Joy Sun: Should you donate differently?

Prevodilac: Stefan Zrnović Lektor: Mile Živković

I suspect that

Pretpostavljam da svaka

every aid worker in Africa

dobrotvorna radnica u Africi

comes to a time in her career

dođe do stadijuma u svojoj karijeri

when she wants to take all the money for her project —

kada želi da uzme sav novac za svoj projekat -

maybe it's a school or a training program —

možda je u pitanju škola ili program obuke -

pack it in a suitcase,

spakuje ga u torbu,

get on a plane flying over the poorest villages in the country,

sedne na avion koji leti preko najsiromašnijih sela u državi,

and start throwing that money out the window.

i počne da baca taj novac kroz prozor.

Because to a veteran aid worker,

Jer za veterana dobrotvornog radnika,

the idea of putting cold, hard cash

ideja o stavljanju čistog keša

into the hands of the poorest people on Earth

u ruke najsiromašnijih ljudi na planeti

doesn't sound crazy,

ne zvuči suludo,

it sounds really satisfying.

već zadovoljavajuće.

I had that moment right about the 10-year mark,

Doživela sam taj trenutak oko svoje desete godine rada,

and luckily, that's also when I learned

i srećom, tada sam naučila

that this idea actually exists,

da ova ideja zapravo postoji,

and it might be just what the aid system needs.

i to je možda upravo ono što sistemu treba.

Economists call it an unconditional cash transfer,

Ekonomisti to zovu nezavisnim prebačajem novca,

and it's exactly that: It's cash given

i to je upravo to: novac dat

with no strings attached.

bez ikakvih obaveza.

Governments in developing countries

Vlade u državama u razvoju

have been doing this for decades,

rade ovo decenijama,

and it's only now, with more evidence

i tek sada, sa više dokaza

and new technology that it's possible

i novom tehnologijom, moguće je

to make this a model for delivering aid.

napraviti od ovoga model za deljenje pomoći.

It's a pretty simple idea, right?

Prilično je jednostavna ideja, zar ne?

Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff

Zašto sam onda provela deceniju radeći druge stvari

for the poor?

za siromašne?

Honestly, I believed that I could do more good

Iskreno, verovala sam da mogu da učinim više dobrog

with money for the poor

sa novcem za siromašne

than the poor could do for themselves.

nego što siromašni mogu da urade za sebe.

I held two assumptions:

Imala sam dve pretpostavke:

One, that poor people are poor in part

jedna je da su siromašni ljudi delimično siromašni

because they're uneducated and

jer su neobrazovani

don't make good choices;

i ne prave dobre izbore;

two is that we then need people like me

druga je da su nam potrebni ljudi poput mene

to figure out what they need and get it to them.

da shvate šta im treba i daju im to.

It turns out, the evidence says otherwise.

Izgleda da dokazi pokazuju suprotno.

In recent years, researchers have been studying

Poslednjih godina, istraživači su proučavali

what happens when we give poor people cash.

šta se dešava kada damo novac siromašnim ljudima.

Dozens of studies show across the board

Desetine istraživanja uveliko pokazuju

that people use cash transfers

da ljudi koriste prebačaj novca

to improve their own lives.

da poboljšaju svoje sopstvene živote.

Pregnant women in Uruguay buy better food

Trudnica u Urugvaju kupuje bolju hranu

and give birth to healthier babies.

i rađa zdravije bebe.

Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.

Šrilančani ulažu u svoj posao.

Researchers who studied our work in Kenya

Istraživači koji su proučavali naš rad u Keniji

found that people invested in a range of assets,

su otkrili da su ljudi ulagali u različite resurse,

from livestock to equipment to home improvements,

od stoke do opreme i renoviranja u kući,

and they saw increases in income

i primetili su povećanja u prihodima

from business and farming

od posla i poljoprivrede

one year after the cash was sent.

godinu dana nakon što je novac poslat.

None of these studies found that people

Nijedno od ovih istraživanja nije otkrilo da ljudi

spend more on drinking or smoking

troše više na piće i duvan

or that people work less.

ili da ljudi rade manje.

In fact, they work more.

Zapravo, rade više.

Now, these are all material needs.

To su sve materijalne potrebe.

In Vietnam, elderly recipients used

U Vijetnamu, stariji primaoci su koristili

their cash transfers to pay for coffins.

prebačaj novca da bi platili svoje kovčege.

As someone who wonders if Maslow got it wrong,

Kao neko ko se pita da li je Maslov pogrešio,

I find this choice to prioritize spiritual needs

smatram davanje ovakvog prioriteta duhovnim potrebama

deeply humbling.

veoma poniznim.

I don't know if I would have chosen to give food

Ne znam da li bih izabrala da dajem hranu,

or equipment or coffins,

opremu ili kovčege,

which begs the question:

što pokreće pitanje:

How good are we at allocating resources

koliko smo dobri u deljenju resursa

on behalf of the poor?

u ime siromašnih?

Are we worth the cost?

Da li smo vredni troška?

Again, we can look at empirical evidence

Ponovo, možemo da posmatramo iskustvene dokaze

on what happens when we give people stuff

o tome šta se dešava kada dajemo ljudima stvari

of our choosing.

po našem izboru.

One very telling study looked at a program in India

Jedno iscrpno istraživanje posmatralo je program u Indiji

that gives livestock to the so-called ultra-poor,

gde se daje stoka takozvanim "ultrasiromašnima",

and they found that 30 percent of recipients

i otkrili su da se 30 procenata primalaca

had turned around and sold the livestock they had been given

okrenulo i prodalo stoku koju su dobili

for cash.

za novac.

The real irony is,

Prava ironija je

for every 100 dollars worth of assets

da su za svako sredstvo vredno 100 dolara

this program gave someone,

koje je ovaj program dao nekome,

they spent another 99 dollars to do it.

oni potrošili ostalih 99 dolara da to urade.

What if, instead, we use technology to put cash,

Šta ako umesto toga koristimo tehnologiju da bismo stavili novac

whether from aid agencies or from any one of us

od agencija za pomoć ili bilo koga od nas

directly into a poor person's hands.

direktno u ruke siromašne osobe?

Today, three in four Kenyans use mobile money,

Danas, tri od četiri Kenijca koriste mobilni novac,

which is basically a bank account that can run

koji je zapravo bankovni račun kojim može da se upravlja

on any cell phone.

sa bilo kog mobilnog telefona.

A sender can pay a 1.6 percent fee

Pošiljalac može da plati uslugu transfera od 1,6%

and with the click of a button

i klikom na dugme

send money directly to a recipient's account

pošalje novac direktno na račun primaoca

with no intermediaries.

bez posrednika.

Like the technologies that are disrupting industries

Poput tehnologija koje menjaju privredu

in our own lives,

u našim životima,

payments technology in poor countries

tehnologija plaćanja u siromašnim zemljama

could disrupt aid.

može da promeni pomoć.

It's spreading so quickly that it's possible

Širi se toliko brzo da je moguće

to imagine reaching billions

zamisliti dostizanje milijarde

of the world's poor this way.

najsiromašnijih ljudi na svetu na ovaj način.

That's what we've started to do at GiveDirectly.

To smo mi počeli da radimo u "GiveDirectly".

We're the first organization

Mi smo prva organizacija

dedicated to providing cash transfers to the poor.

koja omogućava prebačaj novca siromašnima.

We've sent cash to 35,000 people across rural Kenya

Poslali smo novac za 35 000 ljudi širom ruralne Kenije

and Uganda

i Ugande

in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars

u jednostrukim isplatama od 1000 dolara,

per family.

po porodici.

So far, we've looked for the poorest people

Do sada smo tražili najsiromašnije ljude

in the poorest villages, and in this part of the world,

u najsiromašnijim selima i u ovom delu sveta,

they're the ones living in homes

to su oni koji žive u kućama

made of mud and thatch,

od blata i trske,

not cement and iron.

a ne cementa i čelika.

So let's say that's your family.

Recimo da je to vaša porodica.

We show up at your door with an Android phone.

Mi se pojavimo na vašim vratima sa android telefonom.

We'll get your name, take your photo

Uzmemo vaše ime, slikamo vas

and a photo of your hut

i vašu brvnaru

and grab the GPS coordinates.

i uzmemo GPS koordinate.

That night, we send all the data to the cloud,

Iste noći, pošaljemo sve podatke u oblak

and each piece gets checked

i svaki deo proverava

by an independent team

nezavisni tim

using, for one example, satellite images.

koristeći, na primer, satelitske snimke.

Then, we'll come back,

Zatim, mi se vratimo,

we'll sell you a basic cell phone

prodamo vam običan mobilni telefon

if you don't have one already,

ako ga već nemate,

and a few weeks later,

i nekoliko nedelja kasnije,

we send money to it.

pošaljemo vam novac na njega.

Something that five years ago

Nešto što je pre pet godina

would have seemed impossible

delovalo nemoguće,

we can now do efficiently

danas možemo da uradimo efikasno

and free of corruption.

i bez korupcije.

The more cash we give to the poor,

Što više novca dajemo siromašnima,

and the more evidence we have that it works,

i što više dokaza imamo da to funkcioniše,

the more we have to reconsider

to više moramo da uzmemo u obzir

everything else we give.

sve ostalo što dajemo.

Today, the logic behind aid is too often,

Danas je logika kod pomoći previše često to

well, we do at least some good.

da činimo makar nešto dobro.

When we're complacent

Kada smo popustljivi

with that as our bar,

sa time kao svojim standardom,

when we tell ourselves that giving aid

kada kažemo sebi da je davanje pomoći

is better than no aid at all,

bolje nego ne davati ništa,

we tend to invest inefficiently,

težimo da ulažemo neefikasno,

in our own ideas that strike us as innovative,

u sopstvene ideje za koje mislimo da su inovativne,

on writing reports,

u pisanje izveštaja,

on plane tickets and SUVs.

u avionske karte i terenska vozila.

What if the logic was,

Šta ako bi logika bila:

will we do better than cash given directly?

da li bismo učinili bolje od davanja novca direktno?

Organizations would have to prove

Organizacije bi trebalo da dokažu

that they're doing more good for the poor

da rade više dobrog za siromašne

than the poor can do for themselves.

nego što siromašni mogu da urade za sebe.

Of course, giving cash won't create public goods

Naravno, davanje novca neće stvoriti javna dobra

like eradicating disease or building strong institutions,

poput iskorenjivanja bolesti ili građenja jakih institucija,

but it could set a higher bar

ali bi moglo da postavi viši standard

for how we help individual families

za načine na koji pomažemo porodicama

improve their lives.

da poboljšaju svoje živote.

I believe in aid.

Verujem u pomoć.

I believe most aid is better than just

Verujem da je većina pomoći bolja od običnog

throwing money out of a plane.

bacanja novca iz aviona.

I am also absolutely certain

Potpuno sam sigurna

that a lot of aid today

da većina pomoći danas

isn't better than giving directly to the poor.

nije bolja od direktnog davanja novca siromašnima.

I hope that one day, it will be.

Nadam se da će biti jednog dana.

Thank you.

Hvala vam.

(Applause)

(Aplauz)