Joy Sun: Should you donate differently?

115,065 views ใƒป 2014-10-22

TED


ืื ื ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ืœืžื˜ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ.

ืžืชืจื’ื: Shlomo Adam ืžื‘ืงืจ: Sagi Nishri
00:12
I suspect that
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ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—ื”
00:14
every aid worker in Africa
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ืฉื›ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช-ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืืคืจื™ืงื”
00:16
comes to a time in her career
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ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื‘ืงืจื™ื™ืจื” ืฉืœื” ืœืจื’ืข
00:17
when she wants to take all the money for her project โ€”
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ืฉื‘ื• ื”ื™ื ืจื•ืฆื” ืœืงื—ืช ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื ื•ืขื“ ืœืžื™ื–ื ืฉืœื”,
00:20
maybe it's a school or a training program โ€”
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ืกืคืจ ืื• ื‘ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ื›ืฉืจื”,
00:24
pack it in a suitcase,
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ืœืืจื•ื– ืื•ืชื• ื‘ืžื–ื•ื•ื“ื”,
00:25
get on a plane flying over the poorest villages in the country,
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ืœืขืœื•ืช ืœืžื˜ื•ืก ืฉื™ื˜ื•ืก ืžืขืœ ืœื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืืจืฅ,
00:29
and start throwing that money out the window.
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ื•ืœื”ืชื—ื™ืœ ืœื”ืฉืœื™ืš ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ืžื”ื—ืœื•ืŸ.
00:33
Because to a veteran aid worker,
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ื›ื™ ื‘ืฉื‘ื™ืœ ืขื•ื‘ื“ืช-ืกื™ื•ืข ืœืฉืขื‘ืจ,
00:35
the idea of putting cold, hard cash
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ืœืžืกื•ืจ ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ
00:38
into the hands of the poorest people on Earth
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ืœื™ื“ื™ื”ื ืฉืœ ื”ืื ืฉื™ื ื”ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ืขื•ืœื
00:41
doesn't sound crazy,
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ืœื ื ืฉืžืข ืžื˜ื•ืจืฃ,
00:42
it sounds really satisfying.
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ืืœื ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืกืคืง ืžืื“.
00:46
I had that moment right about the 10-year mark,
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ื”ื™ื” ืœื™ ื”ืจื’ืข ื”ื–ื” ื‘ืขืจืš ื‘ื—ืœื•ืฃ 10 ืฉื ื™ื,
00:49
and luckily, that's also when I learned
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ื•ืœืžื–ืœื™, ืื– ื’ื ื ื•ื›ื—ืชื™ ืœื“ืขืช
00:52
that this idea actually exists,
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ืฉื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื–ื” ืื›ืŸ ืงื™ื™ื,
00:55
and it might be just what the aid system needs.
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ื•ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืœื™ ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉืžืขืจื›ืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื–ืงื•ืงื” ืœื•.
00:59
Economists call it an unconditional cash transfer,
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ื‘ืœืฉื•ืŸ ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื ื™ื, ื–ื• "ื”ืขื‘ืจืช ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™-ืžื•ืชื ื™ืช",
01:02
and it's exactly that: It's cash given
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ื•ื–ื” ื‘ื“ื™ื•ืง ืžื” ืฉื–ื”: ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ ืฉื ื™ืชืŸ ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืชื ืื™ื.
01:04
with no strings attached.
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01:06
Governments in developing countries
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ืžืžืฉืœื•ืช ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืžืชืคืชื—ื•ืช
01:08
have been doing this for decades,
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ืขื•ืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ืžื–ื” ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืฉื ื™ื,
01:10
and it's only now, with more evidence
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ื•ืจืง ืขื›ืฉื™ื•, ื”ื•ื“ื•ืช ืœื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ื—ื“ืฉื•ืช ื•ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื—ื“ืฉื”,
01:12
and new technology that it's possible
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ืืคืฉืจ ืœื”ืคื•ืš ื–ืืช ืœืžื•ื“ืœ ืœืžืชืŸ ืกื™ื•ืข.
01:15
to make this a model for delivering aid.
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01:20
It's a pretty simple idea, right?
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ื”ืจืขื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืคืฉื•ื˜ ืœืžื“ื™, ื ื›ื•ืŸ?
01:23
Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff
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ืื– ืžื“ื•ืข ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ืชื™ ืขืฉืจ ืฉื ื™ื ื‘ืขืฉื™ื™ืช ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ืœืžืขืŸ ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื?
01:27
for the poor?
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01:29
Honestly, I believed that I could do more good
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ื‘ื›ื ื•ืช, ื”ืืžื ืชื™ ืฉืื ื™ ื™ื›ื•ืœื” ืœื ืฆืœ ืืช ื”ื›ืกืฃ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ื•ืขื™ืœ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื,
01:32
with money for the poor
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01:34
than the poor could do for themselves.
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ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื›ืœื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื–ืืช ื‘ืขืฆืžื.
01:37
I held two assumptions:
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ื”ื™ื• ืœื™ ืฉืชื™ ื”ื ื—ื•ืช-ื™ืกื•ื“:
01:38
One, that poor people are poor in part
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ื”ืื—ืช, ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื”ื ืขื ื™ื™ื ื—ืœืงื™ืช, ื›ื™ ื”ื ืื™ื ื ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื
01:41
because they're uneducated and
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ื•ืœื ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ื˜ื•ื‘ื•ืช;
01:43
don't make good choices;
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01:45
two is that we then need people like me
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ื•ื”ืฉื ื™ื”, ืฉื‘ื’ืœืœ ื–ื” ื ื—ื•ืฆื™ื ืื ืฉื™ื ื›ืžื•ื ื™
01:47
to figure out what they need and get it to them.
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ืฉื™ืžืฆืื• ืžื” ื”ื ืฆืจื™ื›ื™ื ื•ื™ืฉื™ื’ื• ื–ืืช ืขื‘ื•ืจื.
01:51
It turns out, the evidence says otherwise.
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ืžืกืชื‘ืจ ืฉื”ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืžืจืื•ืช ืื—ืจืช.
01:55
In recent years, researchers have been studying
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ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ื‘ื“ืงื•
01:58
what happens when we give poor people cash.
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ืžื” ืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื›ืกืฃ ืžื–ื•ืžืŸ.
02:02
Dozens of studies show across the board
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ืขืฉืจื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ื ื”ื•ื›ื™ื—ื• ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื’ื•ืจืฃ
02:04
that people use cash transfers
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื
02:07
to improve their own lives.
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ื›ื“ื™ ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ื.
02:09
Pregnant women in Uruguay buy better food
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ื ืฉื™ื ื”ืจื•ืช ื‘ืื•ืจื•ื’ื•ื•ืื™ ืงื•ื ื•ืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ
02:12
and give birth to healthier babies.
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ื•ื™ื•ืœื“ื•ืช ืชื™ื ื•ืงื•ืช ื‘ืจื™ืื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:14
Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.
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ื’ื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืกืจื™ืœื ืงื” ืžืฉืงื™ืขื™ื ื‘ืขืกืงื™ื”ื.
02:17
Researchers who studied our work in Kenya
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ื”ื—ื•ืงืจื™ื ืฉื‘ื—ื ื• ืืช ืขื‘ื•ื“ืชื ื• ื‘ืงื ื™ื”
02:20
found that people invested in a range of assets,
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ืžืฆืื• ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื• ื‘ืžื’ื•ื•ืŸ ื ื›ืกื™ื,
02:23
from livestock to equipment to home improvements,
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ืžื—ื™ื•ืช-ืžืฉืง ื•ืฆื™ื•ื“ ื•ืขื“ ืฉื™ืคื•ืฆื™ื ื‘ื‘ื™ืช,
02:27
and they saw increases in income
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ื•ื”ื ืจืื• ืขืœื™ื” ื‘ื”ื›ื ืกื•ืช
02:30
from business and farming
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ืžืขืกืงื™ื ื•ืžื—ืงืœืื•ืช
02:32
one year after the cash was sent.
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ืชื•ืš ืฉื ื” ืžืžื•ืขื“ ืžืฉืœื•ื— ื”ื›ืกืฃ.
02:36
None of these studies found that people
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ืฉื•ื ืžื—ืงืจ ื›ื–ื” ืœื ื”ืขืœื”
02:38
spend more on drinking or smoking
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ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื–ื‘ื–ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืฉืชื™ื” ืื• ืขื™ืฉื•ืŸ
02:41
or that people work less.
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ืื• ืฉืขื‘ื“ื• ืคื—ื•ืช.
02:43
In fact, they work more.
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ืœืžืขืฉื”, ื”ื ืขื‘ื“ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ.
02:47
Now, these are all material needs.
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ื›ืœ ืืœื” ื”ื ืฆืจื›ื™ื ื—ื•ืžืจื™ื™ื.
02:50
In Vietnam, elderly recipients used
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ื‘ื•ื•ื™ื˜ื ืื, ืžืงื‘ืœื™-ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืงืฉื™ืฉื™ื ืฉื™ืœืžื• ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ืฉื”ื•ืขื‘ืจ ืœื”ื
02:54
their cash transfers to pay for coffins.
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ืชืžื•ืจืช ืืจื•ื ื•ืช-ืžืชื™ื.
02:58
As someone who wonders if Maslow got it wrong,
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ื›ืžื™ ืฉืชื•ื”ื” ืื ืžืืกืœื• ื˜ืขื”,
03:02
I find this choice to prioritize spiritual needs
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ืื ื™ ืžื•ืฆืืช ืฉื”ื—ืœื˜ื” ื–ื•, ืœื”ืขื“ื™ืฃ ืฆืจื›ื™ื ืจื•ื—ื ื™ื™ื,
03:07
deeply humbling.
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ืžืขื•ืจืจืช ืขื ื•ื•ื” ืขืžื•ืงื”.
03:09
I don't know if I would have chosen to give food
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ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืขืช ืื ื”ื™ื™ืชื™ ืžืขื“ื™ืคื” ืœืชืจื•ื ืžื–ื•ืŸ,
03:11
or equipment or coffins,
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ืฆื™ื•ื“ ืื• ืืจื•ื ื•ืช-ืžืชื™ื,
03:15
which begs the question:
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ืžื” ืฉืžืขืœื” ืืช ื”ืฉืืœื”:
03:17
How good are we at allocating resources
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ื‘ืื™ื–ื• ืžื™ื“ื” ืื ื• ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืœื”ืงืฆื•ืช ืžืฉืื‘ื™ื
03:20
on behalf of the poor?
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ื‘ืฉื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื?
03:22
Are we worth the cost?
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ื”ืื ืื ื• ืฉื•ื•ื™ื ืืช ื”ืขืœื•ืช?
03:25
Again, we can look at empirical evidence
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ืฉื•ื‘, ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ื—ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืืžืคื™ืจื™ื•ืช
03:27
on what happens when we give people stuff
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ืœืžื” ืฉืงื•ืจื” ื›ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ื“ื‘ืจื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื
03:30
of our choosing.
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ืœืคื™ ื‘ื—ื™ืจืชื ื•.
03:32
One very telling study looked at a program in India
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ืžื—ืงืจ ื—ื•ืฉืคื ื™ ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื—ืŸ ื‘ื”ื•ื“ื• ืชื›ื ื™ืช ืกื™ื•ืข
03:35
that gives livestock to the so-called ultra-poor,
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ืฉื ื•ืชื ืช ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืฉืง ืœืžื” ืฉืžื›ื•ื ื” "ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ",
03:39
and they found that 30 percent of recipients
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ื•ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื ืฉ-30% ืžืžืงื‘ืœื™ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช
03:43
had turned around and sold the livestock they had been given
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ืžื›ืจื• ืืช ื‘ืขืœื™ ื”ื—ื™ื™ื ืฉื ื™ืชื ื• ืœื”ื
03:47
for cash.
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ืชืžื•ืจืช ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื.
03:50
The real irony is,
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ื”ืื™ืจื•ื ื™ื” ื”ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ื”ื™ื,
03:52
for every 100 dollars worth of assets
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ืฉืขืœ ื›ืœ ื ื›ืก ื‘ืฉื•ื•ื™ 100 ื“ื•ืœืจ
03:54
this program gave someone,
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ืฉืชื›ื ื™ืช ื–ื• ืชืจืžื” ืœืžื™ืฉื”ื•,
03:56
they spent another 99 dollars to do it.
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ื”ืชื›ื ื™ืช ื”ืฉืงื™ืขื” 99 ื“ื•ืœืจ ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ืฆืข ื–ืืช.
04:01
What if, instead, we use technology to put cash,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืžื ืฆืœื™ื ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื–ื” ืืช ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื” ื›ื“ื™ ืœืชืจื•ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื,
04:05
whether from aid agencies or from any one of us
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ื‘ื™ืŸ ืื ืžืกื•ื›ื ื•ื™ื•ืช ืกื™ื•ืข ืื• ืžื›ืœ ืื—ื“ ืžืื™ืชื ื•
04:09
directly into a poor person's hands.
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ื”ื™ื™ืฉืจ ืœื™ื“ื™ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืขื ื™?
04:13
Today, three in four Kenyans use mobile money,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, 3 ืžื›ืœ 4 ืงื ื™ื™ืชื™ื ืžืฉืชืžืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืกืฃ ื ื™ื™ื“,
04:16
which is basically a bank account that can run
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ืฉื”ื•ื, ืขืงืจื•ื ื™ืช, ื—ืฉื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื ืง ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื ื”ืœ
04:19
on any cell phone.
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ืžื›ืœ ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™.
04:20
A sender can pay a 1.6 percent fee
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ื”ืฉื•ืœื— ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืฉืœื ืขืžืœื” ืฉืœ 1.6%
04:24
and with the click of a button
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ื•ื‘ืงืœื™ืง ืื—ื“
04:26
send money directly to a recipient's account
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ืœืฉืœื•ื— ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื•ืช ืœื—ืฉื‘ื•ื ื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžืงื‘ืœ
04:29
with no intermediaries.
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ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืžืชื•ื•ื›ื™ื.
04:31
Like the technologies that are disrupting industries
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ื›ืžื• ื”ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื•ืช ืฉืžืขืจืขืจื•ืช ืืช ื”ืชืขืฉื™ื•ืช ื‘ื—ื™ื™ื ื• ืื ื•,
04:34
in our own lives,
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04:36
payments technology in poor countries
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ื˜ื›ื ื•ืœื•ื’ื™ื™ืช ื”ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื‘ืืจืฆื•ืช ืขื ื™ื•ืช
04:39
could disrupt aid.
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ืžืกื•ื’ืœืช ืœืขืจืขืจ ืืช ื”ืกื™ื•ืข.
04:42
It's spreading so quickly that it's possible
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ื”ื™ื ืžืชืคืฉื˜ืช ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื–ื•, ืขื“ ืฉืืคืฉืจ ืœื“ืžื™ื™ืŸ
04:44
to imagine reaching billions
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ื›ื™ืฆื“ ื”ื™ื ืžื’ื™ืขื” ื›ืš ืœืžื™ืœื™ืืจื“ื™ื ืžืขื ื™ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื.
04:47
of the world's poor this way.
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04:49
That's what we've started to do at GiveDirectly.
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ื–ื” ืžื” ืฉื”ืชื—ืœื ื• ืœืขืฉื•ืช ื‘"ืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื”".
04:52
We're the first organization
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ืื ื• ื”ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืฉื•ืŸ
04:54
dedicated to providing cash transfers to the poor.
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ืฉืžื•ืงื“ืฉ ืœื”ืขื‘ืจื•ืช ื›ืกืคื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื.
04:57
We've sent cash to 35,000 people across rural Kenya
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ืื ื• ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืžื–ื•ืžื ื™ื ืœ-35,000 ืื ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื”ืื–ื•ืจื™ื ื”ื›ืคืจื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ืงื ื™ื” ื•ืื•ื’ื ื“ื”
05:01
and Uganda
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05:03
in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars
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ื‘ืชืฉืœื•ืžื™ื ื—ื“-ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ 1,000 ื“ื•ืœืจ ืœืžืฉืคื—ื”.
05:06
per family.
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05:08
So far, we've looked for the poorest people
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ืขื“ ื›ื” ื“ืื’ื ื• ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ
05:11
in the poorest villages, and in this part of the world,
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ื‘ื›ืคืจื™ื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ, ื•ื‘ื—ืœืง ื”ื–ื” ืฉืœ ื”ืขื•ืœื
05:14
they're the ones living in homes
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ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžื™ ืฉื—ื™ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืชื™ื ืขืฉื•ื™ื™ ื‘ื•ืฅ ื•ืกื›ืš,
05:15
made of mud and thatch,
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05:17
not cement and iron.
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ื•ืœื ืžืœื˜ ื•ื‘ืจื–ืœ.
05:19
So let's say that's your family.
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ืื– ืชืืจื• ืœืขืฆืžื›ื ืฉื–ื• ื”ืžืฉืคื—ื” ืฉืœื›ื.
05:21
We show up at your door with an Android phone.
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ืื ื• ืžื•ืคื™ืขื™ื ืืฆืœื›ื ืขื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ "ืื ื“ืจื•ืื™ื“".
05:24
We'll get your name, take your photo
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ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ืืช ืฉืžื›ื, ืžืฆืœืžื™ื ืืชื›ื
05:26
and a photo of your hut
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ื•ืืช ื”ื‘ืงืชื” ืฉืœื›ื
05:27
and grab the GPS coordinates.
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ื•ืจื•ืฉืžื™ื ืืช ืงื•ืื•ืจื“ื™ื ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืŸ ื”ืœื•ื•ื™ื™ื ื™.
05:30
That night, we send all the data to the cloud,
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ื‘ืื•ืชื• ืœื™ืœื” ืื ื• ืžืขืœื™ื ืืช ื›ืœ ื”ื ืชื•ื ื™ื ืœืขื ืŸ,
05:32
and each piece gets checked
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ื•ื›ืœ ื—ืœืง ืขื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืงื” ืฉืœ ืฆื•ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืื™
05:34
by an independent team
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05:36
using, for one example, satellite images.
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ืฉืžืฉืชืžืฉ, ืœื“ื•ื’ืžื”, ื‘ืชืžื•ื ื•ืช ืœื•ื•ื™ืŸ.
05:40
Then, we'll come back,
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ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ืื ื• ื—ื•ื–ืจื™ื,
05:42
we'll sell you a basic cell phone
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ืžื•ื›ืจื™ื ืœื›ื ื˜ืœืคื•ืŸ ืกืœื•ืœืจื™ ืคืฉื•ื˜,
05:44
if you don't have one already,
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ืื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ืœื›ื ื›ื–ื”,
05:46
and a few weeks later,
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ื•ืื—ืจื™ ื›ืžื” ืฉื‘ื•ืขื•ืช
05:49
we send money to it.
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ืฉื•ืœื—ื™ื ืืœื™ื• ื›ืกืฃ.
05:51
Something that five years ago
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ืžืฉื”ื• ืฉืœืคื ื™ 5 ืฉื ื™ื
05:52
would have seemed impossible
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ื ืจืื” ื‘ืœืชื™-ืืคืฉืจื™,
05:54
we can now do efficiently
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ืื ื• ื™ื›ื•ืœื™ื ืœื‘ืฆืขื• ื‘ื™ืขื™ืœื•ืช
05:57
and free of corruption.
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ื•ืœืœื ืฉื•ื ืฉื—ื™ืชื•ืช.
05:59
The more cash we give to the poor,
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ื›ื›ืœ ืฉืื ื• ื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœืขื ื™ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ื›ืกืฃ,
06:01
and the more evidence we have that it works,
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ื•ื›ื›ืœ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ื•ื›ื—ื•ืช ืฉื–ื” ืžืฆืœื™ื—,
06:05
the more we have to reconsider
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ื›ืš ืื ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœืฉืงื•ืœ ืžื—ื“ืฉ
06:07
everything else we give.
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ืืช ื›ืœ ื™ืชืจ ื”ืชืจื•ืžื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•.
06:10
Today, the logic behind aid is too often,
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ื”ื™ื•ื, ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื”ื•ื ืœืขืชื™ื ืงืจื•ื‘ื•ืช ืžื“ื™:
06:13
well, we do at least some good.
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"ืœืคื—ื•ืช ืื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ื‘ืžืฉื”ื•."
06:17
When we're complacent
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืฉื‘ืขื™ ืจืฆื•ืŸ ืžื”ืจืฃ ื”ื–ื” ืฉื”ืฆื‘ื ื• ืœืขืฆืžื ื•,
06:18
with that as our bar,
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06:20
when we tell ourselves that giving aid
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ื›ืฉืื ื• ืžืกืคืจื™ื ืœืขืฆืžื ื• ืฉืžื•ื˜ื‘ ืœืกื™ื™ืข
06:23
is better than no aid at all,
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ืžืืฉืจ ืœื ืœืกื™ื™ืข ื‘ื›ืœืœ,
06:26
we tend to invest inefficiently,
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ืื ื• ื ื•ื˜ื™ื ืœื”ืฉืงื™ืข ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ืœืชื™ ื™ืขื™ืœ
06:28
in our own ideas that strike us as innovative,
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ื‘ืจืขื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืฉืœื ื•, ืฉื ืจืื™ื ืœื ื• ื—ื“ืฉื ื™ื™ื,
06:32
on writing reports,
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ื‘ื›ืชื™ื‘ืช ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช,
06:34
on plane tickets and SUVs.
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ื‘ื›ืจื˜ื™ืกื™ ื˜ื™ืกื” ื•ื‘ืจื›ื‘ื™-ืฉื˜ื—.
06:38
What if the logic was,
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ืžื” ืื ื”ื”ื’ื™ื•ืŸ ื”ื™ื”:
06:40
will we do better than cash given directly?
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"ื”ืื ื ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฉืœื ื‘ืขื–ืจืช ืชืจื•ืžืช ื›ืกืฃ ื™ืฉื™ืจื”?"
06:46
Organizations would have to prove
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ื”ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ื ื”ื™ื• ื ืืœืฆื™ื ืœื”ื•ื›ื™ื—
06:47
that they're doing more good for the poor
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ืฉื”ื ืžื™ื˜ื™ื‘ื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขื ื”ืขื ื™ื™ื
06:49
than the poor can do for themselves.
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ืžื›ืคื™ ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื™ื ืžืกื•ื’ืœื™ื ืœื”ื™ื˜ื™ื‘ ืขื ืขืฆืžื.
06:52
Of course, giving cash won't create public goods
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ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ืฉืชืจื•ืžืช ื›ืกืฃ ืื™ื ื” ื™ื•ืฆืจืช ืชื•ืขืœืช ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช,
06:55
like eradicating disease or building strong institutions,
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ื›ืžื• ื—ื™ืกื•ืœ ืžื—ืœื•ืช ืื• ื”ืงืžืช ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื—ื–ืงื™ื,
07:00
but it could set a higher bar
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ืื‘ืœ ื‘ื›ื•ื—ื” ืœื”ืฆื™ื‘ ืจืฃ ื’ื‘ื•ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ
07:03
for how we help individual families
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ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื•ืคืŸ ื‘ื• ืื ื• ืขื•ื–ืจื™ื ืœืžืฉืคื—ื•ืช ืขืฆืžืŸ
07:06
improve their lives.
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ืœืฉืคืจ ืืช ื—ื™ื™ื”ืŸ.
07:09
I believe in aid.
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ื‘ืกื™ื•ืข.
07:10
I believe most aid is better than just
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ืื ื™ ืžืืžื™ื ื” ืฉื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื‘ืจื•ื‘ื• ื˜ื•ื‘ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืืฉืจ
07:13
throwing money out of a plane.
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ื”ืฉืœื›ืช ื›ืกืฃ ืžืžื˜ื•ืก.
07:15
I am also absolutely certain
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ืื ื™ ื’ื ื‘ื˜ื•ื—ื” ืœื’ืžืจื™
07:18
that a lot of aid today
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ืฉื”ืจื‘ื” ืžืื“ ืžื”ืกื™ื•ืข ื›ื™ื•ื
07:20
isn't better than giving directly to the poor.
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ืื™ื ื ื• ืžื•ืขื™ืœ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžืชืจื•ืžื” ื™ืฉื™ืจื” ืฉืœ ื›ืกืฃ ืœืขื ื™ื™ื.
07:24
I hope that one day, it will be.
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ืื ื™ ืžืงื•ื•ื” ืฉื™ื•ื ืื—ื“ ื”ื•ื ื™ื”ื™ื” ื›ื–ื”.
07:27
Thank you.
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ืชื•ื“ื” ืœื›ื.
07:29
(Applause)
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[ืžื—ื™ืื•ืช ื›ืคื™ื™ื]
ืขืœ ืืชืจ ื–ื”

ืืชืจ ื–ื” ื™ืฆื™ื’ ื‘ืคื ื™ื›ื ืกืจื˜ื•ื ื™ YouTube ื”ืžื•ืขื™ืœื™ื ืœืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช. ืชื•ื›ืœื• ืœืจืื•ืช ืฉื™ืขื•ืจื™ ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืขื‘ืจื™ื ืขืœ ื™ื“ื™ ืžื•ืจื™ื ืžื”ืฉื•ืจื” ื”ืจืืฉื•ื ื” ืžืจื—ื‘ื™ ื”ืขื•ืœื. ืœื—ืฅ ืคืขืžื™ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื‘ืื ื’ืœื™ืช ื”ืžื•ืฆื’ื•ืช ื‘ื›ืœ ื“ืฃ ื•ื™ื“ืื• ื›ื“ื™ ืœื”ืคืขื™ืœ ืืช ื”ืกืจื˜ื•ืŸ ืžืฉื. ื”ื›ืชื•ื‘ื™ื•ืช ื’ื•ืœืœื•ืช ื‘ืกื ื›ืจื•ืŸ ืขื ื”ืคืขืœืช ื”ื•ื•ื™ื“ืื•. ืื ื™ืฉ ืœืš ื”ืขืจื•ืช ืื• ื‘ืงืฉื•ืช, ืื ื ืฆื•ืจ ืื™ืชื ื• ืงืฉืจ ื‘ืืžืฆืขื•ืช ื˜ื•ืคืก ื™ืฆื™ืจืช ืงืฉืจ ื–ื”.

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