, what I'd like to do with you today
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ืžื” ืฉืื ื™ ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืขืฉื•ืช ืื™ืชื›ื ื”ื™ื•ื
04:41
is sort of take you on a journey through the ethnosphere,
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ื”ื•ื ืœืงื—ืช ืืชื›ื ืœืžืกืข ื‘ืืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”-
ืžืกืข ืงืฆืจ ื‘ืืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”
04:45
a brief journey through the ethnosphere,
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04:47
to try to begin to give you a sense of what in fact is being lost.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื ืกื•ืช ืœืชืช ืœื›ื ืฉืžืฅ ืฉืœ ืžื•ืฉื’ ืžื” ืื•ื‘ื“.
04:52
Now, there are many of us who sort of forget
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ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฆืช ืžืชืขืœืžื™ื ืžื›ืš
04:59
that when I say "different ways of being,"
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ืฉื‘ืื•ืžืจื™ "ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื",
05:01
I really do mean different ways of being.
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ืื ื™ ื‘ืืžืช ืžืชื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ื•ื•ื™ื” ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
05:04
Take, for example, this child of a Barasana in the Northwest Amazon,
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ืงื—ื• ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืืช ื”ื™ืœื“ ื”ื–ื”, ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ื‘ืจืกืื ื” ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืืก,
ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื ืงื•ื ื“ื”,
05:09
the people of the anaconda
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05:10
who believe that mythologically they came up the milk river
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ืฉืขืœ-ืคื™ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœื”ื, ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžืขืœื” ื ื”ืจ ื”ื—ืœื‘ ืžืžื–ืจื—,
05:12
from the east in the belly of sacred snakes.
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ื‘ืงื™ื‘ื•ืชื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื ื—ืฉื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื.
05:15
Now, this is a people who cognitively
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ื‘ื ื™ ืขื ื–ื” ืœื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ื” ืงื•ื’ื ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช
05:18
do not distinguish the color blue from the color green
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื‘ืข ื”ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืœื™ืจื•ืง ืžืื—ืจ ืฉื—ื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืžื™ื
05:20
because the canopy of the heavens
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05:22
is equated to the canopy of the forest
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ื–ื”ื” ืžื‘ื—ื™ื ืชื ืœื—ื•ืคืช ื”ืขืฆื™ื ื‘ื™ืขืจ, ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื ืชืœื•ื™ื™ื ืœืžื—ื™ื™ืชื.
05:23
upon which the people depend.
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05:25
They have a curious language and marriage rule
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ืงื™ื™ื ืืฆืœื ื—ื•ืง ืžื•ื–ืจ ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืœืฉืคื” ื•ืœื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ืŸ
05:28
which is called "linguistic exogamy:"
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืืงืกื•ื’ืžื™ื” ืœืฉื•ื ื™ืช":
05:30
you must marry someone who speaks a different language.
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ื—ื•ื‘ื” ืœื”ืชื—ืชืŸ ืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืฉื“ื•ื‘ืจ ืฉืคื” ืื—ืจืช.
05:33
And this is all rooted in the mythological past,
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ื›ืœ ื–ื” ืžื•ืฉืจืฉ ื‘ืขื‘ืจ ื”ืžื™ืชื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
05:35
yet the curious thing is in these long houses,
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ืืš ื”ืžื•ื–ืจ ื”ื•ื, ืฉื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ื”ืžืื•ืจื›ื™ื ื”ืืœื”,
05:37
where there are six or seven languages spoken
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื“ื•ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืฉืฉ ืื• ื‘ืฉื‘ืข ืฉืคื•ืช ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื ื™ืฉื•ืื™ ื”ืชืขืจื•ื‘ืช,
05:39
because of intermarriage,
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05:41
you never hear anyone practicing a language.
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ืœืขื•ืœื ืœื ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉืžืชืืžื ื™ื ื‘ืฉื™ืžื•ืฉ ื‘ืฉืคื”.
05:44
They simply listen and then begin to speak.
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ื”ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืžืงืฉื™ื‘ื™ื ื•ืื– ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื“ื‘ืจ.
05:47
Or, one of the most fascinating tribes I ever lived with,
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ืื• ืื—ื“ ืžื”ืฉื‘ื˜ื™ื ื”ืžืจืชืงื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื—ื™ื™ืชื™ ื‘ืงืจื‘ื,
05:49
the Waorani of northeastern Ecuador,
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ื”ื•ื•ืืจืื ื™ ืฉืœ ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžื–ืจื— ืืงื•ื•ื“ื•ืจ,
05:53
an astonishing people first contacted peacefully in 1958.
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ืขื ืžื•ืคืœื, ืฉืื™ืชื• ื ื•ืฆืจ ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžื’ืข ื‘ื“ืจื›ื™-ืฉืœื•ื ื‘-1958.
05:56
In 1957, five missionaries attempted contact
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ื‘-1957, ื—ืžื™ืฉื” ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ื ื™ืกื• ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ืงืฉืจ,
06:00
and made a critical mistake.
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ื•ืขืฉื• ืฉื’ื™ืื” ื’ื•ืจืœื™ืช.
06:01
They dropped from the air
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ื”ื ื”ืฉืœื™ื›ื• ืžื”ืื•ื•ื™ืจ ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ืžื‘ืจื™ืงื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฆืžื
06:02
8 x 10 glossy photographs of themselves
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06:04
in what we would say to be friendly gestures,
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืžื” ืฉื ื—ืฉื‘ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื• ื›ืžื—ื•ื•ื” ื™ื“ื™ื“ื•ืชื™ืช,
06:06
forgetting that these people of the rainforest
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ืืš ื”ื ืฉื›ื—ื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืฉื ื”ืืœื”
06:08
had never seen anything two-dimensional in their lives.
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ืœื ืจืื• ืžืขื•ืœื ืขืฆื ื“ื•-ืžื™ืžื“ื™.
06:11
They picked up these photographs from the forest floor,
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ื”ื ื”ืจื™ืžื• ืืช ื”ืชืฆืœื•ืžื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืžืื“ืžืช ื”ื™ืขืจ,
06:13
tried to look behind the face to find the form or the figure,
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ื ื™ืกื• ืœื—ืคืฉ ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืคื™ื ืฆื•ืจื” ืื• ื’ื•ืฃ, ืœื ืžืฆืื• ื›ืœื•ื
06:16
found nothing, and concluded that these were calling cards
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ื•ื”ืกื™ืงื• ืฉืืœื” ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™-ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจ ืžื”ืฉื˜ืŸ,
06:18
from the devil, so they speared the five missionaries to death.
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ื•ืœื›ืŸ ื”ื ื“ืงืจื• ื‘ื—ื ื™ืชื•ืชื™ื”ื ืืช ื”ืžื™ืกื™ื•ื ืจื™ื ืœืžื•ื•ืช.
ืื‘ืœ ื”ื•ื•ืืจืื ื™ ืœื ื“ืงืจื• ืจืง ืื ืฉื™ื ืžื‘ื—ื•ืฅ.
06:22
But the Waorani didn't just spear outsiders.
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06:24
They speared each other.
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ืืœื ื’ื ื–ื” ืืช ื–ื”.
06:25
54 percent of their mortality was due to them spearing each other.
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54% ืžื›ืœืœ ื”ืชืžื•ืชื” ืืฆืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ื›ืชื•ืฆืื” ืžื“ืงื™ืจื•ืช ื—ื ื™ืช.
06:28
We traced genealogies back eight generations,
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ื”ืฆืœื—ื ื• ืœืฉื—ื–ืจ ืืช ืฉื•ืฉืœื•ืช ื”ื™ื•ื—ืกื™ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื ืฉืžื•ื ื” ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ืœืื—ื•ืจ,
06:31
and we found two instances of natural death
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ื•ื’ื™ืœื™ื ื• ืฉื ื™ ืžืงืจื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื•ื•ืช ื˜ื‘ืขื™
06:33
and when we pressured the people a little bit about it,
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ื•ื›ืฉืœื—ืฆื ื• ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœืกืคืจ ืœื ื• ืขืœ ื›ืš,
06:35
they admitted that one of the fellows had gotten so old
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ื”ื ื”ื•ื“ื• ืฉืื—ื“ ืžื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื™ื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื›ืœ-ื›ืš ื–ืงืŸ,
06:37
that he died getting old, so we speared him anyway. (Laughter)
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื’ืกืก ืžื–ืงื ื”, ืื– ื”ื ื“ืงืจื• ืื•ืชื• ื‘ื›ืœ ื–ืืช. [ืฆื—ื•ืง].
06:41
But at the same time they had a perspicacious knowledge
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ื™ื” ืœื”ื ื’ื ื™ื“ืข ืžื“ื•ื™ืง ืœื”ื“ื”ื™ื ืื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ื™ืขืจ.
06:44
of the forest that was astonishing.
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06:45
Their hunters could smell animal urine at 40 paces
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ื”ืฆื™ื™ื“ื™ื ืฉืœื”ื ื”ื™ื• ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ืจื™ื— ืฉืชืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ื™ื” ืžืžืจื—ืง 40 ืฆืขื“ื™ื
06:48
and tell you what species left it behind.
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ื•ืœื“ืขืช ืื™ื–ื• ื—ื™ื” ื”ืฉืื™ืจื” ืื•ืชื• ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ื”.
06:51
In the early '80s, I had a really astonishing assignment
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ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืžื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžื•ืงื“ืžื•ืช ืงื™ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžืฉื™ืžื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื‘ืืžืช
06:53
when I was asked by my professor at Harvard
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืœื™ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“ ืฉืืœ ืื•ืชื™
06:55
if I was interested in going down to Haiti,
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ืื ืื ื™ ืžืขื•ื ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื ืกื•ืข ืœื”ืื™ื˜ื™
06:58
infiltrating the secret societies
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ื•ืœื—ื“ื•ืจ ืœืื’ื•ื“ื•ืช ื”ืกื•ื“ื™ื•ืช
07:00
which were the foundation of Duvalier's strength
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ืฉื”ื™ื•ื• ืืช ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ื›ื•ื— ืฉืœ ื“ื•ื‘ืœื™ื” ื•ื”"ื˜ื•ื ื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืงื•ื˜",
07:02
and Tonton Macoutes,
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07:03
and securing the poison used to make zombies.
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ื•ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืจืขืœ ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืื ืฉื™ื ืœื–ื•ืžื‘ื™ื.
07:06
In order to make sense out of sensation, of course,
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ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ืคื•ืš ืกื ืกืฆื™ื” ืœืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื’ื™ื•ื ื™
07:09
I had to understand something about this remarkable faith
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ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžืฉื”ื• ืื•ื“ื•ืช ืืžื•ื ื” ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื–ื•, ื”ื•ื•ื“ื•ืŸ.
07:12
of Vodoun. And Voodoo is not a black magic cult.
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ื”ื•ื•ื“ื• ืื™ื ื ื• ื›ืช ืฉืœ ืžื’ื™ื” ืฉื—ื•ืจื”.
07:15
On the contrary, it's a complex metaphysical worldview.
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ืœื”ืคืš, ื”ื•ื ืžื”ื•ื•ื” ืจืื™ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื ืžื˜ืืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ืช. ื–ื” ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ.
07:18
It's interesting.
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ืื™ืœื• ื‘ื™ืงืฉืชื™ ืžื›ื ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ื“ืชื•ืช ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช,
07:19
If I asked you to name the great religions of the world,
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07:20
what would you say?
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ืžื” ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืื•ืžืจื™ื?
07:21
Christianity, Islam, Buddhism, Judaism, whatever.
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ื ืฆืจื•ืช, ืื™ืกืœื, ื‘ื•ื“ื”ื™ื–ื, ื™ื”ื“ื•ืช, ื•ื›ื•'.
07:24
There's always one continent left out,
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ืชืžื™ื“ ืฉื•ื›ื—ื™ื ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืื—ืช,
07:26
the assumption being that sub-Saharan Africa
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ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ื”ื ื—ื” ืฉื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืชืช-ื”ืกื”ืจื”
07:28
had no religious beliefs. Well, of course, they did
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ืœื ื”ื™ื• ืืžื•ื ื•ืช ื“ืชื™ื•ืช. ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ื• ืœื”ื,
07:30
and Voodoo is simply the distillation
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ื•ื”ื•ื•ื“ื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื–ื™ืงื•ืง ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื“ืชื™ื™ื ื”ืขืžื•ืงื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
07:33
of these very profound religious ideas
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07:34
that came over during the tragic Diaspora of the slavery era.
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ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื”ื’ืœื•ืช ื”ื˜ืจืื’ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ืคืช ื”ืขื‘ื“ื•ืช.
07:37
But, what makes Voodoo so interesting
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ืื‘ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ื”ื•ื•ื“ื• ืœืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื›ืœ ื›ืš
07:39
is that it's this living relationship
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ื”ื•ื ื”ืงืฉืจ ื”ื—ื™ ื”ื–ื” ื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืœืžืชื™ื.
07:41
between the living and the dead.
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07:42
So, the living give birth to the spirits.
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ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืžื•ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช.
07:43
The spirits can be invoked from beneath the Great Water,
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ืืช ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœื–ืžืŸ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืžื™ื ื”ื›ื‘ื™ืจื™ื
07:46
responding to the rhythm of the dance
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ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื”ืงืฆื‘ ืฉืœ ื”ืจื™ืงื•ื“,
07:48
to momentarily displace the soul of the living,
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ืฉื“ื•ื—ืง ื”ืฆื™ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื–ืžื ื™ ืืช ื ืฉืžืช ื”ื—ื™,
07:50
so that for that brief shining moment, the acolyte becomes the god.
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ื›ืš ืฉืœืจื’ืข ืžื–ื”ื™ืจ ืื—ื“, ื”ื›ื•ื”ืŸ ื”ื•ืคืš ืœืืœ.
07:54
That's why the Voodooists like to say
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ืœื›ืŸ ืื ืฉื™ ื”ื•ื•ื“ื• ื ื•ื”ื’ื™ื ืœื•ืžืจ:
07:56
that "You white people go to church and speak about God.
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"ืืชื, ื”ืœื‘ื ื™ื, ื”ื•ืœื›ื™ื ืœื›ื ืกื™ื™ื” ื•ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ืืœื•ื”ื™ื.
07:59
We dance in the temple and become God."
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"ื•ืื™ืœื• ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืงื“ื™ื ื‘ืžืงื“ืฉ ื•ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืืœื•ื”ื™ื".
08:01
And because you are possessed, you are taken by the spirit --
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ื•ื›ืฉืื“ื ื ืื—ื– ื“ื™ื‘ื•ืง ื•ื ืœืคืช ื‘ืฉืœื™ื˜ืช ื”ืจื•ื—,
08:04
how can you be harmed?
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ืžื” ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื›ืœ ืœืคื’ื•ืข ื‘ื•?
08:05
So you see these astonishing demonstrations:
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ืื– ืืชื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืจืื•ืช ืืช ื”ื“ื•ื’ืžืื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื•ืช ื”ืืœื•:
08:08
Voodoo acolytes in a state of trance
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ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ ื•ื•ื“ื• ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ื˜ืจืื ืก
08:10
handling burning embers with impunity,
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ืžื—ื–ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื—ืœื™ื ื‘ื•ืขืจื•ืช ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื—ื•ืฉ ื›ืื‘,
ื”ืžื—ืฉื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœื™ื›ื•ืœืชื” ืฉืœ ื”ื ืคืฉ
08:13
a rather astonishing demonstration of the ability of the mind
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08:16
to affect the body that bears it
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ืœื”ืฉืคื™ืข ืขืœ ื”ื’ื•ืฃ ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ื›ื ืช
08:17
when catalyzed in the state of extreme excitation.
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ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ื”ืžืžืจื™ืฅ ืฉืœ ื”ืชืจื’ืฉื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ืช.
08:21
Now, of all the peoples that I've ever been with,
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ืžื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ืฉื‘ืžื—ื™ืฆืชื ืฉื”ื™ืชื™,
08:23
the most extraordinary are the Kogi
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ื”ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื›ื•ืœื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืงื•ื’ื™
08:25
of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta in northern Colombia.
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ืžืŸ ื”ืกื™ื™ืจื” ื ื‘ื“ื” ื“ื” ืกื ื˜ื” ืžืจื˜ื” ืฉื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”.
08:28
Descendants of the ancient Tairona civilization
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ื‘ื ื™ ืขื ื–ื”, ืฆืืฆืื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื˜ืื™ืจื•ื ื”
08:31
which once carpeted the Caribbean coastal plain of Colombia,
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ืฉืคืขื ืฉื›ื ื” ื‘ืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™ ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื”,
08:34
in the wake of the conquest,
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ื‘ืจื—ื• ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ื›ื™ื‘ื•ืฉ ืืœ ื’ื•ืฉ ื”ืจื™ื ื•ื•ืœืงื ื™ ืžื‘ื•ื“ื“
08:35
these people retreated into an isolated volcanic massif
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08:38
that soars above the Caribbean coastal plain.
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ื”ืžืชื ืฉื ืžืขืœ ืœืžื™ืฉื•ืจ ื”ื—ื•ืฃ ื”ืงืืจื™ื‘ื™.
08:40
In a bloodstained continent,
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ื‘ื™ื‘ืฉืช ืžื’ื•ืืœืช ื‘ื“ื,
08:42
these people alone were never conquered by the Spanish.
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ื”ืขื ื”ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืฉืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ื›ื‘ืฉ ืข"ื™ ื”ืกืคืจื“ื™ื.
08:45
To this day, they remain ruled by a ritual priesthood
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ื”ื ื ืฉืœื˜ื™ื ืขื“ ื”ื™ื•ื ืข"ื™ ืžืขืจื›ืช ืฉืœ ื›ื”ื•ื ื” ื˜ื™ืงืกื™ืช,
08:48
but the training for the priesthood is rather extraordinary.
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ืืš ื”ื›ืฉืจืช ื”ื›ื•ื”ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ืช ื‘ืžื™ื ื”:
ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื™ื ื”ืฆืขื™ืจื™ื ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ืžืžืฉืคื—ื•ืชื™ื”ื ื‘ื”ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ื ื™ 3 ื•-4,
08:51
The young acolytes are taken away from their families
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08:53
at the age of three and four,
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08:55
sequestered in a shadowy world of darkness
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ื”ื ืžื•ื›ื ืกื™ื ืœื‘ื™ื“ื•ื“ ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืฉืœ ื—ื•ืฉืš ื•ืฆืœืœื™ื
08:57
in stone huts at the base of glaciers for 18 years:
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ื‘ื‘ืงืชื•ืช-ืื‘ืŸ, ืœืžืจื’ืœื•ืช ืงืจื—ื•ื ื™ื, ืœืžืฉืš 18 ืฉื ื”:
09:01
two nine-year periods
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ืฉืชื™ ืชืงื•ืคื•ืช ื‘ื ื•ืช 9 ืฉื ื™ื,
09:02
deliberately chosen to mimic the nine months of gestation
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ื›ื—ื™ืงื•ื™ ืžื›ื•ื•ืŸ ืœืชืฉืขืช ื—ื•ื“ืฉื™ ื”ื”ืจื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ืจื—ื ืื™ืžื.
09:05
they spend in their natural mother's womb;
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09:07
now they are metaphorically in the womb of the great mother.
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ื›ืขืช ื”ื ื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื˜ืืคื•ืจื™ ื‘ืจื—ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื”.
09:10
And for this entire time,
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ื•ื‘ืžืฉืš ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื”
09:12
they are inculturated into the values of their society,
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ื”ื ืขื•ื‘ืจื™ื ืชื™ืจื‘ื•ืช ืœืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ืฉืœื”ื,
09:15
values that maintain the proposition that their prayers
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ืขืจื›ื™ื ืฉืœืคื™ื”ื ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื•ื”ืชืคื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ืœื‘ื“ืŸ
09:17
and their prayers alone maintain the cosmic --
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ื”ืŸ ืฉืฉื•ืžืจื•ืช ืขืœ ืื™ื–ื•ืŸ ื”ืงื•ืกืžื™, ืžื” ืฉืงืจื•ื™ ื‘ืคื™ื ื• "ื”ืืงื•ืœื•ื’ื™".
09:20
or we might say the ecological -- balance.
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื” ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ื”ื–ืืช ื”ื ืœืคืชืข ื ืœืงื—ื™ื ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”
09:23
And at the end of this amazing initiation,
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09:24
one day they're suddenly taken out
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09:26
and for the first time in their lives, at the age of 18,
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ื•ืœืจืืฉื•ื ื” ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื”ื, ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉืžื•ื ื” ืขืฉืจื”,
09:29
they see a sunrise. And in that crystal moment of awareness
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ื”ื ืจื•ืื™ื ื–ืจื™ื—ื”.
ื•ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืจื’ืข ืฆืœื•ืœ ืฉืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืœืื•ืจ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ,
09:33
of first light as the Sun begins to bathe the slopes
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ื›ืฉืงืจื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืฉ ืฉื•ื˜ืคื•ืช ืืช ืžื“ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื ื•ืฃ ื”ืžื“ื”ื™ื,
09:36
of the stunningly beautiful landscape,
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ื‘ื‘ืช ืื—ืช, ื›ืœ ืžื” ืฉื”ื ืœืžื“ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืžื•ืคืฉื˜
09:38
suddenly everything they have learned in the abstract
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09:40
is affirmed in stunning glory. And the priest steps back
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ื–ื•ื›ื” ื‘ืื™ืฉื•ืฉ ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืจ ืžื”ืžื.
ื•ืื– ื”ื›ื•ื”ืŸ ืฆื•ืขื“ ืื—ื•ืจื” ื•ืื•ืžืจ: "ืจื•ืื™ื? ืžืžืฉ ื›ืžื• ืฉืกื™ืคืจืชื™ ืœื›ื.
09:43
and says, "You see? It's really as I've told you.
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09:45
It is that beautiful. It is yours to protect."
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"ื–ื” ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ื›ืš ื™ืคื”. ื•ืืชื ืžื•ืคืงื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื–ื”".
09:48
They call themselves the "elder brothers"
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ื”ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื "ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื"
09:50
and they say we, who are the younger brothers,
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ื•ื”ื ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉืื ื•, "ื”ืื—ื™ื ื”ืงื˜ื ื™ื",
09:53
are the ones responsible for destroying the world.
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ืืœื” ืฉืื—ืจืื™ื ืœื—ื•ืจื‘ืŸ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
ืจืžื” ื–ืืช ืฉืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืžืงื‘ืœืช ื—ืฉื™ื‘ื•ืช ืจื‘ื”:
09:57
Now, this level of intuition becomes very important.
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09:59
Whenever we think of indigenous people and landscape,
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ื‘ื›ืœ ืคืขื ืฉืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืขืœ ืขืžื™ ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื•ืขืœ ื ื•ืฃ,
10:01
we either invoke Rousseau
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ืื ื• ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืจื•ืกื• ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ื“ื•ืชื” ื”ื ื•ืฉื ื”
10:03
and the old canard of the "noble savage,"
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ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ "ื”ืคืจื ื”ืืฆื™ืœ", ืฉื”ื™ื ื’ื–ืขื ื™ืช ื‘ืคืฉื˜ื•ืชื”,
10:06
which is an idea racist in its simplicity,
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10:08
or alternatively, we invoke Thoreau
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ื•ืœื—ื™ืœื•ืคื™ืŸ, ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ื ืืช ืช'ื•ืจื•
10:11
and say these people are closer to the Earth than we are.
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ื•ืื•ืžืจื™ื ืฉื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืืœื” ืงืจื•ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืื™ืชื ื• ืœื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ.
10:13
Well, indigenous people are neither sentimental
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ, ืขืžื™ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ืื™ื ื ืจื’ืฉื ื™ื™ื ื•ืื™ื ื ืžื ื™ื—ื™ื ืœื ื•ืกื˜ืœื’ื™ื” ืœืจื›ืš ืื•ืชื.
10:15
nor weakened by nostalgia.
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10:17
There's not a lot of room for either
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ืื™ืŸ ืžืงื•ื ืจื‘ ืœืจื’ืฉื•ืช ื›ืืœื” ื‘ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืช ื”ืžืœืจื™ื” ืฉืœ ืืกืžื˜
10:19
in the malarial swamps of the Asmat
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ืื• ื‘ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืžืงืคื™ืื•ืช ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜.
10:21
or in the chilling winds of Tibet, but they have, nevertheless,
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ืืš ืœืžืจื•ืช ื–ืืช, ืœืื•ืจืš ื”ื“ื•ืจื•ืช ื•ื‘ืคื•ืœื—ื ื™ื”ื,
10:24
through time and ritual, forged a traditional mystique of the Earth
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ื”ื ื—ื™ืฉืœื• ืžื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืžืกื•ืจืชื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
10:28
that is based not on the idea of being self-consciously close to it,
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ืฉืžื‘ื•ืกืกืช ืœื ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืงืจื‘ื” ืืœื™ื• ืžืชื•ืš ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช ืขืฆืžื™ืช,
10:31
but on a far subtler intuition:
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ืืœื ืขืœ ืื™ื ื˜ื•ืื™ืฆื™ื” ืžืขื•ื“ื ืช ื‘ื”ืจื‘ื”:
10:33
the idea that the Earth itself can only exist
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื›ื“ื•ืจ ื”ืืจืฅ ืขืฆืžื• ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื”ืชืงื™ื™ื
ืจืง ืžืฉื•ื ืฉื”ืชื•ื“ืขื” ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ืช ืžืคื™ื—ื” ื‘ื• ื—ื™ื™ื.
10:37
because it is breathed into being by human consciousness.
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10:39
Now, what does that mean?
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ืžื” ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ?
10:41
It means that a young kid from the Andes
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ื–ื” ืื•ืžืจ ืฉื™ืœื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžื”ืจื™ ื”ืื ื“ื™ื,
ืฉื—ื•ื ืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ืจื•ื—ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืืœ ืึทืคึผื•ึผ
10:43
who's raised to believe that that mountain is an Apu spirit
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10:45
that will direct his or her destiny
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ืฉืชื ื—ื” ืื•ืชื• ืืœ ื™ื™ืขื•ื“ื•,
10:47
will be a profoundly different human being
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ืฉื”ื•ื ื™ื”ืคื•ืš ืœืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืžื™ืกื•ื“ื•
ื•ื’ื ื‘ืขืœ ืžืขืจื›ืช-ื™ื—ืกื™ื ืฉื•ื ื” ืขื ื”ืžืงื•ืจ ืื• ื”ืžืงื•ื ื”ื–ื”,
10:50
and have a different relationship to that resource
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10:53
or that place than a young kid from Montana
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื™ืœื“ ืฆืขื™ืจ ืžืžื•ื ื˜ื ื”
10:55
raised to believe that a mountain is a pile of rock
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ืฉื—ื•ื ืš ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ืขืจื™ืžืช ืกืœืขื™ื
ืฉืžื—ื›ื” ืœื›ื•ืจื™ื.
10:58
ready to be mined.
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10:59
Whether it's the abode of a spirit or a pile of ore is irrelevant.
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ืœื ืžืฉื ื” ืื ื”ื”ืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืŸ ืœืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืื• ืขืจื™ืžืช ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื;
11:03
What's interesting is the metaphor that defines the relationship
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื“ื™ืžื•ื™ ืฉืžื’ื“ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ื™ื—ืกื™ื
ืฉื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื—ื™ื“ ืœืขื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื‘ืข.
11:06
between the individual and the natural world.
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11:08
I was raised in the forests of British Columbia
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ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืฉืœ ืงื•ืœื•ืžื‘ื™ื” ื”ื‘ืจื™ื˜ื™ืช
11:10
to believe those forests existed to be cut.
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ื—ื™ื ื›ื• ืื•ืชื™ ืœื”ืืžื™ืŸ ืฉื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื ื•ืขื“ื• ืœื›ืจื™ืชื”.
11:12
That made me a different human being
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ื–ื” ื”ืคืš ืื•ืชื™ ืœื‘ืŸ-ืื“ื ืฉื•ื ื”
11:14
than my friends amongst the Kwagiulth
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ืœืขื•ืžืช ื—ื‘ืจื™, ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืงื•ื•ืื’ื™ื•ืœืช',
11:16
who believe that those forests were the abode of Huxwhukw
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ืฉืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื™ืขืจื•ืช ืืœื” ื”ื ืžืฉื›ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ื•ืงื•ืง
11:18
and the Crooked Beak of Heaven
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ื•ืฉืœ ืžืงื•ืจ ื”ืžืจื•ืžื™ื ื”ืžืขื•ืงื
11:19
and the cannibal spirits that dwelled at the north end of the world,
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ื•ื”ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ื”ืงื ื™ื‘ืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืฉื•ื›ื ื•ืช ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
11:22
spirits they would have to engage during their Hamatsa initiation.
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ืจื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืื™ืชืŸ ื™ื”ื™ื” ืขืœื™ื”ื ืœื”ืชืžื•ื“ื“ ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ื˜ืงืก ื”ื—ื ื™ื›ื”, ื”"ื”ืžื˜ืกื”".
11:26
Now, if you begin to look at the idea
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ืื ืจืง ืžืชื—ื™ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ืืช ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ
11:28
that these cultures could create different realities,
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ืฉืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืืœื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื•ืช ืœื™ืฆื•ืจ ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื”,
11:30
you could begin to understand
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืชื’ืœื™ื•ืช ื”ื‘ืœืชื™-ืจื’ื™ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ืŸ.
11:31
some of their extraordinary discoveries. Take this plant here.
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ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื–ื”.
ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ืฆืคื•ืŸ-ืžืขืจื‘ ื”ืืžื–ื•ื ืืก ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ ืฉืขื‘ืจ.
11:36
It's a photograph I took in the Northwest Amazon just last April.
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11:38
This is ayahuasca, which many of you have heard about,
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ื–ื”ื• ื”ืื™ืื”ื•ืืกืงื”, ืฉื™ื™ืชื›ืŸ ืฉืจื‘ื™ื ืžื›ื ืฉืžืขื• ืขืœื™ื•,
11:41
the most powerful psychoactive preparation
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ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื•ืืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื”ื—ื–ืงื” ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืจืคืจื˜ื•ืืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืืžืื ื™ื.
11:44
of the shaman's repertoire.
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11:46
What makes ayahuasca fascinating
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ืžื” ืฉื”ื•ืคืš ืืช ืื™ืื”ื•ืืกืงื” ืœืžืจืชืง
11:48
is not the sheer pharmacological potential of this preparation,
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ืื™ื ื ื• ื”ืคื•ื˜ื ืฆื™ืืœ ื”ืชืจื•ืคืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืžืจืงื—ืช,
11:52
but the elaboration of it. It's made really of two different sources:
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ืืœื ื”ืžื•ืจื›ื‘ื•ืช ืฉืœื”.
ื”ื™ื ื‘ื ื•ื™ื” ืžืฉื ื™ ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
11:56
on the one hand, this woody liana
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ื‘ืฆื“ ืื—ื“ ื ืžืฆื ืžื˜ืคืก ื”ืœื™ืื ื”,
11:58
which has in it a series of beta-carbolines,
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ืฉืžื›ื™ืœ ืกื“ืจื” ืฉืœ ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื, ื”ืจืžื™ืŸ, ื”ืจืžืœื™ืŸ, ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ื” ืงืœื™ื--
12:00
harmine, harmaline, mildly hallucinogenic --
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12:03
to take the vine alone
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ืื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืืช ื”ื’ื‘ืขื•ืœ ืœื‘ื“,
ื–ื” ื›ืžื• ืขื ืŸ ืขืฉืŸ ื›ื—ื•ืœ ืฉืฆืฃ ื‘ืชื•ื“ืขื”,
12:05
is rather to have sort of blue hazy smoke
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12:07
drift across your consciousness --
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12:09
but it's mixed with the leaves of a shrub in the coffee family
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ืื‘ืœ ืžืขืจื‘ื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ืขื ืขืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืขืฉื‘ ืžืžืฉืคื—ืช ื”ืงืคื”
12:12
called Psychotria viridis.
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ืฉื ืงืจื "ืคืกื™ื›ื•ื˜ืจื™ื” ื•ื™ืจื™ื“ื™ืก".
12:14
This plant had in it some very powerful tryptamines,
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ื”ืฆืžื— ื”ื–ื” ืžื›ื™ืœ ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื—ื–ืงื™ื ืžืื•ื“
12:17
very close to brain serotonin, dimethyltryptamine,
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ืฉื“ื•ืžื™ื ืžืื•ื“ ืœืกืจื•ื˜ื•ื ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ื—, ื“ื™ืžืชื™ืœื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ืžื™ืŸ,
ื—ืžืฉ-ืžืชื•ืงืกื™ื“ื™ืžืชื™ืœืจื™ืคื˜ืžื™ืŸ.
12:21
5-methoxydimethyltryptamine.
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12:22
If you've ever seen the Yanomami
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ืื ืจืื™ืชื ืื™-ืคืขื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ืžืื ืฉื™ ื”ื™ืื ื•ืžืืžื™
12:24
blowing that snuff up their noses,
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ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ืฉื•ืืฃ ืืช ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ื”ื–ื” ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฃ,
12:26
that substance they make from a different set of species
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ื”ื—ื•ืžืจ ืฉื”ื ืžื›ื™ื ื™ื, ืžืื•ืกืฃ ืื—ืจ ืฉืœ ื–ื ื™ื,
12:29
also contains methoxydimethyltryptamine.
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ืžื›ื™ืœ ื’ื ื”ื•ื ืžืชื•ืงืกื™ื“ื™ืžืชื™ืœืจื™ืคื˜ืžื™ืŸ.
12:33
To have that powder blown up your nose
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ืฉืื™ืคืช ื”ืื‘ืงื” ื”ื–ืืช ื“ืจืš ื”ืืฃ
12:35
is rather like being shot out of a rifle barrel
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ื”ื™ื ืงืฆืช ื›ืžื•...
ืœื”ืฉืชื’ืจ ื“ืจืš ืงื ื” ืจื•ื‘ื” ืฉืžืขื•ื˜ืจ ื‘ืฆื™ื•ืจื™ ื‘ืืจื•ืง
12:39
lined with baroque paintings and landing on a sea of electricity. (Laughter)
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ื•ืœื ื—ื•ืช ื‘ื™ื ืฉืœ ื—ืฉืžืœ. ื–ื” ืœื --
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
-- ื–ื” ืœื ืžืขื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช. ื–ื” ืžืคื•ืจืจ ืืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช.
12:46
It doesn't create the distortion of reality;
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12:48
it creates the dissolution of reality.
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12:49
In fact, I used to argue with my professor, Richard Evan Shultes --
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื ื”ื’ืชื™ ืœื”ืชื•ื•ื›ื— ืขื ื”ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืฉืœื™, ืจื™ืฆ'ืจื“ ืื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื•ืœื˜ืก,
12:52
who is a man who sparked the psychedelic era
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ื”ืื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืฆื™ืช ืืช ื”ืชืงื•ืคื” ื”ืคืกื™ื›ื“ืœื™ืช
12:54
with his discovery of the magic mushrooms
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ื›ืืฉืจ ื’ื™ืœื” ืืช ืคื˜ืจื™ื•ืช ื”ืงืกื ื‘ืžืงืกื™ืงื•, ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ืฉืœื•ืฉื™ื.
12:56
in Mexico in the 1930s --
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ื˜ืขื ืชื™ ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืกื•ื•ื’ ืืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื›ืžืขื•ืจืจื™ ื”ื–ื™ื•ืช,
12:58
I used to argue that you couldn't classify these tryptamines
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13:00
as hallucinogenic because by the time you're under the effects
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ื›ื™ ืขื“ ืฉืืชื” ืžื•ืฉืคืข ืžื”ื,
13:03
there's no one home anymore to experience a hallucination. (Laughter)
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ื›ื‘ืจ ืื™ืŸ ืฉื ืืฃ ืื—ื“ ืฉื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœื—ื•ื•ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื–ื™ื”.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
13:07
But the thing about tryptamines is they cannot be taken orally
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืขื ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ืžื™ื ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื”
13:10
because they're denatured by an enzyme
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ื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ ืฉื”ื ืžื ื•ื˜ืจืœื™ื ืขืœ-ื™ื“ื™ ืื ื–ื™ื
13:12
found naturally in the human gut called monoamine oxidase.
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ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื˜ื‘ืขื™ ื‘ืžืขื™ื™ื ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™ื™ื, ื•ื ืงืจื ืžื•ื ื•ืืžื™ืŸ ืื•ืงืกื™ื“ื–.
13:15
They can only be taken orally if taken in conjunction
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœืฆืจื•ืš ืื•ืชื ื“ืจืš ื”ืคื” ืจืง ืื ืฆื•ืจื›ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื‘ืฉื™ืœื•ื‘
13:18
with some other chemical that denatures the MAO.
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ืขื ื›ื™ืžื™ืงืœ ืื—ืจ, ืฉืžื ื˜ืจืœ ืืช ื”ืื ื–ื™ื.
13:21
Now, the fascinating things
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืžื“ื”ื™ื ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื‘ื˜ื-ืงืจื‘ื•ืœื™ื ื™ื ืฉื ืžืฆืื™ื ื‘ืœื™ืื ื” ื”ื–ืืช
13:22
are that the beta-carbolines found within that liana
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13:26
are MAO inhibitors of the precise sort necessary
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ืžื”ื•ื•ื™ื ืžืขื›ื‘ื™ ืžื•ื ื•ืืžื™ืŸ-ืื•ืงืกื™ื“ื– ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื”ืกื•ื’ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ
ืœื”ื’ื‘ืจืช ืคืขื•ืœืช ื”ื˜ืจื™ืคื˜ืžื™ืŸ. ื•ืื– ืขื•ืœื” ื”ืฉืืœื”:
13:30
to potentiate the tryptamine. So you ask yourself a question.
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ืื™ืš, ืžืฆืžื—ื™ื™ื” ืฉืœ 80,000 ื–ื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ืฉืคืขื” ืžืขื›ื‘ืช
13:33
How, in a flora of 80,000 species of vascular plants,
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13:37
do these people find these two morphologically unrelated plants
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ืื ืฉื™ื ืืœื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—ื™ื ืœืžืฆื•ื ืฉื ื™ ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืืœื”, ื—ืกืจื™ ืงืฉืจ ืžื•ืจืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™,
13:41
that when combined in this way,
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ืฉื›ืืฉืจ ืžืฉืœื‘ื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืš ื”ื ื™ื•ืฆืจื™ื ืžืขื™ืŸ ื’ื™ืจืกื” ื‘ื™ื•ื›ื™ืžื™ืช
13:42
created a kind of biochemical version
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13:44
of the whole being greater than the sum of the parts?
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ืฉื‘ื” ื”ืฉืœื ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืกื›ื•ื ื—ืœืงื™ื•?
13:46
Well, we use that great euphemism, "trial and error,"
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ืื– ืื ื• ืžืฆื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื ืงื™ื” ืืช "ื ื™ืกื•ื™ ื•ื˜ืขื™ื”",
13:49
which is exposed to be meaningless.
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ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™ ืฉืžืกืชื›ืŸ ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ-ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช.
ืืš ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืืช ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื, ื”ื ื™ืืžืจื•: "ื”ืฆืžื—ื™ื ืžื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืืœื™ื ื•".
13:51
But you ask the Indians, and they say, "The plants talk to us."
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13:54
Well, what does that mean?
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ืžื” ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ื”ื“ื‘ืจ?
13:55
This tribe, the Cofan, has 17 varieties of ayahuasca,
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ืœืฉื‘ื˜ ื–ื”, ืงื•ืคืืŸ, ื™ืฉ 17 ืกื•ื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ืื™ืื”ื•ืืกืงื”,
13:59
all of which they distinguish a great distance in the forest,
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ื•ื”ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื‘ื—ื™ืŸ ื‘ื™ืŸ ื›ื•ืœื ืžืžืจื—ืง ื’ื“ื•ืœ ื‘ื™ืขืจ,
ื•ืื™ืœื• ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื ื•, ื›ืœ ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืืœื” ื™ื™ืจืื• ื›ื–ืŸ ืื—ื“.
14:03
all of which are referable to our eye as one species.
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14:07
And then you ask them how they establish their taxonomy
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ื•ืื ืชืฉืืœื• ืื•ืชื ืขืœ ืฉื™ื˜ืช ื”ืžื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœื”ื,
14:09
and they say, "I thought you knew something about plants.
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ื”ื ื™ื’ื™ื“ื•: "ื—ืฉื‘ื ื• ืฉืืชื” ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžืฉื”ื• ืขืœ ืฆืžื—ื™ื.
14:12
I mean, don't you know anything?" And I said, "No."
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"ืืชื” ืœื ื™ื•ื“ืข ื›ืœื•ื?" ืขื ื™ืชื™: "ืœื".
14:14
Well, it turns out you take each of the 17 varieties
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉืœื•ืงื—ื™ื ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืž-17 ื”ืกื•ื’ื™ื ื”ืœืœื•
14:17
in the night of a full moon, and it sings to you in a different key.
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ื‘ืœื™ืœื” ืฉืœ ื™ืจื— ืžืœื, ื•ื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžื”ื ืฉืจ ืœื›ื ื‘ืกื•ืœื ืฉื•ื ื”.
14:20
Now, that's not going to get you a Ph.D. at Harvard,
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ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืฉื–ื” ืœื ื™ื–ื›ื” ืืชื›ื ื‘ืชื•ืืจ ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจ ื‘ื”ืจื•ื•ืืจื“,
14:22
but it's a lot more interesting than counting stamens. (Laughter)
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ืื‘ืœ ื–ื” ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžืืฉืจ ืœืกืคื•ืจ ืื‘ืงื ื™ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
14:26
Now --
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ื•ื‘ื›ืŸ --
14:27
(Applause) --
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
14:30
the problem -- the problem is that even those of us
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ื”ื™ื ืฉืืคื™ืœื• ืืœื• ืžืืชื ื• ืฉืžื’ืœื™ื ืื”ื“ื” ืœืžืฆื•ืงืช ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื,
14:32
sympathetic with the plight of indigenous people
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ืจื•ืื™ื ืื•ืชื ื›ืžื™ื•ื—ื“ื™ื ื•ืกืกื’ื•ื ื™ื™ื ืืš ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ื ื“ื—ืงื™ื ืœืฉื•ืœื™ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื”,
14:34
view them as quaint and colorful
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14:35
but somehow reduced to the margins of history
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14:37
as the real world, meaning our world, moves on.
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ื‘ืขื•ื“ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืืžื™ืชื™, ื›ืœื•ืžืจ ืขื•ืœืžื ื•, ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื”ืœืื”.
14:40
Well, the truth is the 20th century, 300 years from now,
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ื”ืืžืช ื”ื™ื ืฉื”ืžืื” ื”-20, ื‘ืขื•ื“ ืฉืœื•ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ืฉื ื”,
14:42
is not going to be remembered for its wars
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ืœื ืชื™ื–ื›ืจ ื‘ื’ืœืœ ื”ืžืœื—ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื” ืื• ื—ื™ื“ื•ืฉื™ื” ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ื,
14:45
or its technological innovations,
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14:46
but rather as the era in which we stood by
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ืืœื ื›ืชืงื•ืคื” ืฉื‘ื” ืขืžื“ื ื• ืžื ื’ื“
14:49
and either actively endorsed or passively accepted
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ื•ืขื•ื“ื“ื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืคืขื™ืœ, ืื• ืงื™ื‘ืœื ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืกื‘ื™ืœ
14:51
the massive destruction of both biological and cultural diversity
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ืืช ื”ื”ืจืก ื”ืขืฆื•ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ ื•ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
14:54
on the planet. Now, the problem isn't change.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™.
14:57
All cultures through all time
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ื›ืœ ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช, ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื–ืžื ื™ื,
14:59
have constantly been engaged in a dance
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ืขืกืงื• ืชืžื™ื“ ื‘ืจื™ืงื•ื“ ืขื ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื.
15:02
with new possibilities of life.
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15:04
And the problem is not technology itself.
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ื”ื‘ืขื™ื” ืื™ื ื ื” ื’ื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ืฉืœืขืฆืžื”.
15:07
The Sioux Indians did not stop being Sioux
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ื”ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื™ื ืžืฉื‘ื˜ ื”ืกื• ืœื ื”ืคืกื™ืงื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืกื•
ื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจื• ืขืœ ื”ื—ืฅ ื•ื”ืงืฉืช,
15:09
when they gave up the bow and arrow
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15:10
any more than an American stopped being an American
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืฉื”ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื”ืคืกื™ืง ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืืžืจื™ืงื ื™ ื›ืฉื•ื•ื™ืชืจ ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื›ืจื” ื•ื”ืกื•ืก.
15:12
when he gave up the horse and buggy.
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15:14
It's not change or technology
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ืœื ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ ื•ืœื ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื”ื ืฉืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืขืœ ืฉืœืžื•ืช ื”ืืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”,
15:15
that threatens the integrity of the ethnosphere. It is power,
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ืืœื ื”ื›ื•ื—,
15:19
the crude face of domination.
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ื”ืคืจืฆื•ืฃ ื”ื’ืก ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื”.
15:21
Wherever you look around the world,
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ื•ื‘ื›ืœ ืืฉืจ ืชืคื ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœืžื ื•
15:23
you discover that these are not cultures destined to fade away;
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ืชื’ืœื• ืฉืœื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ืฉื ื’ื–ืจ ืขืœื™ื”ืŸ ืœื”ื™ืขืœื,
15:26
these are dynamic living peoples
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ืืœื ื‘ืื ืฉื™ื ื—ื™ื™ื ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื™ื™ื
15:28
being driven out of existence by identifiable forces
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ืฉืงื™ื•ืžื ื ืชื•ืŸ ืœืื™ื•ื ืžืฆื“ ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืžื•ื’ื“ืจื™ื ื”ื™ื˜ื‘,
15:31
that are beyond their capacity to adapt to:
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ื›ื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืžืขื‘ืจ ืœื›ื•ื—ื ืœื”ืกืชื’ืœ ืืœื™ื”ื.
15:33
whether it's the egregious deforestation
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืจื•ื ื”ื™ืขืจื•ืช ื”ื’ืก ื‘ืžื•ืœื“ืช ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืคื ืืŸ--
15:36
in the homeland of the Penan --
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ืฉื‘ื˜ ื ื•ื•ื“ื™ื ืžื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ืืกื™ื”, ืžืกืืจืื•ื•ืืง--
15:38
a nomadic people from Southeast Asia, from Sarawak --
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15:41
a people who lived free in the forest until a generation ago,
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ืขื ืฉื—ื™ ื‘ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื‘ื™ืขืจื•ืช ืขื“ ืœืคื ื™ ื“ื•ืจ ืื—ื“,
15:45
and now have all been reduced to servitude and prostitution
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ื•ื›ืขืช ื”ื™ื“ืจื“ืจ ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื” ื•ื–ื ื•ืช ืขืœ ื’ื“ื•ืช ื”ื ื”ืจื•ืช,
15:48
on the banks of the rivers,
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ืฉื ื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืจืื•ืช ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื ื”ืจ ืขืฆืžื• ืžื–ื•ื”ื ื‘ืกื—ื•ืคืช
15:50
where you can see the river itself is soiled with the silt
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15:54
that seems to be carrying half of Borneo away
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ืฉื›ื ืจืื” ืกื•ื—ืคืช ืื™ืชื” ื—ืฆื™ ืžื‘ื•ืจื ื™ืื•
ืืœ ื™ื ืกื™ืŸ ื”ื“ืจื•ืžื™,
15:56
to the South China Sea,
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15:57
where the Japanese freighters hang light in the horizon
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ืฉื‘ื• ืกืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžื˜ืขืŸ ื”ื™ืคื ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉื™ื™ื˜ื•ืช ืœื”ืŸ ื‘ืื•ืคืง
15:59
ready to fill their holds with raw logs ripped from the forest --
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ืžื•ื›ื ื•ืช ืœื”ื˜ืขื™ืŸ ื•ืœื”ื•ื‘ื™ืœ ืืช ื‘ื•ืœื™ ื”ืขืฅ ืฉื ื›ืจืชื• ืžื”ื™ืขืจ.
16:03
or, in the case of the Yanomami,
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ื‘ืžืงืจื” ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืื ื•ืžืืžื™
16:04
it's the disease entities that have come in,
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ืขืฉื• ื–ืืช ื”ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืขื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื”ื–ื”ื‘.
16:06
in the wake of the discovery of gold.
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16:08
Or if we go into the mountains of Tibet,
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ื•ืื ื ืขื‘ื•ืจ ืืœ ื”ืจื™ ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜,
16:10
where I'm doing a lot of research recently,
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ื”ื™ื›ืŸ ืฉืื ื™ ืขื•ืจืš ืœืื—ืจื•ื ื” ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื,
16:13
you'll see it's a crude face of political domination.
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ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืคืจืฆื•ืคื” ื”ืžื›ื•ืขืจ ืฉืœ ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืช.
16:16
You know, genocide, the physical extinction of a people
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ืืชื ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื, ืจืฆื— ืขื, ื”ื›ื—ื“ื” ืคื™ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ืขื,
16:18
is universally condemned, but ethnocide,
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ื–ื•ื›ื™ื ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™ ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื, ืื‘ืœ ืจืฆื— ืืชื ื™,
16:21
the destruction of people's way of life, is not only not condemned,
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ื”ืฉืžื“ืช ืื•ืจื—ื•ืช ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืขื, ืœื ืจืง ืฉืื™ื ื” ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœื’ื™ื ื•ื™
16:24
it's universally, in many quarters, celebrated
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ืืœื ืฉื‘ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื ืžืขืœื™ื ืื•ืชื” ืขืœ ื ืก
16:27
as part of a development strategy.
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ื›ื—ืœืง ืžืืกื˜ืจื˜ื’ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืคื™ืชื•ื—.
16:29
And you cannot understand the pain of Tibet
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ื•ืื™-ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืืช ื”ื›ืื‘ ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜
16:32
until you move through it at the ground level.
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ืขื“ ืฉื—ื•ื•ื™ื ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืฉื˜ื—.
16:34
I once travelled 6,000 miles from Chengdu in Western China
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ืคืขื ื ืกืขืชื™ ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืง"ืž ืžืฆ'ื ื’ื“ื• ืฉื‘ืžืขืจื‘ ืกื™ืŸ,
16:38
overland through southeastern Tibet to Lhasa
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ื‘ื ืชื™ื‘ ื™ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจืš ื“ืจื•ื-ืžื–ืจื— ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ืืœ ืœื”ืกื”,
16:41
with a young colleague, and it was only when I got to Lhasa
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ืขื ืขืžื™ืช ืฆืขื™ืจ, ื•ืจืง ื›ืฉื”ื’ืขืชื™ ืœืœื”ืกื”
16:45
that I understood the face behind the statistics
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ื”ื‘ื ืชื™ ืืช ื”ืคื ื™ื ืžืื—ื•ืจื™ ื”ืกื˜ื˜ื™ืกื˜ื™ืงื” ืฉืขืœื™ื” ืื ื• ืฉื•ืžืขื™ื.
16:48
you hear about:
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16:49
6,000 sacred monuments torn apart to dust and ashes,
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ืฉืฉืช ืืœืคื™ื ืืชืจื™ื ืงื“ื•ืฉื™ื ื ื•ืชืฆื• ืœื›ื“ื™ ืืคืจ ื•ืื‘ืง.
16:53
1.2 million people killed by the cadres
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1.2 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืื™ืฉ ื ื”ืจื’ื• ืข"ื™ ื”ืงืื“ืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืžื”ืคื›ืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ืช.
16:56
during the Cultural Revolution.
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ืื‘ื™ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ืฆืขื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื—ืฉื‘ ืœืคืื ืฆ'ืŸ ืœืืžื”,
16:58
This young man's father had been ascribed to the Panchen Lama.
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17:00
That meant he was instantly killed
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ื•ื–ื” ื—ืจืฅ ืืช ื“ื™ื ื• ืœืžื•ื•ืช ืžื™ื“ ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืคืœื™ืฉื” ื”ืกื™ื ื™ืช.
17:02
at the time of the Chinese invasion.
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ื”ื“ื•ื“ ืฉืœื• ื‘ืจื— ืขื ื”ื“ืœืื™ ืœืืžื” ืœื’ืœื•ืช
17:04
His uncle fled with His Holiness in the Diaspora
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17:06
that took the people to Nepal.
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ืฉื”ื•ืฆื™ืื” ืืช ื”ืขื ืœื ืคืืœ.
17:09
His mother was incarcerated
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ื”ืื ื ืืกืจื” ื‘ืืฉืžืช ื”ื™ื•ืชื” ืขืฉื™ืจื”.
17:11
for the crime of being wealthy.
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17:14
He was smuggled into the jail at the age of two
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ื”ื•ื ื”ื•ื‘ืจื— ืืœ ื”ื›ืœื ื‘ื’ื™ืœ ืฉื ืชื™ื™ื ื•ื”ื•ืกืชืจ ืžืชื—ืช ืœืฉืžืœืชื”
17:16
to hide beneath her skirt tails
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17:18
because she couldn't bear to be without him.
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ื›ื™ ื”ื™ื ืœื ื”ื™ืชื” ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืœืขื“ื™ื•.
17:20
The sister who had done that brave deed
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ื”ืื—ื•ืช ืฉืขืฉืชื” ืืช ื”ืžืขืฉื” ื”ืืžื™ืฅ ื”ื–ื”,
17:22
was put into an education camp.
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ื”ื•ื›ื ืกื” ืœืžื—ื ื” ื—ื™ื ื•ืš.
17:23
One day she inadvertently stepped on an armband
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ื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื™ื ื“ืจื›ื” ื‘ื˜ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ืกืจื˜-ื–ืจื•ืข ืฉืœ ืžืื•,
17:26
of Mao, and for that transgression,
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ื•ื›ืขื•ื ืฉ ืขืœ ื›ืš ื ื’ื–ืจื• ืขืœื™ื” 7 ืฉื ื•ืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ืคืจืš.
17:28
she was given seven years of hard labor.
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17:31
The pain of Tibet can be impossible to bear,
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ื›ืื‘ื” ืฉืœ ื˜ื™ื‘ื˜ ืงืฉื” ืžื ืฉื•ื,
17:34
but the redemptive spirit of the people is something to behold.
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ืื‘ืœ ื”ืจื•ื— ื”ื’ื•ืืœืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื ื”ื™ื ืžื—ื–ื” ืฉืœ ืžืžืฉ.
17:38
And in the end, then, it really comes down to a choice:
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ื•ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ื–ื” ืžืกืชื›ื ื‘ื‘ื—ื™ืจื”.
ื”ืื ืื ื—ื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ื—ื“ื’ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžืฉืขืžื
17:41
do we want to live in a monochromatic world of monotony
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17:44
or do we want to embrace a polychromatic world of diversity?
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ืื• ืฉืื ื• ืจื•ืฆื™ื ืœืืžืฅ ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื”ืฆื‘ืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ?
17:47
Margaret Mead, the great anthropologist, said, before she died,
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ืžืจื’ืจื˜ ืžื™ื“, ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ืช ื”ื“ื’ื•ืœื”, ืืžืจื” ืœืคื ื™ ืฉื ืคื˜ืจื”
17:50
that her greatest fear was that as we drifted towards
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ืฉื”ืคื—ื“ ื”ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืฉืœื” ื”ื™ื” ืฉืื ื• ื ืกื—ืคื™ื ืœื›ื™ื•ื•ืŸ
17:53
this blandly amorphous generic world view
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ืฉืœ ืจืื™ื™ืช-ืขื•ืœื ืื—ื™ื“ื” ื•ื ื˜ื•ืœืช-ืฆื•ืจื”,
17:55
not only would we see the entire range of the human imagination
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ืฉื‘ื” ืœื ืจืง ืฉื›ืœ ืชื—ื•ื ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
18:00
reduced to a more narrow modality of thought,
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ื™ืฆื˜ืžืฆื ืœืื•ืคืŸ-ืžื—ืฉื‘ื” ืฆืจ ื™ื•ืชืจ,
18:04
but that we would wake from a dream one day
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ืืœื ื’ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื ืชืขื•ืจืจ ืžื—ืœื•ื
18:05
having forgotten there were even other possibilities.
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ื•ื ืฉื›ื— ืฉืื™-ืคืขื ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื›ืœืœ ืืคืฉืจื•ื™ื•ืช ืื—ืจื•ืช.
18:09
And it's humbling to remember that our species has, perhaps,
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ื•ืžืขื•ืจืจ ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ืฉืื ื•, ื›ื’ื–ืข, ืงื™ื™ืžื™ื ืื•ืœื™ 600,000 ืฉื ื”.
18:12
been around for [150,000] years.
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18:14
The Neolithic Revolution -- which gave us agriculture,
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ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื ืื•ืœื™ืชื™ืช -- ื–ื• ืฉื”ืขื ื™ืงื” ืœื ื• ืืช ื”ื—ืงืœืื•ืช,
18:17
at which time we succumbed to the cult of the seed;
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ืฉื‘ื” ื ื›ื ืขื ื• ืœืคื•ืœื—ืŸ ื”ื–ืจืขื™ื;
18:19
the poetry of the shaman was displaced
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ืฉื‘ื” ืฉื™ืจืช ื”ืฉืืžืืŸ ื ื“ื—ืงื” ืžืคื ื™ ื“ืงืœื•ืžื™ ื”ื›ืžื•ืจื”;
18:21
by the prose of the priesthood;
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18:22
we created hierarchy specialization surplus --
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ืฉื‘ื” ื™ืฆืจื ื• ื”ื™ืจืืจื›ื™ื”, ื”ืชืžืงืฆืขื•ืช, ืขื•ื“ืคื™ื --
18:25
is only 10,000 years ago.
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ื”ื™ื ื‘ืช 10,000 ืฉื ื” ื‘ืœื‘ื“.
18:27
The modern industrial world as we know it
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ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ืžืชื•ืขืฉ ื”ืžื•ื“ืจื ื™ ืฉืื ื• ืžื›ื™ืจื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืงื•ืฉื™ ื‘ืŸ 300 ืฉื ื”.
18:29
is barely 300 years old.
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ื‘ื”ื™ืกื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ื”ืจื“ื•ื“ื” ื”ื–ืืช ืื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉืื•ืžืจ
18:31
Now, that shallow history doesn't suggest to me
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18:33
that we have all the answers for all of the challenges
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ืฉื›ื‘ืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื›ืœ ื”ืชืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืœื›ืœ ื”ืืชื’ืจื™ื
18:36
that will confront us in the ensuing millennia.
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ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืชืงืœ ื‘ืืœืคื™ ื”ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช.
18:38
When these myriad cultures of the world
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ื›ืฉืฉื•ืืœื™ื ืืช ื”ืชืจื‘ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืจื‘ื•ืช ืฉื‘ืขื•ืœื ืžื”ื™ ื”ืžืฉืžืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ื•ืช ืื ื•ืฉื™,
18:40
are asked the meaning of being human,
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ื”ืŸ ืขื•ื ื•ืช ื‘ืขืฉืจืช ืืœืคื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืฉื•ื ื™ื.
18:43
they respond with 10,000 different voices.
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18:45
And it's within that song that we will all rediscover the possibility
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ื•ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืฉื™ืจ ื”ื–ื” ื ื’ืœื” ืžื—ื“ืฉ ืืช ื”ืืคืฉืจื•ืช
ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื” ืฉื”ื ื ื•: ืžื™ืŸ ื‘ืขืœ ืžื•ื“ืขื•ืช,
18:51
of being what we are: a fully conscious species,
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18:54
fully aware of ensuring that all peoples and all gardens
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ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื›ืจื” ืžืœืื” ื‘ืฆื•ืจืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ื’ื ื™ื
18:57
find a way to flourish. And there are great moments of optimism.
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ื™ืžืฆืื• ื“ืจืš ืœืคืจื•ื—.
ื•ืื›ืŸ ื™ืฉ ืจื’ืขื™ื ื’ื“ื•ืœื™ื ืฉืœ ืื•ืคื˜ื™ืžื™ื•ืช.
19:03
This is a photograph I took at the northern tip of Baffin Island
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ื–ื• ืชืžื•ื ื” ืฉืฆื™ืœืžืชื™ ื‘ืงืฆื” ื”ืฆืคื•ื ื™ ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ ื‘ืืคื™ืŸ
19:06
when I went narwhal hunting with some Inuit people,
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ื›ืฉื”ืœื›ืชื™ ืœืฆื™ื“ ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ืชื ื™ื ืขื ื›ืžื” ื‘ื ื™ ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜,
ื•ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ื”, ืื•ืœืื™ื”, ืกื™ืคืจ ืœื™ ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ืžื•ืคืœื ืขืœ ืกื‘ื•.
19:09
and this man, Olayuk, told me a marvelous story of his grandfather.
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19:13
The Canadian government has not always been kind
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ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื ื“ื” ืœื ืชืžื™ื“ ื ื”ื’ื” ื‘ื ื•ืขื
19:15
to the Inuit people, and during the 1950s,
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ื›ืœืคื™ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜, ื•ื‘ืžื”ืœืš ืฉื ื•ืช ื”ื—ืžื™ืฉื™ื,
19:17
to establish our sovereignty, we forced them into settlements.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืกืก ืืช ืจื™ื‘ื•ื ื•ืชื ื•, ื“ื—ืงื ื• ืื•ืชื ืœืชื•ืš ื™ื™ืฉื•ื‘ื™-ืงื‘ืข.
19:20
This old man's grandfather refused to go.
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ืกื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ื”ื–ืงืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืกื™ืจื‘ ืœืœื›ืช.
19:24
The family, fearful for his life, took away all of his weapons,
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ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื”, ืžืคื—ื“ ืœื—ื™ื™ื•, ืœืงื—ื” ืžืžื ื• ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ ื”ื ืฉืง,
19:28
all of his tools.
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ื•ืืช ื›ืœ ื›ืœื™ื•.
ืขืœื™ื›ื ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ ืœื ืคื•ื—ื“ื™ื ืžื”ืงื•ืจ.
19:30
Now, you must understand that the Inuit did not fear the cold;
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19:32
they took advantage of it.
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ื”ื ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ืื•ืชื•.
19:33
The runners of their sleds were originally made of fish
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ื‘ืžืงื•ืจ, ืœื”ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื–ื—ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื”ื ื ื‘ื ื• ืžื“ื’ื™ื
19:36
wrapped in caribou hide.
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ืขื˜ื•ืคื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืจ ืงืืจื™ื‘ื•.
19:37
So, this man's grandfather was not intimidated by the Arctic night
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ื›ืš ืฉืกื‘ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื™ืฉ ืœื ืคื—ื“ ืžื”ืœื™ืœื” ื”ืืจืงื˜ื™
ืื• ืžืกื•ืคืช ื”ืฉืœื’ื™ื ืฉื”ืชื—ื•ืœืœื”.
19:42
or the blizzard that was blowing.
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19:44
He simply slipped outside, pulled down his sealskin trousers
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื—ืžืง ื”ื—ื•ืฆื”, ื”ืคืฉื™ืœ ืืช ืžื›ื ืกื™ ื”ืขื•ืจ ืฉืœื•,
ื•ืขืฉื” ืืช ืฆืจื›ื™ื• ืœืชื•ืš ื™ื“ื•.
19:48
and defecated into his hand. And as the feces began to freeze,
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ื’ืœืœื™ื ื”ืชื—ื™ืœื• ืœืงืคื•ื, ื”ื•ื ืขื™ืฆื‘ ืื•ืชื ืœืฆื•ืจืช ืœื”ื‘.
19:51
he shaped it into the form of a blade.
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19:54
He put a spray of saliva on the edge of the shit knife
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ื”ื•ื ื™ืจืง ืขืœ ืงืฆื” ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืื”,
19:56
and as it finally froze solid, he butchered a dog with it.
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ื•ื›ืฉื”ืกื›ื™ืŸ ืงืคื ืœื—ืœื•ื˜ื™ืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืฉื—ื˜ ื‘ืขื–ืจืชื• ื›ืœื‘.
19:59
He skinned the dog and improvised a harness,
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ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื˜ ืืช ืขื•ืจ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื•ืื™ืœืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ืจืชืžื”,
20:02
took the ribcage of the dog and improvised a sled,
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ืœืงื— ืืช ื›ืœื•ื‘ ื”ืฆืœืขื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื›ืœื‘ ื•ืื™ืœืชืจ ืžืžื ื• ืžื–ื—ืœืช,
ืจืชื ืื•ืชื” ืœื›ืœื‘ ืฉืขืžื“ ื‘ืกืžื•ืš,
20:06
harnessed up an adjacent dog,
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20:07
and disappeared over the ice floes, shit knife in belt.
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ื•ื ืขืœื ื‘ื™ืŸ ื’ื•ืฉื™ ื”ืงืจื—, ืขื ืกื›ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื•ืื” ื‘ื—ื’ื•ืจืชื•.
20:11
Talk about getting by with nothing. (Laughter)
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ื›ื›ื” ืžืกืชื“ืจื™ื ืขื ื›ืœื•ื.
(ืฆื—ื•ืง)
ื•ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจ ื”ื–ื”, ื‘ืžื•ื‘ื ื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื --
20:15
And this, in many ways --
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20:16
(Applause) --
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
20:18
is a symbol of the resilience of the Inuit people
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-- ืžืกืžืœ ืืช ืงืฉื™ื—ื•ืชื ืฉืœ ื‘ื ื™ ื”ืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜
20:20
and of all indigenous people around the world.
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ื•ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ื™ืœื™ื“ื™ื ื‘ืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
20:23
The Canadian government in April of 1999
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ื‘ืืคืจื™ืœ 1999, ืžืžืฉืœืช ืงื ื“ื”
20:25
gave back to total control of the Inuit
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ื”ื—ื–ื™ืจื” ืœืื™ื ื•ืื™ื˜ ืืช ื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ื” ื”ืžืœืื”
20:28
an area of land larger than California and Texas put together.
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ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื— ืื“ืžื” ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžืงืœื™ืคื•ืจื ื™ื” ื•ื˜ืงืกืก ื‘ื™ื—ื“.
20:31
It's our new homeland. It's called Nunavut.
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ื–ื• ืžื•ืœื“ืชื ื• ื”ื—ื“ืฉื”. ื”ื™ื ื ืงืจืืช ื ื•ื ืื‘ื•ื˜.
ื–ื• ื˜ืจื™ื˜ื•ืจื™ื” ืขืฆืžืื™ืช. ื”ื ืฉื•ืœื˜ื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ื”ืžื—ืฆื‘ื™ื.
20:34
It's an independent territory. They control all mineral resources.
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20:37
An amazing example of how a nation-state
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ื“ื•ื’ืžื” ืžื“ื”ื™ืžื” ืœืื•ืคืŸ ืฉื‘ื• ืžื“ื™ื ื” ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœืคืฆื•ืช ืืช ื‘ื ื™ ืขืžื”.
20:39
can seek restitution with its people.
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ื•ืœืกื™ื•ื, ื‘ืกื•ืคื• ืฉืœ ื“ื‘ืจ, ืื ื™ ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื–ื” ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ,
20:44
And finally, in the end, I think it's pretty obvious
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20:47
at least to all of all us who've traveled
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ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืœืืœื• ืžืืชื ื• ืฉื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืคื™ื ื•ืช ื”ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื,
20:48
in these remote reaches of the planet,
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ืฉื”ืŸ ืœื ืžืจื•ื—ืงื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœืœ.
20:52
to realize that they're not remote at all.
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20:53
They're homelands of somebody.
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ื”ืŸ ื”ืžื•ืœื“ืช ืฉืœ ืžื™ืฉื”ื•.
20:55
They represent branches of the human imagination
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ื”ืŸ ืžื™ื™ืฆื’ื•ืช ืฉืœื•ื—ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื“ืžื™ื•ืŸ ื”ืื ื•ืฉื™
20:57
that go back to the dawn of time. And for all of us,
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ืฉื ืžืชื—ื•ืช ืžืื– ืจืืฉื™ืช ื”ื–ืžืŸ. ื•ืขื‘ื•ืจ ื›ื•ืœื ื•,
21:01
the dreams of these children, like the dreams of our own children,
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ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื”ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื”ืืœื”, ื›ืžื• ื”ื—ืœื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ื™ืœื“ื™ื ื•,
21:04
become part of the naked geography of hope.
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ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœื—ืœืง ืžื’ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ื” ื—ืฉื•ืคื” ืฉืœ ืชืงื•ื•ื”.
21:07
So, what we're trying to do at the National Geographic, finally,
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ืื– ืžื” ืฉืื ื—ื ื• ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘"ื ืฉื™ื•ื ืœ ื’'ื™ืื•ื’ืจืคื™ืง", ืœืกื™ื•ื,
21:11
is, we believe that politicians will never accomplish anything.
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ื”ื•ื ืฉืื ื• ืžืืžื™ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื•ืœื™ื˜ื™ืงืื™ื ืœื ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ื›ืœื•ื.
21:15
We think that polemics --
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ืื ื—ื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉื”ืคื•ืœืžืกื ื•ืช --
21:16
(Applause) --
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(ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื)
21:18
we think that polemics are not persuasive,
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-- ืื ื• ื—ื•ืฉื‘ื™ื ืฉืœืคื•ืœืžืกื ื•ืช ืื™ืŸ ื›ื•ื— ืฉื›ื ื•ืข,
21:20
but we think that storytelling can change the world,
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ืื‘ืœ ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœืฉื ื•ืช ืืช ื”ืขื•ืœื.
21:23
and so we are probably the best storytelling institution
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ื•ืื ื• ื›ื ืจืื” ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืกืคืจื™ ื”ืกื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ ื‘ืขื•ืœื.
21:26
in the world. We get 35 million hits on our website every month.
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ื”ืืชืจ ืฉืœื ื• ื–ื•ื›ื” ืœ-35 ืžื™ืœื™ื•ืŸ ื›ื ื™ืกื•ืช ื‘ื—ื•ื“ืฉ.
21:29
156 nations carry our television channel.
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ืขืจื•ืฅ ื”ื˜ืœื•ื•ื™ื–ื™ื” ืฉืœื ื• ืžืฉื•ื“ืจ ื‘-156 ืžื“ื™ื ื•ืช.
21:33
Our magazines are read by millions.
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ืžื™ืœื™ื•ื ื™ื ืงื•ืจืื™ื ืืช ื›ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืขืช ืฉืœื ื•.
21:35
And what we're doing is a series of journeys
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ื•ืžื” ืฉืื ื• ืขื•ืฉื™ื ื”ื•ื ืกื“ืจืช ืžืกืขื•ืช
21:38
to the ethnosphere where we're going to take our audience
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ืืœ ื”ืืชื ื•ืกืคื™ืจื”, ืฉื‘ื”ื ื ื™ืงื— ืืช ื”ืงื”ืœ ืฉืœื ื•
21:40
to places of such cultural wonder
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ืœืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœ ืคืœืื™ ืชืจื‘ื•ืช ื›ื” ืจื‘ื™ื
21:43
that they cannot help but come away dazzled
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ืฉื”ื ืœื ื™ื•ื›ืœื• ืืœื ืœื”ืกืชื ื•ื•ืจ ืžืžืจืื” ืขื™ื ื™ื”ื,
21:45
by what they have seen, and hopefully, therefore,
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ืžืชื•ืš ืชืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ืืžืฆื• ื‘ื”ื“ืจื’ื”, ืฆืขื“ ืื—ืจ ืฆืขื“
21:47
embrace gradually, one by one,
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21:50
the central revelation of anthropology:
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ืืช ื”ืชื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžืจื›ื–ื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืชืจื•ืคื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื”:
21:52
that this world deserves to exist in a diverse way,
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ืฉื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื–ื” ืจืื•ื™ ืœืงื™ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ,
21:56
that we can find a way to live
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ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœืžืฆื•ื ื“ืจืš ืœื—ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืขื•ืœื ืคืœื•ืจืœื™ืกื˜ื™ ื•ืจื‘-ืชืจื‘ื•ืชื™ ื‘ืืžืช
21:57
in a truly multicultural, pluralistic world
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22:00
where all of the wisdom of all peoples
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ืฉื‘ื• ื—ื•ื›ืžืชื ืฉืœ ื›ืœ ื”ืขืžื™ื
22:02
can contribute to our collective well-being.
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ืชื•ื›ืœ ืœืชืจื•ื ืœืจื•ื•ื—ืชื ื• ื”ืžืฉื•ืชืคืช.
22:05
Thank you very much.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืจื‘ื” ืœื›ื.
22:06
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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