Joy Sun: Should you donate differently?

113,429 views ・ 2014-10-22

TED


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I suspect that
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every aid worker in Africa
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comes to a time in her career
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when she wants to take all the money for her project —
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maybe it's a school or a training program —
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pack it in a suitcase,
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get on a plane flying over the poorest villages in the country,
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and start throwing that money out the window.
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Because to a veteran aid worker,
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the idea of putting cold, hard cash
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into the hands of the poorest people on Earth
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doesn't sound crazy,
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it sounds really satisfying.
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I had that moment right about the 10-year mark,
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and luckily, that's also when I learned
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that this idea actually exists,
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and it might be just what the aid system needs.
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Economists call it an unconditional cash transfer,
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and it's exactly that: It's cash given
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with no strings attached.
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Governments in developing countries
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have been doing this for decades,
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and it's only now, with more evidence
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and new technology that it's possible
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to make this a model for delivering aid.
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It's a pretty simple idea, right?
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Well, why did I spend a decade doing other stuff
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for the poor?
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Honestly, I believed that I could do more good
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with money for the poor
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than the poor could do for themselves.
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I held two assumptions:
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One, that poor people are poor in part
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because they're uneducated and
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don't make good choices;
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two is that we then need people like me
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to figure out what they need and get it to them.
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It turns out, the evidence says otherwise.
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In recent years, researchers have been studying
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what happens when we give poor people cash.
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Dozens of studies show across the board
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that people use cash transfers
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to improve their own lives.
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Pregnant women in Uruguay buy better food
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and give birth to healthier babies.
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Sri Lankan men invest in their businesses.
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Researchers who studied our work in Kenya
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found that people invested in a range of assets,
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from livestock to equipment to home improvements,
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and they saw increases in income
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from business and farming
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one year after the cash was sent.
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None of these studies found that people
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spend more on drinking or smoking
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or that people work less.
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In fact, they work more.
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Now, these are all material needs.
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In Vietnam, elderly recipients used
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their cash transfers to pay for coffins.
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As someone who wonders if Maslow got it wrong,
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I find this choice to prioritize spiritual needs
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deeply humbling.
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I don't know if I would have chosen to give food
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or equipment or coffins,
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which begs the question:
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How good are we at allocating resources
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on behalf of the poor?
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Are we worth the cost?
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Again, we can look at empirical evidence
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on what happens when we give people stuff
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of our choosing.
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One very telling study looked at a program in India
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that gives livestock to the so-called ultra-poor,
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and they found that 30 percent of recipients
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had turned around and sold the livestock they had been given
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for cash.
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The real irony is,
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for every 100 dollars worth of assets
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this program gave someone,
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they spent another 99 dollars to do it.
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What if, instead, we use technology to put cash,
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whether from aid agencies or from any one of us
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directly into a poor person's hands.
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Today, three in four Kenyans use mobile money,
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which is basically a bank account that can run
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on any cell phone.
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A sender can pay a 1.6 percent fee
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and with the click of a button
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send money directly to a recipient's account
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with no intermediaries.
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Like the technologies that are disrupting industries
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in our own lives,
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payments technology in poor countries
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could disrupt aid.
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It's spreading so quickly that it's possible
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to imagine reaching billions
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of the world's poor this way.
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That's what we've started to do at GiveDirectly.
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We're the first organization
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dedicated to providing cash transfers to the poor.
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We've sent cash to 35,000 people across rural Kenya
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and Uganda
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in one-time payments of 1,000 dollars
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per family.
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So far, we've looked for the poorest people
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in the poorest villages, and in this part of the world,
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they're the ones living in homes
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made of mud and thatch,
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not cement and iron.
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So let's say that's your family.
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We show up at your door with an Android phone.
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We'll get your name, take your photo
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and a photo of your hut
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and grab the GPS coordinates.
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That night, we send all the data to the cloud,
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and each piece gets checked
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by an independent team
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using, for one example, satellite images.
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Then, we'll come back,
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we'll sell you a basic cell phone
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if you don't have one already,
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and a few weeks later,
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we send money to it.
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Something that five years ago
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would have seemed impossible
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we can now do efficiently
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and free of corruption.
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The more cash we give to the poor,
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and the more evidence we have that it works,
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the more we have to reconsider
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everything else we give.
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Today, the logic behind aid is too often,
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well, we do at least some good.
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When we're complacent
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with that as our bar,
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when we tell ourselves that giving aid
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is better than no aid at all,
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we tend to invest inefficiently,
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in our own ideas that strike us as innovative,
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on writing reports,
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on plane tickets and SUVs.
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What if the logic was,
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will we do better than cash given directly?
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Organizations would have to prove
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that they're doing more good for the poor
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than the poor can do for themselves.
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Of course, giving cash won't create public goods
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like eradicating disease or building strong institutions,
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but it could set a higher bar
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for how we help individual families
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improve their lives.
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I believe in aid.
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I believe most aid is better than just
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throwing money out of a plane.
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I am also absolutely certain
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that a lot of aid today
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isn't better than giving directly to the poor.
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I hope that one day, it will be.
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Thank you.
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07:29
(Applause)
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